Based on current monthly figures, on average, German climate has gotten a bit warmer. The average temperature for January 2025 was recorded at around 2 degrees Celsius, compared to 1.5 degrees a year before. In the broader context of climate change, average monthly temperatures are indicative of where the national climate is headed and whether attempts to control global warming are successful. Summer and winter Average summer temperature in Germany fluctuated in recent years, generally between 18 to 19 degrees Celsius. The season remains generally warm, and while there may not be as many hot and sunny days as in other parts of Europe, heat waves have occurred. In fact, 2023 saw 11.5 days with a temperature of at least 30 degrees, though this was a decrease compared to the year before. Meanwhile, average winter temperatures also fluctuated, but were higher in recent years, rising over four degrees on average in 2024. Figures remained in the above zero range since 2011. Numbers therefore suggest that German winters are becoming warmer, even if individual regions experiencing colder sub-zero snaps or even more snowfall may disagree. Rain, rain, go away Average monthly precipitation varied depending on the season, though sometimes figures from different times of the year were comparable. In 2024, the average monthly precipitation was highest in May and September, although rainfalls might increase in October and November with the beginning of the cold season. In the past, torrential rains have led to catastrophic flooding in Germany, with one of the most devastating being the flood of July 2021. Germany is not immune to the weather changing between two extremes, e.g. very warm spring months mostly without rain, when rain might be wished for, and then increased precipitation in other months where dry weather might be better, for example during planting and harvest seasons. Climate change remains on the agenda in all its far-reaching ways.

This data shows the average temperature in Germany 2024, by federal state. That year, the average temperature in the city-state Berlin was 11.9 degrees Celsius.

Temperature in Germany increased to 10.88 celsius in 2023 from 10.78 celsius in 2022. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Germany Average Temperature.

In 2024, the average summer temperature in Germany was **** degrees Celsius. This was basically unchanged compared to the year before. While figures fluctuated during the given timeline, there were regular peaks, and in general, temperatures had grown noticeably since the 1960s. Not beating the heat German summers are getting hotter, and as desired as warm weather may be after months of winter (which, incidentally, also warms up year after year), this is another confirmation of global warming. Higher summer temperatures have various negative effects on both nature and humans. Recent years in Germany have seen a growing number of hot days with a temperature of at least 30 degrees, with **** recorded in 2023. However, this was a decrease compared to the year before. The number of deaths due to heat and sunlight had peaked in 2015. Rain or shine All the German states saw less sunshine hours in 2023 compared to the previous year. The sunniest states were Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and Saarland. Meanwhile, summer precipitation in Germany varied greatly during the same timeline as presented in this graph, but 2022 was one of the dryest years yet.

In 2024, Germany recorded a mean temperature of **** degrees Celsius. This was practically unchanged compared to the year before. Figures fluctuated during the timeline presented, but have grown compared to the 1960s and 70s.

In 2023/2024, the average winter temperature in Germany was *** degrees Celsius. That winter was part of a growing list of warmer winters in the country. Figures had increased noticeably compared to the 1960s. Warmer in the winter Everyone has a different perception of what actually makes a cold or warm winter, but the fact is that winter temperatures are, indeed, changing in Germany, and its 16 federal states are feeling it. Also in 2022/2023, Bremen and Hamburg in the north recorded the highest average figures at around 4 degrees each. The least warm states that year, so to speak, were Thuringia, Saxony, and Bavaria. The German National Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst or DWD), a federal office, monitors the weather in Germany. Global warming Rising temperatures are a global concern, with climate change making itself known. While these developments may be influenced by natural events, human industrial activity has been another significant contributor for centuries now. Greenhouse gas emissions play a leading part in global warming. This leads to warmer seasons year-round and summer heat waves, as greenhouse gas emissions cause solar heat to remain in the Earth’s atmosphere. In fact, as of 2022, Germany recorded **** days with a temperature of at least 30 degrees Celcius, which was more than three times the increase compared to 2021.

In 2024, the average spring temperature in Germany was measured at 10.8 degrees Celsius. This shows an increase of more than two degrees Celsius compared to 2023 and the highest average spring temperature since 1960.

Overview

These are two multi-annual raster products from the german weather service, that got refined from a 1km grid to a 25m grid, by using a local regression model.

