In 2024, there were ** hurricanes registered worldwide, up from ** hurricanes a year earlier. This was nevertheless below the average of ** hurricanes per year registered from 1990 to 2022. The years of 1992 and 2018 tied as the most active in the indicated period, each with ** hurricanes recorded. The Pacific Northwest basin recorded the largest number of hurricanes in 2024. Most exposed countries to hurricanes With the Pacific Northwest basin being one of the most active for hurricanes in the world, there is perhaps no surprise that Japan and the Philippines were two of the countries most exposed to tropical cyclones in 2024, both West Pacific nations. Meanwhile, the Dominican Republic was the most exposed country in the Atlantic Ocean and ranked first as the most exposed country worldwide during the same year. Effects of tropical cyclones From 1970 to 2019, almost ******* deaths due to tropical cyclones have been reported worldwide. In the past decade, the number of such casualties stood at some ******, the lowest decadal figure in the last half-century. In contrast to the lower number of deaths, economic losses caused by tropical cyclones have continuously grown since 1970, reaching a record high of more than *** billion U.S. dollars from 2010 to 2019.

Between 2011 and 2020, 19 hurricanes made landfall in the United States, the same figure reported in the previous decade. This is the highest number recorded for a 10-year timespan since the 1940s, which holds the current record for most landfalls, with 24 hurricanes. In 2023, only hurricane Ian made landfall in the U.S.

In 2024, there were four hurricanes tracked in the Atlantic basin, up from ***** recorded a year earlier. 2020 had recorded the second most active hurricane season in the displayed period. It only ranked behind 2005, when ** hurricanes were recorded in the region. Between 1990 and 2021, there were on average ***** hurricanes tracked per year in the Atlantic. In the same period, ** hurricanes made landfall in the U.S.

Between 1851 and 2023, there were *** hurricane direct hits in the United States, of which ** percent were category * hurricanes. In the same period, ** major hurricanes (with a category * or higher) made landfall in the country. Hurricane Michael, in 2018, was the latest category * hurricane to hit the North American country. Florida was the state most commonly hit by hurricanes.

In 2023, there were 78 named storms registered worldwide, down from 87 storms in the previous year. Overall, there was an average of 87 named tropical cyclones registered per year from 1980 to 2023. Japan was the country most exposed to this type of event worldwide.

What is a tropical cyclone?Tropical cyclones are intense rotating storms that form over warm tropical waters, characterized by heavy rain and strong winds. Once a cyclone sustains wind speeds exceeding 63 kilometers per hour, they are considered a tropical storm and receive a name. Named tropical storms can also receive further classification depending on their intensity and location (also known as basin). High-speed cyclones in the Northern Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins are called hurricanes, while in the Western Pacific they are called typhoons. When the event takes place within the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, it is known as a cyclone.

Frequency of tropical cyclones worldwide

The Northwest Pacific basin is one of the most active for tropical cyclones worldwide. In 2023, there were 16 named storms reported in the region, of which more than half were classified as hurricanes. Meanwhile, the North Indian Ocean represented one of the least active basins for tropical cyclones, with an annual average of five named storms recorded from 1990 to 2023.

In the 2024 season, the Northwest Pacific was the ocean basin with the highest number of hurricanes recorded, with 15 occurrences registered. The North Atlantic basin came in second, with a total of 11 hurricanes recorded that year. In the period from 1990 to 2024, there were an average of 47 hurricanes registered worldwide per year.

This 36"x24" National Hurricane Center poster depicts the complete tracks of all major hurricanes in the north Atlantic and eastern north Pacific basins since as early as 1851. A major hurricane is defined as a category-3 hurricane or greater with sustained one-minute average winds of 111 mph (96kts) or greater.

Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology in the USA
Data sources (see references): NEXRAD level III data, hourly precipitation; IBtracs best track data; University of Colorado extended best track data
Available as NetCDF files and Matlab structure

Classification as TC precipitation criteria: within radius of outermost closed isobar of a TC at a given time

Scope: 100km radius around corresponding radar station

Dealing with radar outages: up to 2h gap - interpolation of precipitation, larger gaps - rescaling of frequency with fraction of available data (see formulas)

Available variables per radar station:

• Location: name [ ], coordinates [°N, °W]
• Grid: lat [°N], lon [°E]
• Frequency rescaling: re_freq [ ]

Available variables per event:

