In 2022, men aged 55 to 64 years had an average body mass index (BMI) of 29 kg/m2 and women in the same age group had a BMI of 28.8 kg/m2, the highest mean BMI across all the age groups. Apart from individuals aged 16 to 24 years, every demographic in England had an average BMI which is classified as overweight.An increasing problem It is shown that the mean BMI of individuals for both men and women has been generally increasing year-on-year in England. The numbers show in England, as in the rest of the United Kingdom (UK), that the prevalence of obesity is an increasing health problem. The prevalence of obesity in women in England has increased by around nine percent since 2000, while for men the share of obesity has increased by six percent. Strain on the health service Being overweight increases the chances of developing serious health problems such as diabetes, heart disease and certain types of cancers. In the period 2019/20, England experienced over 10.7 thousand hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of obesity, whereas in 2002/03 this figure was only 1,275 admissions. Furthermore, the number of bariatric surgeries taking place in England, particularly among women, has significantly increased over the last fifteen years. In 2019/20, over 5.4 thousand bariatric surgery procedures were performed on women and approximately 1.3 thousand were carried out on men.

In England, there has been fairly significant increase in the mean weight of the population over the last quarter-century. In 1998, the mean weight was under 81 kilograms for men and around 68 kilograms for women. By 2022, the mean weight of men was 85.8 kilograms and the mean weight of women was 72.8 kilograms.

In 2022, the mean waist circumference in England among the age group of 65 to 74 years was 104.5 centimeters for men and 91.3 centimeters for women. The was the age group with the largest average waist circumference among men, while the highest among women was reported in the age groups 55 to 64 years and above 75 years. Age and gender differences in very high waist circumference The 2022 data shows that the age group between 65 and 74 years in England had the largest share of men with very high waist circumference at 54 percent, whereas 56 percent of the women in the age group from 55 to 64 years had the same classification. Interestingly, both men and women. The youngest age group, 16 to 34 years, had the smallest share of individuals with very high waist circumference for both genders, with men at 17 percent and women at 34 percent. Obesity trends and health implications The increasing waist sizes align with broader obesity trends in England. In 2022, the mean body mass index (BMI) for both men and women was 27.6, which falls into the overweight category. This is part of a steady upward trend since 1998. The prevalence of obesity has also risen, with 30 percent of women and 28 percent of men classified as obese in 2022, up from 21 percent for both genders in 2000. Additionally, 39 percent of men and 31 percent of women were classified as overweight in 2022, while the share of individuals classified as having normal body weight was 31 percent among men and 37 percent among women in England.

Supplementary files for article "Are associations of adulthood overweight and obesity with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and obesity-related cancer modified by comparative body weight at age 10 years in the UK Biobank study?"Article abstractObjectiveAdults living with overweight or obesity do not represent a single homogenous group in terms of mortality and disease risks. The aim of our study was to evaluate how the associations of adulthood overweight and obesity with mortality and incident disease are modified by (i.e., differ according to) self-reported childhood body weight categories.MethodsThe sample comprised 191,181 men and 242,806 women aged 40-69 years (in 2006-2010) in the UK Biobank. The outcomes were all-cause mortality, incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), and incident obesity-related cancer. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate how the associations with the outcomes of adulthood weight status (normal weight, overweight, obesity) differed according to perceived body weight at age 10 years (about average, thinner, plumper). To triangulate results using an approach that better accounts for confounding, analyses were repeated using previously developed and validated polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for childhood body weight and adulthood BMI, categorised into three-tier variables using the same proportions as in the observational variables.ResultsIn both sexes, adulthood obesity was associated with higher hazards of all outcomes. However, the associations of obesity with all-cause mortality and incident CVD were stronger in adults who reported being thinner at 10 years. For example, obesity was associated with a 1.28 (1.21, 1.35) times higher hazard of all-cause mortality in men who reported being an average weight child, but among men who reported being a thinner child this estimate was 1.63 (1.53, 1.75). The ratio between these two estimates was 1.28 (1.17, 1.40). There was also some evidence that the associations of obesity with all-cause mortality and incident CVD were stronger in adults who reported being plumper at 10 years. In genetic analyses, however, there was no evidence that the association of obesity (according to the adult PRS) with mortality or incident CVD differed according to childhood body size (according to the child PRS). For incident obesity-related cancer, the evidence for effect modification was limited and inconsistent between the observational and genetic analyses.ConclusionsGreater risks for all-cause mortality and incident CVD in adults with obesity who perceive themselves to have been a thinner or plumper than average child may be due to confounding and/or recall bias.

We recruited ten normal-weight healthy men using inclusion criteria as previously described (Collet et al 2017). All males were healthy and not obese or overweight (average age: 23.8 years, average BMI (kg/m2): 23.3). Participants at baseline consumed a balanced diet (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein). During caloric restriction, volunteers consumed 10% of normal energy requirement (226 kcal/d) for two days, again balanced (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein), with the same macronutrient composition. After caloric restriction, volunteers were offered three substantial ad libitum buffet meals per day (20 MJ = 4,777 kcal) and additional snacks (16 MJ = 3,821 kcal) between meals for 2 days. They were invited to eat freely until comfortably full; food consumption was covertly measured. We collected fasting plasma samples at 0800 AM at baseline, after CR and refeeding (RF).

This study investigates the effect of maternal diet-induced obesity in mice on maternal and offspring (male and female) nutrient intake, growth and adiposity, and investigates the effects of maternal diet on the behaviour of male and female offspring in four tasks. Figure 1 describes the nutrient intake of pre-pregnant, pregnant and lactating mice on a control versus a high fat and high sugar (HFHS) diet (mean and SD across cages). Figure 2 describes the body weight (mean and SD), the fat mass (individual mice) and lean mass (individual mice) of pre-pregnant, pregnant and lactating mice on a control versus a HFHS diet. Figure 3 describes the body mass and fractional growth rate of the male and female pre-weaning offspring (2 to 21 days of age) of mothers on the control versus HFHS diet. Figure 4 describes the nutrient intake of the male and female offspring, after weaning (21 to 91 days of age) of mothers on the control versus HFHS diet. Figure 5 describes the body weight (mean and SD), fractional growth rate (mean and SD) and fat & lean masses (individual mice) in the male and female offspring, after weaning (21 to 91 days of age) of mothers on the control versus HFHS diet. Figure 6 describes 4 measures of anxiety-related behaviour in the elevated plus maze by male and female offspring of mothers on the control versus HFHS diet. Figure 7 describes 4 measures of cognitive behaviour in the novel object recognition task by male and female offspring of mothers on the control versus HFHS diet. Figure Supplementary 2 describes 4 measurements of locomotion and anxiety-related behaviour int he open field task by male and female offspring of mothers on the control versus HFHS diet. Figure Supplementary 3 describes 2 measures of social preference behaviour of male and female offspring of mothers on the control versus HFHS diet. Table 1 gives all of the body weights, organ weights and fat deposit weights measured in this study in the pre-pregnant, pregnant and lactating female mice and int he male and female offspring.