Ethereum's price history suggests that that crypto was worth significantly less in 2022 than during late 2021, although nowhere near the lowest price recorded. Much like Bitcoin (BTC), the price of ETH went up in 2021 but for different reasons altogether: Ethereum, for instance, hit the news when a digital art piece was sold as the world's most expensive NFT for over 38,000 ETH - or 69.3 million U.S. dollars. Unlike Bitcoin - of which the price growth was fueled by the IPO of the U.S.' biggest crypto trader Coinbase - the rally on Ethereum came from technological developments that caused much excitement among traders. First, the so-called 'Berlin update' rolled out on the Ethereum network in April 2021, an update which would eventually lead to the Ethereum Merge in 2022 and reduced ETH gas prices - or reduced transaction fees. The collapse of FTX in late 2022, however, changed much for the cryptocurrency. As of March 12, 2025, Ethereum was worth 1,908.98 U.S. dollars - significantly less than the 4,400 U.S. dollars by the end of 2021.Ethereum's future and the DeFi industry Price developments on Ethereum are difficult to predict, but cannot be seen without the world of DeFi - or Decentralized Finance. This industry used technology to remove intermediaries between parties in a financial transaction. One example includes crypto wallets such as Coinbase Wallet that grew in popularity in recent years, with other examples including smart contractor Uniswap, Maker (responsible for stablecoin DAI), money lender Dharma and market protocol Compound. Ethereum's future developments are tied with this industry: Unlike Bitcoin and Ripple, Ethereum is technically not a currency but an open-source software platform for blockchain applications - with Ether being the cryptocurrency that is used inside the Ethereum network. Essentially, Ethereum facilitates DeFi - meaning that if DeFi does well, so does Ethereum.NFTs: the most well-known application of EthereumNFTs or non-fungible tokens grew nearly ten-fold between 2018 and 2020, as can be seen in the market cap of NFTs worldwide. These digital blockchain assets can essentially function as a unique code connected to a digital file, allowing to distinguish the original file from any potential copies. This application is especially prominent in crypto art, although there are other applications: gaming, sports and collectibles are other segments where NFT sales occur.

Ethereum network fees paid to miners whenever a payment transaction is initiated on the blockchain more than tripled between October 2020 and March 2021. These transaction fees - commonly denoted as gas or Gwei - were considered to be very low up until 2020, when the Ethereum network started to cope with increasing amounts as well as more complex transactions. This coincided with the growing importance of Decentralized Finance or DeFi, with more services essentially putting more strain on the cryptocurrency's network. The consequence is that Ethereum gas price increased for all users, especially for NFT transactions across various segments.

Context

Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have captured the imagination of technologists, financiers, and economists. Digital currencies are only one application of the underlying blockchain technology. Like its predecessor, Bitcoin, the Ethereum blockchain can be described as an immutable distributed ledger. However, creator Vitalik Buterin also extended the set of capabilities by including a virtual machine that can execute arbitrary code stored on the blockchain as smart contracts.

Both Bitcoin and Ethereum are essentially OLTP databases, and provide little in the way of OLAP (analytics) functionality. However the Ethereum dataset is notably distinct from the Bitcoin dataset:

• The Ethereum blockchain has as its primary unit of value Ether, while the Bitcoin blockchain has Bitcoin. However, the majority of value transfer on the Ethereum blockchain is composed of so-called tokens. Tokens are created and managed by smart contracts.

• Ether value transfers are precise and direct, resembling accounting ledger debits and credits. This is in contrast to the Bitcoin value transfer mechanism, for which it can be difficult to determine the balance of a given wallet address.

• Addresses can be not only wallets that hold balances, but can also contain smart contract bytecode that allows the programmatic creation of agreements and automatic triggering of their execution. An aggregate of coordinated smart contracts could be used to build a decentralized autonomous organization.

Content

The Ethereum blockchain data are now available for exploration with BigQuery. All historical data are in the ethereum_blockchain dataset, which updates daily.

