This statistic shows the total population of the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania from 1950 to 2020. Although the populations are quite different, all three countries followed a relatively similar trend throughout the last seventy years. Each country's population was devastated during the Second World War, Lithuania losing over 14 percent of the population, and Latvia and Estonia losing 12.5 percent and 7.3 percent respectively. In 1950 the populations were at around one, two and 2.5 million people respectively, and all three populations grew steadily until 1990 (although Estonia's grew at a slower rate than the other two countries). Independence movements After the Second World War the three Baltic states were incorporated into the Soviet Union, but when the Soviet economy began failing in the 1980s these states became increasingly dissatisfied with Soviet policies in the region. With growing nationalism in the area, the countries coordinated peaceful protests aimed at restoring independence to the region, in what would become known as the Singing Revolution, which involved a human chain that involved approximately 2 million people and stretched for over 675 kilometers connecting the three capital cities. Large declines following independence Within two years of the revolution all three countries became independent from the Soviet Union, and this change coincides with the drops in population of all three countries. By 1995 the populations of each country had dropped, and at a faster rate in Estonia and Latvia than in Lithuania. This decline has continued for the past 30 years, with the numbers falling at every five year interval for each country. By 2020, Estonia's population will have dropped by almost 240 thousand people, Latvia's by over 770 thousand, and Lithuania's by almost one million. The fall of the Soviet Union, combined with the Baltic nations joining the EU in 2004, meant that emigration was much easier and many from the Baltics went to Western Europe in search of work. Along with a declining natural birth rate, the populations of each country have been in steady decline and this trend is expected to continue into the next few decades, although new figures do suggest some growth for Estonia.

This graph shows the total population of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the years between 1922 and 1935, as well as the total number of males and females. After the First World War the Baltic states began claiming their independence from tsarist Russia, as the events of the Russian Revolution took place. Inter-war Estonia The Estonian War of Independence from 1918 to 1920 led to the country's first period of independence, until it became occupied by the Soviet Union again in 1940 during the Second World War. After Estonia gained independence the country experienced a period of political turmoil, including a failed coup d'etat in 1924, and was hit hard by the Great Depression in 1929 before things became more stable in the mid 1930s. Between 1939 and 1945 Estonia's population was devastated by the Second World War, with some estimates claiming that as many as 7.3 percent of all civilians perished as a result of the conflict. From the graph we can see the population grew by 119 thousand people during the 12 years shown, growing from 1.107 million to 1.126 million. The number of women was also higher than the number of men during this time, by 67 thousand in 1922 and 68 thousand in 1934. Inter-war Latvia For Latvia, Independence was a hard-won struggle that had devastated the population in the late 1910s. Similarly to Estonia, the advent of independence brought many challenges to Latvia, and a period of political and economic turmoil followed, which was exacerbated by the Great Depression in 1929. After economic recovery began in 1933, and a coup d'etat established stricter control in 1934, the Latvian economy and political landscape became more stable and the quality of life improved. This lasted until the Second World War, where Latvia became one of the staging grounds of Germany's war against Soviet Russia, and approximately 12.5 percent of all civilians died. From the data we can see that Latvia's population between 1925 and 1935 grew steadily by 95,000 in this decade, with the number of men and women growing at a similar rate. Inter-war Lithuania Lithuania's experience in the interwar period was slightly different to that of Latvia and Estonia. The end of the First World War led to a growing movement for independence from German, Russian or Polish influence, however these countries were reluctant to cede control to one another, and independence was finally achieved in 1922. A right wing dictatorship was established in 1926, which maintained political and civil control until the outbreak of the Second World War, however interference from other nations, particularly Germany, was ever-present in Lithuanian economic activity. From the graph we have only one set of figures, showing that the Lithuanian population was just over 2 million in 1929, with approximately 5 percent more women than men. World War II again devastated Lithuania's population, with almost 14.4 percent of the entire population falling during the conflict.

Latvia had the largest ratio of social media identities to the total population among the Baltic States, at **** percent as of 2025. To compare, in Lithuania, social media user identities represented **** percent of the population.

Representative samples of populations in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This is our follow-up survey (from 2014) in the three Baltic countries but without additional sampling of their respective Russian speaking minorities. Special focus is on the handling of the covid pandemic in the Baltic countries, but the survey also covers attitudes towards the EU, migration, democracy, and Russia against the backdrop of its aggression in Ukraine.