• Storm identifiers: name [ ], year [a]
• Storm total precipitation
  • Area distribution: Ptot [kg/m²], gridded (0.1x0.1°)
  • Area average: Ptot_av [kg/m²]
  • Area maximum within 0.5x0.5°: Ptot_max [kg/m²]
• Annual exceedance frequency: f(Ptot_max) [a^-1]

Relevant formulas:

re_freq = total duration of storm exposure / duration of viable measurements
f (Ptot_max) = (number of events exceeding Ptot_max / length of observation) * re_freq

Matlab structure:

• Level 1: TCP_climatology
• Level 2: station variables -> station_event_data leads to event variables
• Level 3: event variables -> Ptot leads to spatially gridded precipitation
• Level 4: Ptot-grid

Hurricane tracks and positions provide information on where the storm has been, where it is currently located, and where it is predicted to go. Each storm location is depicted by the sustained wind speed, according to the Saffir-Simpson Scale. It should be noted that the Saffir-Simpson Scale only applies to hurricanes in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins, however all storms are still symbolized using that classification for consistency.Data SourceThis data is provided by NOAA National Hurricane Center (NHC) for the Central+East Pacific and Atlantic, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for the West+Central Pacific and Indian basins. For more disaster-related live feeds visit the Disaster Web Maps & Feeds ArcGIS Online Group.Sample DataSee Sample Layer Item for sample data during inactive Hurricane Season!Update FrequencyThe Aggregated Live Feeds methodology checks the Source for updates every 15 minutes. Tropical cyclones are normally issued every six hours at 5:00 AM EDT, 11:00 AM EDT, 5:00 PM EDT, and 11:00 PM EDT (or 4:00 AM EST, 10:00 AM EST, 4:00 PM EST, and 10:00 PM EST).Public advisories for Eastern Pacific tropical cyclones are normally issued every six hours at 2:00 AM PDT, 8:00 AM PDT, 2:00 PM PDT, and 8:00 PM PDT (or 1:00 AM PST, 7:00 AM PST, 1:00 PM PST, and 7:00 PM PST).Intermediate public advisories may be issued every 3 hours when coastal watches or warnings are in effect, and every 2 hours when coastal watches or warnings are in effect and land-based radars have identified a reliable storm center. Additionally, special public advisories may be issued at any time due to significant changes in warnings or in a cyclone. For the NHC data source you can subscribe to RSS Feeds.North Pacific and North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone warnings are updated every 6 hours, and South Indian and South Pacific Ocean tropical cyclone warnings are routinely updated every 12 hours. Times are set to Zulu/UTC.Scale/ResolutionThe horizontal accuracy of these datasets is not stated but it is important to remember that tropical cyclone track forecasts are subject to error, and that the effects of a tropical cyclone can span many hundreds of miles from the center.Area CoveredWorldGlossaryForecast location: Represents the official NHC forecast locations for the center of a tropical cyclone. Forecast center positions are given for projections valid 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the forecast's nominal initial time. Click here for more information.

Forecast points from the JTWC are valid 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours after the forecast’s initial time.Forecast track: This product aids in the visualization of an NHC official track forecast, the forecast points are connected by a red line. The track lines are not a forecast product, as such, the lines should not be interpreted as representing a specific forecast for the location of a tropical cyclone in between official forecast points. It is also important to remember that tropical cyclone track forecasts are subject to error, and that the effects of a tropical cyclone can span many hundreds of miles from the center. Click here for more information.The Cone of Uncertainty: Cyclone paths are hard to predict with absolute certainty, especially days in advance.