Our hope is that by making the data on public blockchain systems more readily available it promotes technological innovation and increases societal benefits.

Querying BigQuery tables

You can use the BigQuery Python client library to query tables in this dataset in Kernels. Note that methods available in Kernels are limited to querying data. Tables are at bigquery-public-data.crypto_ethereum.[TABLENAME]. Fork this kernel to get started.

Acknowledgements

Cover photo by Thought Catalog on Unsplash

Inspiration

• What are the most popularly exchanged digital tokens, represented by ERC-721 and ERC-20 smart contracts?
• Compare transaction volume and transaction networks over time
• Compare transaction volume to historical prices by joining with other available data sources like Bitcoin Historical Data

Ethereum trading volume more than doubled on May 19, 2021, compared to the previous day, following news China banned crypto services inside the country. Following this news, the market cap for the entire crypto market fell by billions of U.S. dollars. The Ethereum price that day also witnessed one of its biggest single-day declines on record. The price decline potentially may have attracted new investors to the cryptocurrency, leading to the increase in trading volume.

This dataset provides predicted prices, return on investment (ROI), and sentiment analysis for Bridged Ether (StarkGate) over a series of dates. The dataset includes predictions for Bridged Ether (StarkGate)'s price, with low, average, and high values, as well as ROI figures for each predicted date. This data helps users forecast market trends for Bridged Ether (StarkGate) and make informed trading decisions.

Ethereum became increasingly volatile as November 2021 progressed, recording percentages that were nearly twice as high in the beginning of the month. Some source attributes these price fluctuations to planned tax regulations found within a U.S. infrastructure bill that might have repercussions for crypto investors. Measured in a metric called volatility, the percentage shown here reflect how much the price of Ethereum in U.S. dollars changed historically over a preceding 10-day window. Changes can be either up or down, with a higher volatility reflecting that an asset is more risky, as price movements are less easy to predict and can swing in any direction.

Cryptocurrency historical datasets from January 2012 (if available) to October 2021 were obtained and integrated from various sources and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) including Yahoo Finance, Cryptodownload, CoinMarketCap, various Kaggle datasets, and multiple APIs. While these datasets used various formats of time (e.g., minutes, hours, days), in order to integrate the datasets days format was used for in this research study. The integrated cryptocurrency historical datasets for 80 cryptocurrencies including but not limited to Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Binance Coin (BNB), Cardano (ADA), Tether (USDT), Ripple (XRP), Solana (SOL), Polkadot (DOT), USD Coin (USDC), Dogecoin (DOGE), Tron (TRX), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), EOS (EOS), Cosmos (ATOM), Stellar (XLM), Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC), Uniswap (UNI), Terra (LUNA), SHIBA INU (SHIB), and 60 more cryptocurrencies were uploaded in this online Mendeley data repository. Although the primary attribute of including the mentioned cryptocurrencies was the Market Capitalization, a subject matter expert i.e., a professional trader has also guided the initial selection of the cryptocurrencies by analyzing various indicators such as Relative Strength Index (RSI), Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD), MYC Signals, Bollinger Bands, Fibonacci Retracement, Stochastic Oscillator and Ichimoku Cloud. The primary features of this dataset that were used as the decision-making criteria of the CLUS-MCDA II approach are Timestamps, Open, High, Low, Closed, Volume (Currency), % Change (7 days and 24 hours), Market Cap and Weighted Price values. The available excel and CSV files in this data set are just part of the integrated data and other databases, datasets and API References that was used in this study are as follows: [1] https://finance.yahoo.com/ [2] https://coinmarketcap.com/historical/ [3] https://cryptodatadownload.com/ [4] https://kaggle.com/philmohun/cryptocurrency-financial-data [5] https://kaggle.com/deepshah16/meme-cryptocurrency-historical-data [6] https://kaggle.com/sudalairajkumar/cryptocurrencypricehistory [7] https://min-api.cryptocompare.com/data/price?fsym=BTC&tsyms=USD [8] https://min-api.cryptocompare.com/ [9] https://p.nomics.com/cryptocurrency-bitcoin-api [10] https://www.coinapi.io/ [11] https://www.coingecko.com/en/api [12] https://cryptowat.ch/ [13] https://www.alphavantage.co/ This dataset is part of the CLUS-MCDA (Cluster analysis for improving Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis) and CLUS-MCDAII Project: https://aimaghsoodi.github.io/CLUSMCDA-R-Package/ https://github.com/Aimaghsoodi/CLUS-MCDA-II https://github.com/azadkavian/CLUS-MCDA

