From the mid-19th century until today, life expectancy at birth in the United States has roughly doubled, from 39.4 years in 1850 to 79.6 years in 2025. It is estimated that life expectancy in the U.S. began its upward trajectory in the 1880s, largely driven by the decline in infant and child mortality through factors such as vaccination programs, antibiotics, and other healthcare advancements. Improved food security and access to clean water, as well as general increases in living standards (such as better housing, education, and increased safety) also contributed to a rise in life expectancy across all age brackets. There were notable dips in life expectancy; with an eight year drop during the American Civil War in the 1860s, a seven year drop during the Spanish Flu empidemic in 1918, and a 2.5 year drop during the Covid-19 pandemic. There were also notable plateaus (and minor decreases) not due to major historical events, such as that of the 2010s, which has been attributed to a combination of factors such as unhealthy lifestyles, poor access to healthcare, poverty, and increased suicide rates, among others. However, despite the rate of progress slowing since the 1950s, most decades do see a general increase in the long term, and current UN projections predict that life expectancy at birth in the U.S. will increase by another nine years before the end of the century.

Life expectancy in the United Kingdom was below 39 years in the year 1765, and over the course of the next two and a half centuries, it is expected to have increased by more than double, to 81.1 by the year 2020. Although life expectancy has generally increased throughout the UK's history, there were several times where the rate deviated from its previous trajectory. These changes were the result of smallpox epidemics in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, new sanitary and medical advancements throughout time (such as compulsory vaccination), and the First world War and Spanish Flu epidemic in the 1910s.

This table contains 2394 series, with data for years 1991 - 1991 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 items: Canada ...), Population group (19 items: Entire cohort; Income adequacy quintile 1 (lowest);Income adequacy quintile 2;Income adequacy quintile 3 ...), Age (14 items: At 25 years; At 30 years; At 40 years; At 35 years ...), Sex (3 items: Both sexes; Females; Males ...), Characteristics (3 items: Life expectancy; High 95% confidence interval; life expectancy; Low 95% confidence interval; life expectancy ...).

Life expectancy in France was below thirty in the late 1700s, but over the course of the next two and a half centuries it is expected to reach 82.5 by the year 2020. Although life expectancy has generally increased throughout France's history, there were several times where the rate deviated from its previous trajectory. The most noticeable changes were because of smallpox and influenza epidemics in the 1700s, medical advancements (such as vaccination and pasteurization) saw life expectancy increase in the 1800s, and then both World Wars and the epidemics that followed caused brief drops in the first half of the twentieth century.

Life expectancy in Germany was below 39 in the year 1875, and over the course of the next 145 years, it is expected to have increased to above 81 years in the year 2020. Although life expectancy has generally increased throughout Germany's history, there were several times where the rate deviated from its previous trajectory. The most notable changes were because of the First and Second World Wars, in the first half of the twentieth century.

Life expectancy in Canada was just below forty in the year 1800, and over the course of the next 220 years, it is expected to have increased by more than double to 82.2 by the year 2020. Throughout this time, life expectancy in Canada progressed at a steady rate, with the most noticeable changes coming during the interwar period, where the rate of increase was affected by the Spanish Flu epidemic and both World Wars.

Life expectancy in India was 25.4 in the year 1800, and over the course of the next 220 years, it has increased to almost 70. Between 1800 and 1920, life expectancy in India remained in the mid to low twenties, with the largest declines coming in the 1870s and 1910s; this was because of the Great Famine of 1876-1878, and the Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919, both of which were responsible for the deaths of up to six and seventeen million Indians respectively; as well as the presence of other endemic diseases in the region, such as smallpox. From 1920 onwards, India's life expectancy has consistently increased, but it is still below the global average.

At the beginning of the 1840s, life expectancy from birth in Ireland was just over 38 years. However, this figure would see a dramatic decline with the beginning of the Great Famine in 1845, and dropped below 21 years in the second half of the decade (in 1849 alone, life expectancy fell to just 14 years). The famine came as a result of a Europe-wide potato blight, which had a disproportionally devastating impact on the Irish population due to the dependency on potatoes (particularly in the south and east), and the prevalence of a single variety of potato on the island that allowed the blight to spread faster than in other areas of Europe. Additionally, authorities forcefully redirected much of the country's surplus grain to the British mainland, which exacerbated the situation. Within five years, mass starvation would contribute to the deaths of over one million people on the island, while a further one million would emigrate; this also created a legacy of emigration from Ireland, which saw the population continue to fall until the mid-1900s, and the total population of the island is still well below its pre-famine level of 8.5 million people.