The cone represents the probable track of the center of a tropical cyclone and is formed by enclosing the area swept out by a set of circles along the forecast track (at 12, 24, 36 hours, etc). The size of each circle is scaled so that two-thirds of the historical official forecast errors over a 5-year sample fall within the circle. Based on forecasts over the previous 5 years, the entire track of a tropical cyclone can be expected to remain within the cone roughly 60-70% of the time. It is important to note that the area affected by a tropical cyclone can extend well beyond the confines of the cone enclosing the most likely track area of the center. Click here for more information. Now includes 'Danger Area' Polygons from JTWC, detailing US Navy Ship Avoidance Area when Wind speeds exceed 34 Knots!Coastal Watch/Warning: Coastal areas are placed under watches and warnings depending on the proximity and intensity of the approaching storm.Tropical Storm Watch is issued when a tropical cyclone containing winds of 34 to 63 knots (39 to 73 mph) or higher poses a possible threat, generally within 48 hours. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. The watch does not mean that tropical storm conditions will occur. It only means that these conditions are possible.Tropical Storm Warning is issued when sustained winds of 34 to 63 knots (39 to 73 mph) or higher associated with a tropical cyclone are expected in 36 hours or less. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding.Hurricane Watch is issued when a tropical cyclone containing winds of 64 knots (74 mph) or higher poses a possible threat, generally within 48 hours. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. The watch does not mean that hurricane conditions will occur. It only means that these conditions are possible.Hurricane Warning is issued when sustained winds of 64 knots (74 mph) or higher associated with a tropical cyclone are expected in 36 hours or less. These winds may be accompanied by storm surge, coastal flooding, and/or river flooding. A hurricane warning can remain in effect when dangerously high water or a combination of dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves continue, even though winds may be less than hurricane force.RevisionsMar 13, 2025: Altered 'Forecast Error Cone' layer to include 'Danger Area' with updated symbology.Nov 20, 2023: Added Event Label to 'Forecast Position' layer, showing arrival time and wind speed localized to user's location.Mar 27, 2022: Added UID, Max_SS, Max_Wind, Max_Gust, and Max_Label fields to ForecastErrorCone layer.This map is provided for informational purposes and is not monitored 24/7 for accuracy and currency. Always refer to NOAA or JTWC sources for official guidance.If you would like to be alerted to potential issues or simply see when this Service will update next, please visit our Live Feed Status Page!

Named Storms in the Atlantic Since 1950

Maximum Wind Speed, Storm Dates, and More

About this dataset

This dataset contains information on all of the named storms that have occurred in the Atlantic basin since 1950. It includes the storm's name, dates, minimum pressure, maximum wind speed, and storm type. This dataset is a great resource for anyone interested in studying hurricanes and other tropical storms

How to use the dataset

This dataset can be used to investigate the characteristics of named storms in the Atlantic basin since 1950. The variables in the dataset include the storm name, start date, end date, maximum wind speed, minimum pressure, and storm type. This dataset can be used to answer questions such as: - What has been the most intense storm in the Atlantic basin since 1950? - What is the average lifespan of a named storm in the Atlantic basin? - What is the most common type of storm in the Atlantic basin?

Research Ideas

• Creating a dashboard to track the progress of hurricane seasons
• comparing different hurricane seasons
• determining which areas are most vulnerable to hurricanes

Acknowledgements

This dataset was compiled by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)

License

Unknown License - Please check the dataset description for more information.

Columns

File: Named Storm Data - since 1950.csv | Column name | Description | |:-------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------| | Year | The year the storm occurred. (Integer) | | Storm Name | The name of the storm. (String) | | Start Date | The date the storm began. (Date) | | End Date | The date the storm ended. (Date) | | Dates | The dates the storm occurred. (Date) | | Max Wind Speed (mph) | The maximum wind speed of the storm. (Integer) | | Min pressure (mb) | The minimum pressure of the storm. (Integer) | | Storm Type | The type of storm. (String) |

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit Aaron Simmons.

This project used a combination of historical research and computer modeling to study the impacts of hurricanes in New England since 1620. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., K. E. Chamberlin and D. R. Foster. 2001. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in New England. Ecological Monographs 71: 27-48). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "Hurricanes are a major factor controlling ecosystem structure, function and dynamics in many coastal forests and yet their ecological role can be understood only by assessing impacts in space and time over a period of centuries. We present a new method for reconstructing hurricane disturbance regimes using a combination of historical research and computer modeling. Historical data on wind damage for each hurricane in the selected region are quantified using the Fujita scale to produce regional maps of actual damage. A simple meteorological model (HURRECON), parameterized and tested for selected recent hurricanes, provides regional estimates of wind speed, direction, and damage for each storm. Individual reconstructions are compiled to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of hurricane impacts. Long-term effects of topography on a landscape scale are then examined with a simple topographic exposure model (EXPOS). "We applied this method to New England, USA, examining hurricanes since European settlement in 1620. Results showed strong regional gradients in hurricane frequency and intensity from southeast to northwest: average return intervals for F0 damage on the Fujita scale (loss of leaves and branches) ranged from 5 to 85 years, average return intervals for F1 damage (scattered blowdowns, small gaps) ranged from 10 to more than 200 years, and average return intervals for F2 damage (extensive blowdowns, large gaps) ranged from 85 to more than 380 years. On a landscape scale, average return intervals for F2 damage in the town of Petersham MA ranged from 125 years across most sites to more than 380 years on scattered lee slopes. Actual forest damage was strongly dependent on land-use and natural disturbance history. Annual and decadal timing of hurricanes varied widely. There was no clear century-scale trend in the number of major hurricanes. "The historical-modeling approach is applicable to any region with good historical records and will enable ecologists and land managers to incorporate insights on hurricane disturbance regimes into the interpretation and conservation of forests at landscape to regional scales."