By March 2022, over 119 million Ethereum tokens were issued and in active circulation - but it is expected new coins will not arrive at a fast pace. Although the cryptocurrency has an unlimited supply - unlike Bitcoin, of which there can only be 21 million tokens and not a single more - the Ethereum blockchain received an update in August 2021, EIP-1559, that both increased the block size needed to create new coins and destroyed (“burned”) any transactions fees, rather than send them to the original miners. This led to a decline in issuance, as mining Ethereum essentially was made less profitable. Issuance is expected to decline further when Ethereum 2.0 arrives.

Ethereum: a counter to inflation?

In a time when inflation rates became a big talking point, Ethereum received much social media attention in late 2021 for possibly being deflationary. This argument stems from August 2021, or “London Hard Fork”, upgrade in August 2021: Each transaction on the Ethereum network would entirely remove a portion of Ethereum from the total supply in circulation. On days of high transaction activity of Ethereum, for example, after a change in the price of Ethereum, this can effectively mean more coins are being destroyed than there are being created.

Ethereum supply to change after the upgrade to 2.0?

Experts state burning on a scale that the supply of Ethereum declines only happens on occasion, stating it acts more as a temporary slowdown of growth rather than an active attempt to continuously shrink supply. This could change, however, when Ethereum 2.0 arrives – or when Ethereum switches from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to Proof-of-Stake (PoS). The general assumption for this is that staking rewards are generally lower than rewards for Proof-of-Work (mining), lowering the incentive for the creation of new coins. If usage – which some measure via the Ethereum gas price, or transaction fee per transaction – remains unchanged otherwise, this would lower the threshold for Ethereum to become deflationary.

Context:

This dataset is an extra updating dataset for the G-Research Crypto Forecasting competition.

Introduction

This is a daily updated dataset, automaticlly collecting market data for G-Research crypto forecasting competition. The data is of the 1-minute resolution, collected for all competition assets and both retrieval and uploading are fully automated. see discussion topic.

The Data

For every asset in the competition, the following fields from Binance's official API endpoint for historical candlestick data are collected, saved, and processed.

1. **timestamp** - A timestamp for the minute covered by the row.
2. **Asset_ID** - An ID code for the cryptoasset.
3. **Count** - The number of trades that took place this minute.
4. **Open** - The USD price at the beginning of the minute.
5. **High** - The highest USD price during the minute.
6. **Low** - The lowest USD price during the minute.
7. **Close** - The USD price at the end of the minute.
8. **Volume** - The number of cryptoasset u units traded during the minute.
9. **VWAP** - The volume-weighted average price for the minute.
10. **Target** - 15 minute residualized returns. See the 'Prediction and Evaluation section of this notebook for details of how the target is calculated.
11. **Weight** - Weight, defined by the competition hosts [here](https://www.kaggle.com/cstein06/tutorial-to-the-g-research-crypto-competition)
12. **Asset_Name** - Human readable Asset name.

Indexing

The dataframe is indexed by timestamp and sorted from oldest to newest. The first row starts at the first timestamp available on the exchange, which is July 2017 for the longest-running pairs.

Usage Example

The following is a collection of simple starter notebooks for Kaggle's Crypto Comp showing PurgedTimeSeries in use with the collected dataset. Purged TimesSeries is explained here. There are many configuration variables below to allow you to experiment. Use either GPU or TPU. You can control which years are loaded, which neural networks are used, and whether to use feature engineering. You can experiment with different data preprocessing, model architecture, loss, optimizers, and learning rate schedules. The extra datasets contain the full history of the assets in the same format as the competition, so you can input that into your model too.

Baseline Example Notebooks:

• Neural Network Starter
• LightGBM Starter
• Catboost Starter
• XGBoost Starter
• TabNet Starter
• Reinforcement Learning (PPO) Starter

These notebooks follow the ideas presented in my "Initial Thoughts" here. Some code sections have been reused from Chris' great (great) notebook series on SIIM ISIC melanoma detection competition here

Loose-ends:

This is a work in progress and will be updated constantly throughout the competition. At the moment, there are some known issues that still needed to be addressed:

• VWAP: - At the moment VWAP calculation formula is still unclear. Currently the dataset uses an approximation calculated from the Open, High, Low, Close, Volume candlesticks. [Waiting for competition hosts input]
• Target Labeling: There exist some mismatches to the original target provided by the hosts at some time intervals. On all the others - it is the same. The labeling code can be seen here. [Waiting for competition hosts] input]
• Filtering: No filtration of 0 volume data is taken place.

Example Visualisations

Opening price with an added indicator (MA50): https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F2234678%2Fb8664e6f26dc84e9a40d5a3d915c9640%2Fdownload.png?generation=1582053879538546&alt=media" alt="">

Volume and number of trades: https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F2234678%2Fcd04ed586b08c1576a7b67d163ad9889%2Fdownload-1.png?generation=1582053899082078&alt=media" alt="">

License

This data is being collected automatically from the crypto exchange Binance.

Detailed Assets staked metrics and analytics for Rocket Pool, including historical data and trends.

Ethereum market sentiment was bullish in April and May 2021, as is shown in the development of the cryptocurrency's NVT ratio. The Network Value to Transactions or NVT ratio is somewhat comparable to a P/E ratio, in that it compares the number of transactions of a particular coin on a set day against that coin's market cap. A low NVT ratio means that that transaction volume of a cryptocurrency is growing faster than the coin's market cap - meaning investor sentiment is bullish, or optimistic - whereas a high ratio refers to a network that has a relatively high network value but low network activity - meaning sentiment is bearish, or negative.

One single blockchain transaction of Ethereum equaled the energy consumption of less than several thousands of VISA card transactions. This according to a source that tries to estimate the energy consumption of Ethereum (ETH). It does so by estimating how much income miners possibly spend on electricity, as there is no institution that tracks how much energy the cryptocurrency actually consumes. This same methodology was also applied to the energy consumption of Bitcoin. Ethereum energy consumption is of importance for developments regarding NFTs and other applications of decentralized finance or DeFi - as the market share of the Ethereum blockchain in DeFi far exceeds that of other blockchains.

At its peak in September 2021, the floor price of any type of NFT trading was around 10 times higher than it was in early June 2021. This indicates that NFT trading became increasingly popular during that time. Floor price - sometimes also referred to as "price floor" - is a term that originates from commodity trading and refers to the lowest price, rather than the average price, at which an NFT can be bought. This metric only arrived over the summer of 2021 as one of the most requested new features within the crypto community, as floor price can reveal the cheapest value a particular NFT sells for. As prices are measured in Ethereum (ETH), buyers also have to take into account other costs - such as the Ethereum gas price or transaction fee.

Ethereum's Sharpe ratio in January 2022 was below that of the S&P500, reaching a value that was considered to be acceptable. This particular ratio gives investors an idea on how their investments perform on the long run, and is calculated by substracting risk-free rate from the expected return of a particular asset. The higher the Sharpe ratio, the more the extra risk is actually paying off - as returns are above-average. In the case of Ethereum, the ratio was mostly between values of one and two which are considered to be "acceptable or good". A value of zero means the asset in consideration is risk-free, which may be both good - as you are not losing out on money - or bad - as the extra risk taken may not be worth the effort.

