Abstract

This study provides an update on measures of educational attainment for a broad cross section of countries. In our previous work (Barro and Lee, 1993), we constructed estimates of educational attainment by sex for persons aged 25 and over. The values applied to 129 countries over a five-year intervals from 1960 to 1985.

The present study adds census information for 1985 and 1990 and updates the estimates of educational attainment to 1990. We also have been able to add a few countries, notably China, which were previously omitted because of missing data.

Dataset:

Educational attainment at various levels for the male and female population. The data set includes estimates of educational attainment for the population by age - over age 15 and over age 25 - for 126 countries in the world. (see Barro, Robert and J.W. Lee, "International Measures of Schooling Years and Schooling Quality, AER, Papers and Proceedings, 86(2), pp. 218-223 and also see "International Data on Education", manuscipt.) Data are presented quinquennially for the years 1960-1990;

Educational quality across countries. Table 1 presents data on measures of schooling inputs at five-year intervals from 1960 to 1990. Table 2 contains the data on average test scores for the students of the different age groups for the various subjects.Please see Jong-Wha Lee and Robert J. Barro, "Schooling Quality in a Cross-Section of Countries," (NBER Working Paper No.w6198, September 1997) for more detailed explanation and sources of data.

Geographic coverage

The data set cobvers the following countries: - Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - Angola - Argentina - Australia - Austria - Bahamas, The - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belgium - Benin - Bolivia - Botswana - Brazil - Bulgaria - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Canada - Cape verde - Central African Rep. - Chad - Chile - China - Colombia - Comoros - Congo - Costa Rica - Cote d'Ivoire - Cuba - Cyprus - Czechoslovakia - Denmark - Dominica - Dominican Rep. - Ecuador - Egypt - El Salvador - Ethiopia - Fiji - Finland - France - Gabon - Gambia - Germany, East - Germany, West - Ghana - Greece - Grenada - Guatemala - Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - Hong Kong - Hungary - Iceland - India - Indonesia - Iran, I.R. of - Iraq - Ireland - Israel - Italy - Jamaica - Japan - Jordan - Kenya - Korea - Kuwait - Lesotho - Liberia - Luxembourg - Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Mali - Malta - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mexico - Morocco - Mozambique - Myanmar (Burma) - Nepal - Netherlands - New Zealand - Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Norway - Oman - Pakistan - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru - Philippines - Poland - Portugal - Romania - Rwanda - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - Seychelles - Sierra Leone - Singapore - Solomon Islands - Somalia - South africa - Spain - Sri Lanka - St.Lucia - St.Vincent & Grens. - Sudan - Suriname - Swaziland - Sweden - Switzerland - Syria - Taiwan - Tanzania - Thailand - Togo - Tonga - Trinidad & Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - U.S.S.R. - Uganda - United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom - United States - Uruguay - Vanuatu - Venezuela - Western Samoa - Yemen, N.Arab - Yugoslavia - Zaire - Zambia - Zimbabwe

EC: Educational Attainment: At Least Completed Post-Secondary: Population 25+ Years: Male: % Cumulative data was reported at 12.987 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 11.552 % for 2014. EC: Educational Attainment: At Least Completed Post-Secondary: Population 25+ Years: Male: % Cumulative data is updated yearly, averaging 12.263 % from Dec 1974 (Median) to 2015, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.135 % in 1990 and a record low of 4.717 % in 1974. EC: Educational Attainment: At Least Completed Post-Secondary: Population 25+ Years: Male: % Cumulative data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. The percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed post-secondary non-tertiary education.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; ;

Ecuador EC: Children Out of School: Male: % of Male Primary School Age data was reported at 3.140 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.744 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: Children Out of School: Male: % of Male Primary School Age data is updated yearly, averaging 5.741 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.772 % in 1971 and a record low of 2.082 % in 2001. Ecuador EC: Children Out of School: Male: % of Male Primary School Age data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Children Out of School: Female: % of Female Primary School Age data was reported at 1.007 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.830 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: Children Out of School: Female: % of Female Primary School Age data is updated yearly, averaging 4.706 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.724 % in 1971 and a record low of 0.757 % in 2001. Ecuador EC: Children Out of School: Female: % of Female Primary School Age data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Children out of school are the percentage of primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school. Children in the official primary age group that are in preprimary education should be considered out of school.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Compulsory Education: Duration data was reported at 15.000 Year in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 15.000 Year for 2016. Ecuador EC: Compulsory Education: Duration data is updated yearly, averaging 10.000 Year from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2017, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.000 Year in 2017 and a record low of 10.000 Year in 2010. Ecuador EC: Compulsory Education: Duration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Duration of compulsory education is the number of years that children are legally obliged to attend school.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median; Aggregate data are based on World Bank estimates.

Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Primary: % Net data was reported at 91.349 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 91.908 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Primary: % Net data is updated yearly, averaging 93.692 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 97.589 % in 2002 and a record low of 79.758 % in 1971. Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Primary: % Net data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Adolescents Out of School: Female: % of Female Lower Secondary School Age data was reported at 1.269 % in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.864 % for 2011. Ecuador EC: Adolescents Out of School: Female: % of Female Lower Secondary School Age data is updated yearly, averaging 26.163 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2012, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.521 % in 1998 and a record low of 1.269 % in 2012. Ecuador EC: Adolescents Out of School: Female: % of Female Lower Secondary School Age data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Adolescents out of school are the percentage of lower secondary school age adolescents who are not enrolled in school.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Net Intake Rate in Grade 1: % of Official School-Age Population data was reported at 57.695 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 55.259 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: Net Intake Rate in Grade 1: % of Official School-Age Population data is updated yearly, averaging 79.513 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2017, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 85.919 % in 2007 and a record low of 48.179 % in 2015. Ecuador EC: Net Intake Rate in Grade 1: % of Official School-Age Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Education Statistics. Net intake rate in grade 1 is the number of new entrants in the first grade of primary education who are of official primary school entrance age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the corresponding age.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Abstract

For this study, enumerators made unannounced visits to primary schools in India and recorded whether they found teachers in the facility. In rural India, enumerators also collected data from private schools and non-formal education centers located in the same village as public schools. Three unannounced visits were made to each of about 3,000 public schools from October 2002 to April 2003. Since the average school in the sample had around four teachers, investigators gathered nearly 35,000 observations on teacher attendance.

The survey also gathered data on reasons of teacher absence, characteristics of teachers, schools and communities.

In India, the survey was designed to be representative in each of 20 states, which together account for 98 percent of India's population.

A Quantitative Service Delivery Survey that assessed employee attendance in primary health care facilities in India was carried out at the same time with this research. Moreover, similar studies were conducted in education and health sectors in Bangladesh, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Indonesia, Peru and Ecuador.

Geographic coverage

National

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The description of the sampling procedure below is taken from "Initial Project Description: Survey of Education and Health Providers" (p.9-10). This document is available in external resources.

"For schools, we plan to use a population-based random sampling. We will choose randomly ten villages or towns (urban blocks) within each district, after stratifying by rural/urban location. Enumerators will then proceed to the village or town and find out from villagers where the closest government and private schools are. They will then visit up to a total of three schools and carry out the facility survey in each one. (Where there are more than three schools, enumerators will choose schools on a randomized basis, in a way that ensures that both government and private schools are included in the sample).

To reduce travel and transportation costs, it may sometimes be necessary to cluster villages/towns or facilities. Under the facility-based selection approach, for example, five areas may be randomly chosen within each district, and two schools in that area will be selected, rather than choosing a random sample of ten areas. During data analysis, we will adjust standard errors to account for clustered sampling.

At the facility level, we will also obtain a roster of teachers in the school. If the facility is large (for example, if there are more than 25 teachers in a school), we will interview a random sample of the teachers to keep the size of the survey manageable.

This survey is focused on basic education. Given time and personnel constraints, it will therefore focus only on primary schools, not secondary schools. In each Indian state, we will survey 10 districts, with at least two visits each to a representative sample of at least 10 health facilities and 10 or more primary schools within each; if the average village has 1.5 schools, the sample will actually be 15 schools per district. This means detailed and representative provider- and facility-level results from perhaps 150 schools and some 100 health centers for each jurisdiction. In addition, there will be a third visit to some smaller sub-sample of the schools and to all of the health centers, as a check and to provide additional data on long-term absence. With these repeated visits, we expect to carry out some 300 school visits and 300 health center visits in each jurisdiction, which should provide several thousand observations of presence/absence for individual providers and all of the necessary facility-level correlates."

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Ecuador EC: Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate: Primary: % of Primary School Age Children data was reported at 97.903 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 98.193 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate: Primary: % of Primary School Age Children data is updated yearly, averaging 96.460 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.455 % in 2006 and a record low of 79.758 % in 1971. Ecuador EC: Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate: Primary: % of Primary School Age Children data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Adjusted net enrollment is the number of pupils of the school-age group for primary education, enrolled either in primary or secondary education, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Progression to Secondary School: Male: % data was reported at 98.412 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 95.530 % for 2015. Ecuador EC: Progression to Secondary School: Male: % data is updated yearly, averaging 87.055 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2016, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2014 and a record low of 62.598 % in 1993. Ecuador EC: Progression to Secondary School: Male: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Education Statistics. Progression to secondary school refers to the number of new entrants to the first grade of secondary school in a given year as a percentage of the number of students enrolled in the final grade of primary school in the previous year (minus the number of repeaters from the last grade of primary education in the given year).; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Gender Parity Index (GPI): Secondary School Enrollment: Gross data was reported at 1.029 Ratio in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.037 Ratio for 2016. Ecuador EC: Gender Parity Index (GPI): Secondary School Enrollment: Gross data is updated yearly, averaging 1.020 Ratio from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.051 Ratio in 2010 and a record low of 0.851 Ratio in 1971. Ecuador EC: Gender Parity Index (GPI): Secondary School Enrollment: Gross data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in secondary education is the ratio of girls to boys enrolled at secondary level in public and private schools.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Secondary Education: Duration data was reported at 6.000 Year in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 6.000 Year for 2016. Ecuador EC: Secondary Education: Duration data is updated yearly, averaging 6.000 Year from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.000 Year in 2017 and a record low of 6.000 Year in 2017. Ecuador EC: Secondary Education: Duration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Education Statistics. Secondary duration refers to the number of grades (years) in secondary school.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

Ecuador EC: Adolescents Out of School: Male: % of Male Lower Secondary School Age data was reported at 1.852 % in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.830 % for 2011. Ecuador EC: Adolescents Out of School: Male: % of Male Lower Secondary School Age data is updated yearly, averaging 24.894 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2012, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.009 % in 1998 and a record low of 1.852 % in 2012. Ecuador EC: Adolescents Out of School: Male: % of Male Lower Secondary School Age data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank.WDI: Education Statistics. Adolescents out of school are the percentage of lower secondary school age adolescents who are not enrolled in school.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Gross Intake Ratio in First Grade of Primary Education: Female: % of Relevant Age Group data was reported at 100.009 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 103.164 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: Gross Intake Ratio in First Grade of Primary Education: Female: % of Relevant Age Group data is updated yearly, averaging 129.125 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 153.262 % in 1987 and a record low of 100.009 % in 2017. Ecuador EC: Gross Intake Ratio in First Grade of Primary Education: Female: % of Relevant Age Group data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Education Statistics. Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education is the number of new entrants in the first grade of primary education regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the official primary entrance age.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Preprimary Education: Duration data was reported at 3.000 Year in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 3.000 Year for 2016. Ecuador EC: Preprimary Education: Duration data is updated yearly, averaging 1.000 Year from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.000 Year in 2017 and a record low of 1.000 Year in 2008. Ecuador EC: Preprimary Education: Duration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Education Statistics. Preprimary duration refers to the number of grades (years) in preprimary school.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Preprimary: Female: % Gross data was reported at 73.459 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 72.879 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Preprimary: Female: % Gross data is updated yearly, averaging 48.003 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 96.041 % in 2007 and a record low of 7.570 % in 1971. Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Preprimary: Female: % Gross data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Education Statistics. Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Lower Secondary Completion Rate: Female: % of Relevant Age Group data was reported at 106.069 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 106.217 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: Lower Secondary Completion Rate: Female: % of Relevant Age Group data is updated yearly, averaging 57.835 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 106.217 % in 2016 and a record low of 22.634 % in 1971. Ecuador EC: Lower Secondary Completion Rate: Female: % of Relevant Age Group data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Education Statistics. Lower secondary education completion rate is measured as the gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary education (general and pre-vocational). It is calculated as the number of new entrants in the last grade of lower secondary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of lower secondary education.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted Average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Preprimary: Male: % Gross data was reported at 69.853 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 69.965 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Preprimary: Male: % Gross data is updated yearly, averaging 45.593 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2017, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 94.774 % in 2007 and a record low of 7.137 % in 1971. Ecuador EC: School Enrollment: Preprimary: Male: % Gross data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Education Statistics. Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

Ecuador EC: Labour Force With Intermediate Education: % of Total Working-age Population data was reported at 57.550 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 56.410 % for 2016. Ecuador EC: Labour Force With Intermediate Education: % of Total Working-age Population data is updated yearly, averaging 52.055 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2017, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 57.550 % in 2017 and a record low of 50.490 % in 2014. Ecuador EC: Labour Force With Intermediate Education: % of Total Working-age Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ecuador – Table EC.World Bank: Labour Force. The percentage of the working age population with an intermediate level of education who are in the labor force. Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in November 2017.; Weighted Average;