Following the end of the Great Famine, life expectancy would begin to gradually increase in Ireland, as post-famine reforms would see improvements in the living standards of the country’s peasantry, most notably the Land Wars, a largely successful series of strikes, boycotts and protests aimed at reform of the country's agricultural land distribution, which began in the 1870s and lasted into the 20th century. As these reforms were implemented, life expectancy in Ireland would rise to more than fifty years by the turn of the century. While this rise would slow somewhat in the 1910s, due to the large number of Irish soldiers who fought in the First World War and the Spanish Flu pandemic, as well as the period of civil unrest leading up to the island's partition in 1921, life expectancy in Ireland would rise greatly in the 20th century. In the second half of the 20th century, Ireland's healthcare system and living standards developed similarly to the rest of Western Europe, and today, it is often ranks among the top countries globally in terms of human development, GDP and quality of healthcare. With these developments, the increase in life expectancy from birth in Ireland was relatively constant in the first century of independence, and in 2020 is estimated to be 82 years.

Zeitreihen für die Periode 1945-2001 zu den Themen Bevölkerung, Gesundheitswesen und Umwelt der Stadt Wien. Der Schwerpunkt der Zeitreihen liegt auf den demographischen Daten, die in die Abschnitte Bevölkerungsstruktur und Bevölkerungsbewegung unterteilt wurden. Es wurde versucht, möglichst den gesamten Zeitabschnitt mit statistischen Reihen abzudecken. Im Bereich der Umweltstatistik war das allerdings auf Grund des erst seit dem in den späten 1960er Jahren erwachten Interesses der Öffentlichkeit an Umweltfragen nur bedingt möglich. Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 15. Mai 2001 wurden, soweit sie bei Redaktionsschluss bereits verfügbar waren, berücksichtigt. Themen: Verzeichnis der Tabellen in der GESIS-ZA-Online-Datenbank HISTAT: A. Bevölkerungsstruktur A. 1.01 Bevölkerungsfortschreibung 1945-2001A. 1.02 Bevölkerungsfortschreibung nach Bezirken 1982-2001A. 1.03 Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Bezirken 1951-2001A. 1.04 Entwicklung der Bürgerzahl nach Bezirken 1951-2001A. 1.05 Ergebnisse der Personenstandsaufnahmen 1967-1987A. 1.06 Alters- und Geschlechtsstruktur 1951-2001A. 1.06.a Alters- und Geschlechtsstruktur (Relativ- und Maßzahlen) 1951-2001A. 1.06.b Alters- und Geschlechtsstruktur (Durchschnittsalter) 1951-2001A. 1.07. Alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Familienstandsquoten 1951-2001A. 1.07.a Alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Familienstandsquoten (männlich) 1951-2001 A. 1.07.b Alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Familienstandsquoten (weiblich) 1951-2001 A. 1.08 AusländerInnen nach ausgewählten Staatsangehörigkeiten 1947-2001 A. 1.09 Gebürtigkeit der Wohnbevölkerung 1951-2001A. 1.10 Wohnbevölkerung über 15 Jahre nach höchster abgeschlossener Ausbildung 1951-1991A. 1.11 Wohnbevölkerung nach dem Religionsbekenntnis A. 1.11.a Wohnbevölkerung nach dem Religionsbekenntnis 1951-2001A. 1.11.b Wohnbevölkerung nach dem Religionsbekenntnis und Bezirken 1951-2001A. 1.12 Wohnbevölkerung nach Lebensunterhalt 1951-1991A. 1.13 Berufstätige nach der Stellung im Beruf bzw. der sozioökonomischen Gliederung und Geschlecht 1951-1991A. 1.13.a Berufstätige nach der Stellung im Beruf und Geschlecht 1951-1991A. 1.13.b Berufstätige nach der sozioökonomischen Gliederung und Geschlecht 1951-1991A. 1.14 Haushalte nach Haushaltstyp und -größe 1951-2001A. 1.15 Familien nach Familientyp und Kinderzahl 1971-1991 B. Bevölkerungsbewegung B. 2.01 Natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung 1945-2001 B. 2.02 Kennziffern zu Geburten, Fertilität und Säuglingssterblichkeit 1945-2001 B. 2.03 Altersspezifische Fertilitätsziffern 1951-2001 B. 2.04 Altersspezifische Fertilitätsziffern nach Legitimität 1951-2001B. 2.05 Eheschließungsindikatoren 1945-2001B. 2.06 Ehescheidungsindikatoren 1945-2001 B. 2.07 Mortalität und Lebenserwartung 1945-2001B. 2.07.a Mortalität 1945-2001 B. 2.07.b Lebenserwartung 1945-2001 B. 2.08 Wanderungsströme 1946-2001 B. 2.09 Wanderungsströme nach Staatsangehörigkeit 1992-2001 B. 2.10 Wanderungsbiografien der österreichischen Wohnbevölkerung 1988: Wanderungsströme Wiens B. 2.10.a Wanderungsbiografien der österreichischen Wohnbevölkerung 1988: Binnenwanderung B. 2.10.b Wanderungsbiografien der österreichischen Wohnbevölkerung 1961-1988: WanderungsbilanzB. 2.11 Richtungsspezifische Wanderungsströme 1986-2001B. 2.11.a Richtungsspezifische Wanderungsströme 1986-2001 (Zuzüge von … nach Wien)B. 2.11.b Richtungsspezifische Wanderungsströme 1986-2001 (Wegzüge aus Wien nach …)B. 2.11.c Richtungsspezifische Wanderungsströme 1986-2001 (Wanderungsbilanz)B. 2.12 Wohnmobilität im Zeitraum von 5 Jahren vor den Volkszählungen 1961-1991B. 2.13 Bevölkerungsbilanz nach dem heutigen Gebietsstand 1934-2001B. 2.14 Einbürgerungen der Wiener Wohnbevölkerung 1945-2001 C. Gesundheitswesen C. 3.01 Krankenanstaltenstatistik 1946-2000C. 3.02 ÄrztInnen und DentistInnen 1946-2001C. 3.03 Neuerkrankungen an aktiver Tuberkulose 1946-2001C. 3.04 Todesursachen 1946-2001 C. 3.05 Altersstandardisierte Sterblichkeitsentwicklung nach TodesursachengruppenC. 3.05.a Jährliche altersstandardisierte Sterbeziffern und deren Veränderungsraten zum Vorjahr 1980-2001C. 3.05.b Durchschnittliche altersstandardisierte Sterbeziffern für 5-Jahresperioden 1980/84-2000/2001 D. Umwelt D. 4.01 Umweltbedingungen des WohnensD. 4.01.a Beeinträchtigung des Wohnens durch Lärmstörung 1970-1998 D. 4.01.b Lärmquellen 1970-1998D. 4.01.c Beeinträchtigung des Wohnens durch Geruchsbelästigung 1973-1998D. 4.01.d Geruchsquellen 1973-1998 D. 4.02 Müllaufkommen und spezifischer Müllanfall D. 4.02.a Müllaufkommen 1969-2001D. 4.02.b Altstoffe 1977-2001D. 4.03 Luftqualität 1988-2001D. 4.04 Grünflächen 1988-1997 Time series of the period 1945 to 2001 about the topics population, health-system and environment of Vienna. The emphasis of the time series are the demographic data, devided into the sections population structure and population movement. It was attempted to cover the whole period from 1945 to 2001 with statistical information. In the field of environmental statistics this aim could not be achieved. First data were collected in the late 60ies. Population-census results of March, the 15th 2001 were accounted for, as far as available. Topics: List of Tables in the GESIS-ZA-Online-Database HISTAT: A. Population Structure A. 1.01 Population Updating 1945-2001A. 1.02 Population Updating by Urban Districts 1982-2001A. 1.03 Population Development by Urban Districts 1951-2001A. 1.04 Development of Citizen’s Number by Urban Districts 1951-2001A. 1.05 Results of Civil Status Registration 1967-1987A. 1.06 Age- and Sexdistribution 1951-2001A. 1.06.a Age- and Sexdistribution (measured values) 1951-2001A. 1.06.b Age- and Sexdistribution (mean age) 1951-2001A. 1.07. Age- and Sexspecific Family Status Quotas 1951-2001A. 1.07.a Age- and Sexspecific Family Status Quotas (male) 1951-2001 A. 1.07.b Age- and Sexspecific Family Status Quotas (female) 1951-2001 A. 1.08 Foreign Persons by Nationality 1947-2001 A. 1.09 Native Birth of the Resident Population 1951-2001A. 1.10 Resident Population beyond 15 Years by highest graduation 1951-1991A. 1.11 Resident Population by Denomination A. 1.11.a Resident Population by Denomination 