The base rasters from DWD are:

• HYRAS precipitation
• REGNIE precipitation
• DWD-grid (precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and temperature 2m above ground)

To refine the grids the Copernicus DEM with a resolution of 25m got used. For every cell a linear regression model got created, by selecting the multi-annual rasters value and the elevation, from the original digital elevation model that was used by the DWD to create the raster, in a certain window around the cell. This window was at least 2 cells around the considered cell, so 5x5=25 cells. If the standard deviation of the elevation in this window was less than 4m, more neighbooring cells are considered until a maximum of 13x13=169 cells are considered. This widening of the window was necessary for flat regions to get a reasonable regression model.

Out of these combinations of elevation and climate parameter a linear regression model was build. These regression models are then applied to the finer digital elevation model with its 25m resolution from Copernicus.

The following image illustrates the generation of the refined rasters on a small example window:

In 2024, the average autumn temperature in Germany was 10.5 degrees Celsius. This was a decrease from the previous year, when the average temperature in autumn was around 11.5 degrees Celsius. This statistic shows the average autumn temperature in Germany from 1960 to 2024.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Berlin was **** degrees Celsius. This was a decrease compared to the May a year ago.

This statistic displays the average maximum monthly temperature in Germany over the past 20 years. It shows that over the past twenty years the month with the highest average maximum temperature has been July, with an average temperature of **** degrees Celsius. On average, January has been the coldest month.

Quality controlled and gap-filled continuous air temperature data from the urban weather station at Freiburg-Werthmannstrasse (FRWRTM, 7.8447ºE, 47.9928, 277 m) using a passively ventilated and shielded temperature and humidity probe (Campbell Scientific Inc., CS 215) operated in a Stevenson Screen 2m above ground level in the vegetated backyard of Werthmannstrasse 10, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.

• Quality controlled in-canopy air temperature data are available and aggregated at 10min, 30min, hourly, daily, monthly and yearly resolution for the year 2024.
• Average, minimum and maximum in-canopy air temperatures are provided on hourly, daily, monthly and annual scales.
• Characteristic hours and days are reported on daily, monthly and annual scales (e.g. summer days with T_max > 25ºC, hot days with T_max > 30º, desert days with T_max > 35ºC, tropical nights with T_min > 20°, frost days with T_min < 0ºC and ice days with T_max < 0ºC, all based on 00:00 - 24:00 UTC).
• Detailed information on gap-filled data is provided.
• Note: All times are provided in UTC, not local time.

For more details read `FRWRTM_2024_AirTemperature_MetaData.txt`.

Average temperatures (tvs) 1969-2019 — Saarland — for the forest vegetation period May to September divided into heat levels. Calculated on a grid of 1x1km of a digital elevation model based on the station measurement network of the DWD (Climate Data Center (CDC), grid of the monthly mean of the air temperature (2 m) for Germany, versionv1.0). Climate and weather-influencing processes (e.g. urban heat island, cold air discharge) that are not recorded directly with the station measurement network or cannot be determined by the regression method are not shown in the grid data. Data preparation by the Rhineland-Palatinate Competence Center for Climate Change Impacts, compilation by SaarForst Landesbetrieb.

The annual average spring temperature in Germany was 8.9 degrees Celsius during the 1991-2020. Figures increased during each decade displayed, in each season.

Yearly, seasonal, growing-season and monthly temperature and precipitation data for the climatic reference period 1991 - 2020 at Hartheim Forest Research Site (ICOS Associate Ecosyste Site DE-Har, UFR Code: HARTHM, 7.59814ºE, 47.93391ºN, 201 m).

• Annual average air temperature for reference period 1991 - 2020: 10.6°C
• Annual precipitation sum for reference period 1991 - 2020: 646 mm

Full observational record

For the full observation period from 1978 onwards and including years after 2020 please go to https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15101923

Source data for precipitation

• 1991-2002 - https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/15664
• 2003 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14292627
• 2004 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14277206
• 2005 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14277173
• 2006 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14277143
• 2007 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14277139
• 2008 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14277127
• 2009 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14277035
• 2010 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14275195
• 2011 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14275183
• 2012 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14274884
• 2013 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14273196
• 2014 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14273169
• 2015 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14273149
• 2016 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14273129
• 2017 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14273107
• 2018 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14273101
• 2019 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14273094
• 2020 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14272983