Ripple - or XRP - prices surged in 2021, but went down significantly as 2022 progressed. As of March 26, 2025, one XRP token was worth 2.35 U.S. dollars. Ethereum's price, for example, kept on reaching new all-time highs, a feat not performed by XRP. Indeed, XRP's more price spikes followed relatively late - only occurring in early 2021, against late 2020 for most other cryptos - after the US SEC filed a legal complaint against Ripple in November 2020. This legal action caused the XRP price to plummet from around 0.70 U.S. dollars to 0.20 U.S. dollars.Ripple versus XRP: two become oneTechnically speaking, Ripple is not a cryptocurrency. Renamed from a protocol called OpenCoin in 2013, Ripple facilitates open-source payments. XRP, on the other hand, is the cryptocurrency that runs on this network. In that sense, Ripple and XRP have a similar symbiosis to each other like the Ethereum network and its cryptocurrency Ether. Unlike Ethereum - whose price changes are connected to the world of Decentralized Finance or DeFI - Ripple/XRP mostly looks at developments on cross-border payments for companies. In 2020, companies worldwide began to favor fintech solutions for future B2B solutions and, in a way, Ripple is an extension of that.What affects the price of Ripple?Ripple is mostly active in Southeast Asia - a region with a splintered payment landscape and that heavily investigates its own types of state-issued cryptocurrency to make cross-border payments a lot easier. Price spikes tend to follow after news on this topic in this specific region. In 2019, for example, the XRP price grew after Japan and South Korea began testing to reduce time and costs for transferring international funds between the two countries. In March 2021, Ripple announced that it had agreed to acquire 40 percent of Malaysian cross-border payments firm Tranglo to meet growing demand in Southeast Asia.

Following NFT hype and growing demand in the DeFi community, the price of cryptocurrency Solana or SOL more than tripled during the summer of 2021. This had all but evaporated by the end of 2022, as a price of 143.82 U.S. dollars for SOL on March 25, 2025 was similar to the price of Solana in early 2021. The collapse of crypto trader FTX in 2022 especially impacted the cryptocurrency, as FTX and its sister firm Alameda Research sold a large amount of the coin in order to avoid bankruptcy. The Solana protocol is similar to Ethereum in that can allow for nun-fungible tokens to be created ('minted') or traded. Solana, however, uses a technology called 'PoH' or Proof of History, which allows it to reach high transaction speeds. The Solana Foundation - the creators of the protocol, based in Switzerland - claims they could reach up to 65,000 transactions per second compared to 16 for Ethereum. Additionally, Solano had no transaction fees or 'gas', unlike Ethereum, which had growing transaction costs. These two reasons combined - Solana being deemed cheaper and faster than Ethereum - turned this relatively young protocol into a breeding ground for NFT projects in August 2021.

Transactions in NFTs were significantly lower in 2024 than during the summer of 2021 when several tokens gained popularity. Most of these transactions were likely related to play-to-earn Vietnamese video game Axie Infinity, which became the world's most valuable NFT collection in August 2021 - although its sales volume did decline since. The gaming segment reported the highest sales volume of the non-fungible token (NFT) market in 2020, with over six times the sales in sports projects. The overall market cap of NFTs in 2024, however, was noticeably smaller. NFT in 2024: Searching for legitimacy While cryptocurrency and Bitcoin saw their interest surge in early 2024 after the acceptance of Bitcoin ETFs in the United States, the NFT market has been struggling. For the larger audience, non-fungible tokens still seemed to be confusing what they are supposed to do, whereas crypto increasingly found legitimacy. The slowdown in the NFT market led one of the world's largest NFT marketplaces, OpenSea, to lay off large parts of its staff in October 2023. Solana to pave the way for NFTs? One of the blockchain networks that is closely affiliated with NFTs in 2024 is that of Solana. The monthly sales volume of this blockchain outperformed that of Ethereum in January 2024, causing Solana's market share in the overall crypto market to reach its highest value ever. Solana's position comes from relatively low costs but especially high transaction speeds and the sizable airdrops from multiple projects. This attracted significant amounts of capital, further fuelling the network. Solana's growth may provide the framework for the NFT market as a whole, as it slowly seeks to take over Ethereum's position in this part of the decentralized digital asset world.