1951-2001A. 1.11.b Resident Population by Denomination and by Urban Districts 1951-2001A. 1.12 Resident Population by Means of Subsistence 1951-1991A. 1.13 Employed Persons by Occupational Status and the Social Economical Classification respectively and by Sex 1951-1991A. 1.13.a Employed Persons by Occupational Status and by Sex 1951-1991A. 1.13.b Employed Persons by Social Economical Classification and by Sex 1951-1991A. 1.14 Household-type and -size 1951-2001A. 1.15 Family by Familytype and Number of Children 1971-1991 B. Population Movement B. 2.01 Natural Population Movement 1945-2001 B. 2.02 Ratios of Birth, Fertility and Infant Mortality 1945-2001 B. 2.03 Age-specific Fertilityratios 1951-2001 B. 2.04 Age-specific Fertilityratios by legitimacy 1951-2001B. 2.05 Marriage Indicators 1945-2001B. 2.06 Divorce Indicators 1945-2001 B. 2.07 Mortality and Life Expectancy 1945-2001B. 2.07.a Mortality 1945-2001 B. 2.07.b Life Expectancy 1945-2001 B. 2.08 Flows of Migration 1946-2001 B. 2.09 Flows of Migration by Denomination 1992-2001 B. 2.10 Migration Biographies of Austrian Residential Population 1961-1988: Vienna’s Flows of Migration B. 2.10.a Migration Biographies of Austrian Residential Population 1961-1988: Internal Migration B. 2.10.b Migration Biographies of Austrian Residential Population 1961-1988: Migration BalanceB. 2.11 Directionspecific Flows of Migration 1986-2001B. 2.11.a Directionspecific Flows of Migration 1986-2001: to move from … to Vienna.B. 2.11.b Directionspecific Flows of Migration 1986-2001: to move from Vienna to … .B. 2.11.c Directionspecific Flows of Migration 1986-2001: Migration BalanceB. 2.12 Residential Mobility at the Period of 5 Years before the Censuses 1961-1991B. 2.13 Population Balance by Territory as of Today 1934-2001B. 2.14 Naturalizations of Vienna’s Resident Population 1945-2001 C. Health System C. 3.01 Statistics of Hospitals 1946-2000C. 3.02 Physicians and Dentists 1946-2001C. 3.03 Incidences with Tuberculosis 1946-2001C. 3.04 Causes of Death 1946-2001 C. 3.05 Age Standardized Mortality Rate by Causes of Death C. 3.05.a Annual Age Standardized Mortality Rate and their Rate of Change to the Previous Year 1980-2001C. 3.05.b Average Age Standardized Mortality Rate for 5-Year-Periods 1980/84-2000/2001 D. Environment D. 4.01 Environmental Conditions of HabitationD. 4.01.a Impairement of Habitation caused by Noise Annoyance 1970-1998 D. 4.01.b Sources of Noice 1970-1998D. 4.01.c Impairement of Habitation caused by Off Odours 1973-1998D. 4.01.d Sources of Off Odours 1973-1998 D. 4.02 Amount of Rubbish and Potential Recyclable Rubbish (waste paper, glass for recycling, etc.)D. 4.02.a Amount of Rubbish 1969-2001D. 4.02.b Potential Recyclable Rubbish 1977-2001 D. 4.03 Air Quality 1988-2001D. 4.04 Green Space in Vienna 1988-1997 Quellen: Amtliche Statistiken: Volkszählungen, polizeiliches Meldewesen, Standesamtsmeldungen, Personenstandsaufnahmen der Finanzämter, Ärztestatistik der Ärztekammer, Verwaltungsstatistik der Magistratsabteilung 15 (Referat für Tuberkulosebekämpfung), Jahresmeldungen der Wiener Krankenanstalten, Schadstoffmessungen der Magistratsabteilung 22, Daten über Hausmüll und Altstoffe der Magistratsabteilung 48. Ergänzend: Mikrozensuserhebungen. Sources: Official Statistics: Population-Census-data, police registration, information of the civil registry office, civil status registration of the finance office, medical profession’s statistics of the medical association, administration statistics of magistrate departement 15 (departement of tuberculosis abatement), annual report of Vienna’s hospitals, containment measurement of magistrate departement 22, information about household refuse and potential recyclable of magistrate departement 48. Additional: