This dataset shows the number of Mean Monthly Household Gross Income of top 20%, middle 40% and bottom 40% of households by strata, 2002 - 2019, Malaysia. Source : DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA No. of Views : 354

In Malaysia, the income groups is divided into bottom 40 percent, middle 40 percent, and top 20 percent. In 2020, there were more than 2.78 million Malaysian households in each of the B40 and M40 income group, while 1.33 million belonged in the T20 income group.

Abstract

The main objectives of the Household Income, Expenditure and Basic Amenities Survey 2019 are : - to gather information on the income distribution and consumption patterns of the household - to identify target groups such as B40 and poor households - to measure accessibility of basic amenities enjoyed by the household - to use expenditure data as an inputs for Consumer Price Index weight

Geographic coverage

All districts in Malaysia, rural and urban areas

Analysis unit

Household

Universe

Coverage of the survey are households living in private living quarters only.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

In 2022, ethnic Chinese households had the highest mean monthly household income in Malaysia, at around 10.66 thousand Malaysian ringgit. This was more than three thousand ringgit higher than Bumiputera households. Despite the implementation of affirmative action through Article 153 of the Malaysian constitution, the economic position of the Bumiputera vis-à-vis other ethnicities still left much room for improvement.

Historical policies, ethnicity, and the urban-rural divide The Bumiputera make up the majority of the Malaysian population, yet have one of the lowest average monthly household incomes in Malaysia. This economic disparity could be explained by the effects of colonial policies that kept the Bumiputera largely in the countryside. This resulted in an urban-rural divide that was characterized by ethnicity, with the immigrant Chinese and Indian laborers concentrated in the urban centers, a demographic pattern that is still evident today.

There was a considerable difference in urban and rural household incomes in Malaysia, with urban household income being around 3.6 thousand ringgit more than rural households. This was largely due to the fact that wages in urban areas had to keep up with the higher cost of living there. This thus impacted the average monthly incomes of the largely rural-based Bumiputera and the largely urban-based ethnic Chinese. This visible wealth inequality has led to racial tensions in Malaysia, and it is still one of the problem in the country amidst a new government led by Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, who was elected in 2022.

BackgroundPublic primary healthcare workers (HCWs) face various psychosocial risks at workplace that can impact their mental health. However, little is known about their mental health service utilisation (MHSU). This study aimed to determine prevalence and predictors of MHSU among public primary HCWs in Negeri Sembilan, using Anderson Behavioural Model of Health Service Use.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to April 2023, using a valid and reliable self-administered six sections questionnaire consisting of; (i) sociodemographic, (ii) work-related factors, (iii) MHSU, (iv) perception of stigmatisation by others, (v) enabling factors, and (vi) need factors. Respondents were selected through proportionate stratified random sampling based on job categories. Multiple Logistic Regression using SPSS version 26 was used to determine the predictors of MHSU.ResultsA total of 294 respondents participated in this study, with a response rate of 83.5%. The 12-months MHSU prevalence was 45.6%. Mental health services were predominantly utilised for screening (96.3%) and treatment purposes (28.4%), primarily accessed through health clinics (85.1%), and interaction with paramedics (44.0%) and medical officers (38.8%). Significant drivers predicting MHSU were B40 household income (aOR = 3.426, 95% CI: 1.588, 7.393, p-value = 0.002) and M40 household income (aOR = 3.781, 95% CI: 1.916, 7.460, p-value

Baseline socio-demographic data of study population.

The house price index in Malaysia reached 216.5 in 2023, an increase of more than twofold compared to the base index of 100 in 2010. The price index, which measures the average change in prices over a period of time, indicated that the value of housing in the country continued to increase every year since 2014. Recovery in the housing market Malaysia’s real estate industry was significantly hit by the COVID-19 pandemic but showed signs of recovery in 2022 when the restrictions were finally lifted. Subsequently, the housing market also signaled a positive recovery, with the transaction value of the residential sector growing by approximately 22 percent in the same year. Going into 2024, despite uncertainties in the global economy, the housing market in Malaysia is likely to experience more growth. Demand for more affordable housing Although the real estate market is recovering and the inflation rate in the country has slowed down, the average price of houses reached nearly 450,000 Malaysian ringgit in 2022, an increase of around 12,000 Malaysian ringgit compared to the previous year. According to a survey conducted in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, the majority of potential home buyers had a housing budget of less than 250,000 Malaysian ringgit. As of 2024, the Malaysian government already has several low-cost housing schemes catered for the B40 lower-income and M40 middle-income groups. Nevertheless, with the rising residential prices and current cost of living, there will be more demand for affordable housing options among home buyers.

Descriptive statistics for B40 clustering model.

In 2024, the amount of government subsidy for hajj pilgrimage for one pilgrim was 14,148 Malaysian ringgit. The amount applies to all pilgrims from non B40 group. The B40 group, or low-income group, received higher subsidy as of 2022. The hajj pilgrimage was postponed in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.