Nearly ** percent of all hurricanes that made landfall in the United States between 1851 and 2022 hit Florida. The state was hit by *** hurricanes in the period, of which ** were major hurricanes (category * or higher). Texas and Louisiana were the second and third most hit states in the country, with ** and ** hurricanes, respectively.

On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico, leaving widespread destruction in its path. The official death count for Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria was 64 excess deaths, but that controversial death toll has been debated by a number of academic and independent researcher journalists. With the loss of electrical power and telecommunication systems for much of the island, it was unclear how many deaths in Puerto Rico were an immediate result of Hurricane Maria's destruction as opposed to the access to care conditions that prolonged. Santos-Burgoa et al. applied a time-series analysis of the Puerto Rico Vital Statistics data to estimate the death count over time. To consider how many people died as opposed to emigrated away from Puerto Rico, two counterfactual assumptions were used, a Census-based scenario and a Displacement-based scenario for expected population change. Under the Census scenario and the Displacement scenario, the estimated death counts in Puerto Rico was approximately 1200 deaths and 3000 deaths, respectively, where the Displacement scenario was acclaimed as the preferred model.

Due to copy-right issues, the article and supplementary materials should be accessed at the source website. Please use the following reference citation and doi to redirect there: Santos-Burgoa C, Sandberg J, Suárez E, Goldman-Hawes A, Zeger S, Garcia-Meza A, Pérez CM, Estrada-Merly N, Colón-Ramos U, Nazario CM, Andrade E. Differential and persistent risk of excess mortality from Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico: a time-series analysis. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2018 Nov 1;2(11):e478-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30209-2

EcoDRR global classification scheme based on spatial combination of ecosystem coverage and natural hazard physical exposure. The physical exposure data-set shows the product of hazard frequency and people exposed to this hazard in the same 100 square kilometer cell. For a specific natural hazard, a 0.01 degree resolution raster is generated, showing hazard annual frequency weighted with portion of pixel potentially affected. In the case of tropical cyclones, annual frequency is calculated using the category one of the Saffir-Simpson scale. It corresponds to the largest wind buffer of each past event footprint.

Sources: The dataset includes an estimate of tropical cyclone frequency of Saffir-Simpson category 1. It is based on two sources: 1) IBTrACS v02r01 (1969 - 2008, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ibtracs/), year 2009 completed by online data from JMA, JTWC, UNISYS, Meteo France and data sent by Alan Sharp from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2) A GIS modeling based on an initial equation from Greg Holland, which was further modified to take into consideration the movement of the cyclones through time. Unit is expected average number of event per 100 years multiplied by 100. This product was designed by UNEP/GRID-Europe for the Global Assessment Report on Risk Reduction (GAR). It was modeled using global data. Credit: Raw data: IBTrACS, compilation and GIS processing UNEP/GRID-Europe.

Extreme climatic events may influence individual-level variability in phenotypes, survival, and reproduction, and thereby drive the pace of evolution. Climate models predict increases in the frequency of intense hurricanes, but no study has measured their impact on individual life courses within animal populations. We used 45 years of demographic data of rhesus macaques to quantify the influence of major hurricanes on reproductive life courses using multiple metrics of dynamic heterogeneity accounting for life course variability and life history trait variances. To reduce intraspecific competition, individuals may explore new reproductive stages during years of major hurricanes, resulting in higher temporal variation in reproductive trajectories. Alternatively, individuals may opt for a single optimal life history strategy due to trade-offs between survival and reproduction. Our results show that heterogeneity in reproductive life courses increased by 4% during years of major hurricanes, despite a 2% reduction in the asymptotic growth rate due to an average decrease in mean fertility and survival, i.e. shortened life courses and reduced reproductive output. In agreement with this, the population is expected to achieve stable population dynamics faster after being perturbed by a hurricane (ρ = 1.512; 95% CI: 1.488, 1.538), relative to ordinary years (ρ = 1.482;1.475,1.490). Our work suggests that natural disasters force individuals into new demographic roles to potentially reduce competition during unfavorable environments where mean reproduction and survival are compromised. Variance in lifetime reproductive success and longevity are differently affected by hurricanes, and such variability is mostly driven by survival.

Methods This is demographic data from visual census collected and shared by the Carribean Primate Research Center from the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus.

This dataset includes an estimate of tropical cyclone frequency of Saffir-Simpson category 5. It is based on two sources: 1) IBTrACS v02r01 (1969 - 2008, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ibtracs/), year 2009 completed by online data from JMA, JTWC, UNISYS, Meteo France and data sent by Alan Sharp from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2) A GIS modeling based on an initial equation from Greg Holland, which was further modified to take into consideration the movement of the cyclones through time. Unit is expected average number of event per 100 years multiplied by 100. This product was designed by UNEP/GRID-Europe for the Global Assessment Report on Risk Reduction (GAR). It was modeled using global data. Credit: Raw data: IBTrACS, compilation and GIS processing UNEP/GRID-Europe.

This dataset contains a coastal erosion hazards analysis for Hurricane Idalia. The analysis is based on a storm-impact scaling model that combines observations of beach morphology with hydrodynamic models to predict how sandy beaches, the first line of defense for many coasts exposed to tropical storms and hurricanes, will respond during a direct landfall. Storm-induced total water levels, due to both surge and waves, are compared to beach and dune elevations to determine the probabilities of three types of coastal change - collision (dune erosion), overwash, and inundation. The storm surge elevations along the open coast were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) probabilistic surge forecast (psurge), which is based on conditions specific to the landfalling storm. Errors in hurricane forecasts are included in order to identify probable surge levels. The 10% exceedance surge level was used to represent the worst-case scenario. Maximum wave heights in 20-m water depth, obtained from the NOAA WaveWatch3 model 7-day forecast, were used to compute wave runup elevations at the shoreline. Dune elevations were extracted from lidar topographic surveys.

Disclaimer: This product is based on published research results of the USGS National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards Project and is intended to indicate the potential for coastal change caused by storm surge and wave runup. This product is based on an analysis that simplifies complex coastal change processes to two important aspects - measured dune elevations and predicted total water levels. As such, the actual changes that occur during extreme storms may be different than what is described here. Results apply to open coast environments and do not consider potential coastal change along inland waters. The public should not base evacuation decisions on this product. Citizens should follow the evacuation advice of local emergency management authorities.

This project used a combination of historical research and computer modeling to study the impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico since 1508. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., M. I. Serrano and D. R. Foster. 2004. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico. Ecological Monographs 74: 335-352). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "Puerto Rico is subject to frequent and severe impacts from hurricanes, whose long-term ecological role must be assessed on a scale of centuries. In this study we applied a method for reconstructing hurricane disturbance regimes developed in an earlier study of hurricanes in New England. Patterns of actual wind damage from historical records were analyzed for 85 hurricanes since European settlement in 1508. A simple meteorological model (HURRECON) was used to reconstruct the impacts of 43 hurricanes since 1851. Long-term effects of topography on a landscape scale in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) were simulated with a simple topographic exposure model (EXPOS). "Average return intervals across Puerto Rico for F0 damage (loss of leaves and branches) and F1 damage (scattered blowdowns, small gaps) on the Fujita scale were 4 and 6 years, respectively. At higher damage levels a gradient was created by the direction of the storm tracks and the weakening of hurricanes over the interior mountains. Average return intervals for F2 damage (extensive blowdowns) and F3 damage (forests leveled) ranged from 15 to 33 years and 50 to 150 years, respectively, from east to west. In the LEF, the combination of steep topography and constrained peak wind directions created a complex mosaic of topographic exposure and protection, with average return intervals for F3 damage ranging from 50 years to more than 150 years. Actual forest damage was strongly dependent on land-use history and the effects of recent hurricanes. Annual and decadal timing of hurricanes varied widely. There was no clear centennial-scale trend in the number of major hurricanes over the historical period."

Year: year MeanLayDate: mean Julian date when first egg of the each clutch was laid ENSOWinter: mean ENSO score from December to March. Hurricanes: total number of hurricanes in the North Atlantic basin DaysBelow18_max: number of days with maximum daily temperature below 18.5 degrees Celsius or with rain during the 28 days after the mean fledging date. A crude measurement of weather conditions post fledging. TimePeriod: population trajectory at the time (growing, declining, post-decline)

This layer presents an estimation of surges triggered by tropical cyclone frequency of Saffir-Simpson category (Don't forget to zoom on the coasts you are interested in!)Here, unit is expected average number of event per year. However, source unit is expected average number of event per 1000 year. For more information, visit the Global Risk Data Platform: http://preview.grid.unep.ch/index.php?preview=data&events=surges&evcat=2&lang=eng