Swiss cryptocurrency Cardano (ADA) witnessed a price surge of nearly 100 percent in seven days in early February 2021, amid high interest from investors. One reason for this interest is the digital coin's close relation to Ethereum (ETH), as mathematician Charles Hoskinson co-founded both virtual currencies. Also, like Ethereum, ADA has an open-source format, meaning anybody can develop this currency further. As of March 25, 2025, one ADA token was worth 0.75 U.S. dollars.

Bitcoin dominance steadily declined in April 2024 to below 50 percent, amid rumors of central banks halting or potentially lowering interest rates in the future. Within the crypto world, this so-called "dominance" ratio is one of the oldest and most investigated metrics available. It measures the coin's market cap relative to the overall crypto market — effectively showing how strong Bitcoin compared to all the other cryptocurrencies that are not BTC, called "altcoins". Why dominance matters is because market caps of any crypto can change relatively quickly, either due to sudden price changes or a change of recorded trading volume. Essentially, the figure somewhat resembles a trading sentiment, revealing whether Bitcoin investors are responding to certain events or whether Bitcoin is losing out on functions offered by, for example, stablecoins or NFT tokens. "Dominance" criticism: Ethereum and stablecoin The interpretation of the Bitcoin metric is not without its criticism. When first conceived, Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to be created and had a substantial market share within all cryptocurrencies? The overall share of stablecoins, such as Tether, as well as Ethereum increasingly start to resemble that of Bitcoin, however. Some analysts argue against this comparison. For one, they point towards the large influence of trading activity between Bitcoin and Ethereum in the dominance metric. Second, they argue that stablecoins can be traded in for Bitcoin and Ethereum, essentially showing how much investors are willing to engage with "regular" cryptocurrency. A rally around Bitcoin in late 2023? By December 2023, the Bitcoin price reached roughly 41,000 U.S. dollars — the first time in 20 months such a value was reached. A weaker U.S. dollar, speculation on decreasing interest rates, and a potential Bitcoin ETF approval are believed to be at the heart of this price increase. Whether this will hold in 2024 is unclear: The monthly interest rate from the U.S. Fed is speculated to decrease in 2024, despite a vow of "higher for longer". In December 2023, the thought of decreasing interest rates and the potential of a Bitcoin ETF fuelled market sentiment towards riskier assets.

Bitcoin is edging closer to reaching its finite, maximum supply, pushing its price up and making it harder to mine. As a rule of thumb, the fewer coins available to the general audience, the higher the value of the cryptocurrency becomes. No more mining is possible when a cryptocurrency reaches its maximum supply. The market price then reflects supply and demand. Bitcoin has a set limit of 21 million coins, the last of which is to be mined around the year 2140 according to a 2017 forecast - with the assumption that the rate of Bitcoin mining halves every four years.

Why are there so many differences in crypto supply?

Cryptocurrency developers can determine whether a coin should have a fixed limit, depending on the blockchain it utilizes or monetary strategies. Ethereum has no maximum supply, meaning miners can create and indefinitely extract this cryptocurrency. This is called an inflationary cryptocurrency, one that continuously inflates the supply. The idea is that the number of tokens in circulation keeps outpacing demand, decreasing overall value. Some coins limit the release of their (indefinite) supply or even destroy (burn) tokens. Such deflationary events took place with LUNA in 2022.

The appeal of low-supply cryptocurrency for investors

Crypto investors tend to be on the lookout for crypto with limited supply, ideally with low levels. After a token reaches maximum supply, the argument goes, the coin's supply becomes static - miners can no longer create new coins. The demand should continue to grow. A maximum cap, they hope, guarantees value gains. Not many such coins exist. DeFi platform AAVE is an example of a cryptocurrency with a max supply smaller than 100 million.