Source data for air temperature

• 1991-2002 - https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/15664
• 2003 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14293258
• 2004 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14250390
• 2005 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14247529
• 2006 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14245184
• 2007 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14247555
• 2008 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14253581
• 2009 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14249459
• 2010 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14249480
• 2011 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14251988
• 2012 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14252008
• 2013 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14253665
• 2014 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13901007
• 2015 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13900999
• 2016 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13900938
• 2017 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13900854
• 2018 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13900353
• 2019 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13899800
• 2020 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13900101

Map 2.2 shows the average annual precipitation height (without correction) as grid field representation in resolution 1 km² with class widths of 50 mm or 100 and 200 mm. Average annual precipitation levels for Germany for the period 1961-1990 vary from around 400 mm in the Lee of the resin to 3 200 mm in the Alps, with values between 500 mm (in the east) and around 800 mm (in the northwest) typical for most of the Germany is. The distribution of precipitation is clear from the influences of Western Weather conditions and orography.

During the specified timeline, 2024 was the warmest year recorded in Germany, with an average temperature of 10.9 degrees Celsius. The average temperature tended to rise over the timeline under review. The statistic presents the years with the highest average temperature in the country between 1934 and 2024.

This statistic shows the average temperature in Germany in winter 2023/24, with a comparison to the previous year, by federal state. That winter, the average temperature in Berlin was 4.2 degrees Celsius.

Quality controlled and gap-filled continuous air temperature data from the urban rooftop weather station at Freiburg-Chemiehochhaus (FRCHEM, 7.8486ºE, 48.0011ºN, 323.5 m) using an actively ventillated and shielded psychrometer operated 2m above roof level.

• Quality controlled air temperature data are available and aggregated at 10min, 30min, hourly, daily, monthly and yearly resolution for the year 2024.
• Average, minimum and maximum air temperatures are provided on hourly, daily, monthly and annual scales.
• Characteristic hours and days are reported on daily, monthly and annual scales (e.g. summer days with T_max > 25ºC, hot days with T_max > 30º, desert days with T_max > 35ºC, tropical nights with T_min > 20°, frost days with T_min < 0ºC and ice days with T_max < 0ºC, all based on 00:00 - 24:00 UTC).
• Detailed information on gap-filled data is provided.
• Note: All times are provided in UTC, not local time.

For more details read `FRCHEM_2024_AirTemperature_MetaData.txt`.

Description

These data were used in the study "Flexible and Consistent Quantile Estimation for Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves" (Fauer et al., 2021). Rainfall data were collected from stations by the German Meteorological Service (DWD) and Wupperverband (corrected data). Raw time series data from the German Meteorological Service is publicly available under https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_germany/climate/. Only the annual precipitation maxima over different durations are published here.

Files

yearMax.csv: This file contains aggregated rainfall data over different durations and for different stations.

meta.csv: This file contains additional information of the different stations such as longitude, latitude, altitude, temporal resolution (m=minutely, h=hourly, d=daily), group. The same group is assigned to stations which have a distance of less than 250 meters and can be treated as one station.

Abstract of the according study

We suggest a flexible parametric model for describing intensity duration frequency relationships (IDF-curves) in a consistent way, i.e., without crossing of different quantiles for a wide range of durations (1 min to 5 days). The model is based on the duration-dependent formulation of the generalized extreme value distribution (GEV). The original model shows a power-law like behaviour for the quantiles for a wide range of durations and takes care of a deviation from this scaling relation (curvature) for small durations. We extend the model with two features: i) different power-law exponents for different quantiles (multiscaling) and ii) deviation from the power-law for large durations (flattening). Based on the quantile skill score, we investigate the performance of the resulting flexible model with respect to the benefit of the individual features (curvature, multiscaling, flattening) with simulated and empirical data. We provide detailed information on the duration and probability ranges for which specific features or a systematic combination of features leads to improvements for stations in a case study area in the Wupper catchment (Germany). Our results show that allowing curvature or multiscaling improves the model only for very short or long durations, respectively, but leads to disadvantages in modeling the other duration ranges. In contrast, allowing flattening on average leads to an improvement for medium durations between 1 hour and 1 day without affecting other duration regimes. Overall, the new parametric form offers a flexible and performant model for consistently describing IDF relations over a wide range of durations.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the German Weather Service (DWD), and the Wupperverband, especially Marc Scheibel, for maintaining the station-based rainfall gauge and providing us with data.