Baltic Barometer 2014. Public opinion data: representative samples of the adult population in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, including the Russian-speaking and Polish minorities.

The dataset provides important information about the mood in the three Baltic countries almost 25 years after the restoration of their independence and 10 years after their accession as full members of the European Union. It covers attitudes towards the past, current events and to some extent hopes for the future.

The data set consists of indicators and their derivatives on the population, the number of researchers, including by activity sectors, R&D financing, as well as by activity sectors in ten countries of the Baltic region. The analysis of these indicators allows us to identify the types of the Baltic region countries according to the level of scientific and technological development and to reveal patterns of their development.

Analysis of ‘Population by age group in Behrensdorf (Baltic Sea) on 31.12. ’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/https-region-statistik-nord-de-detail_timeline-13-1102-5-1-350-839- on 18 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Population — Population (Official Population Update) — Population by age group in Behrensdorf (Baltic Sea) on 31.12.

on the HTML offer of the time series

regional data for Schleswig-Holstein

Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Analysis of ‘Population by age group in Kellenhusen (Baltic Sea) on 31.12. ’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/https-region-statistik-nord-de-detail_timeline-13-1102-5-1-348-767- on 16 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Population — Population (Official Population Update) — Population by age groups in Kellenhusen (Baltic Sea) on 31.12.

on the HTML offer of the time series

regional data for Schleswig-Holstein

Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

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Understanding the mechanisms of spatial population dynamics is crucial for the successful management of exploited species and ecosystems. However, the underlying mechanisms of spatial distribution are generally complex due to the concurrent forcing of both density-dependent species interactions and density-independent environmental factors. Despite the high economic value and central ecological importance of cod in the Baltic Sea, the drivers of its spatio-temporal population dynamics have not been analytically investigated so far. In this paper, we used an extensive trawl survey dataset in combination with environmental data to investigate the spatial dynamics of the distribution of the Eastern Baltic cod during the past three decades using Generalized Additive Models. The results showed that adult cod distribution was mainly affected by cod population size, and to a minor degree by small-scale hydrological factors and the extent of suitable reproductive areas. As population size decreases, the cod population concentrates to the southern part of the Baltic Sea, where the preferred more marine environment conditions are encountered. Using the fitted models, we predicted the Baltic cod distribution back to the 1970s and a temporal index of cod spatial occupation was developed. Our study will contribute to the management and conservation of this important resource and of the ecosystem where it occurs, by showing the forces shaping its spatial distribution and therefore the potential response of the population to future exploitation and environmental changes.

SAMBAH targeted the Baltic Sea population of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). This population is small and has been drastically reduced during the last decades. The species is listed in Annexes II and IV of the EC Habitats Directive as well as in the national red lists of several Member States. When SAMBAH started, the conservation status of the species in combination with a complex of threats necessitated improved methodologies for collecting data on population size and distribution, and fluctuations over time. The overall objective of the project has been to launch a best practice methodology for this purpose and to provide data for a reliable assessment of distribution and preferred habitats of the species. This would make possible an appropriate designation of SCIs for the species within the Natura 2000 network as well as the implementation of other relevant mitigation measures. The project area encompasses waters between 5-80 metres depth in the Baltic Sea, in the south-east approximately south of latitude 55° 50’ N (in the Sound) and east of longitude 12° E (in Fehmarn Belt) in the southeast, and south of latitude 60⁰20’N (Åland and the Archipelago Sea) in the north.

SAMBAH objective 1 has been to estimate densities, produce distribution maps and estimate abundances of harbour porpoises in the project area.

SAMBAH objective 2 has been to identify hotspots, habitat preferences, and areas with higher risk of conflicts with anthropogenic activities for the Baltic Sea harbour porpoise.

SAMBAH objective 3 has been to increase the knowledge about the Baltic Sea harbour porpoise among policymakers, managers, stakeholders, users of the marine environment and the general public, in the EU Member States bordering the Baltic Sea.

SAMBAH objective 4 has been to implement best practice methods for cost efficient, large-scale surveillance of harbour porpoises in a low density area.

Purpose:

SAMBAH - Static Acoustic Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Harbour Porpoise - is an international project involving all EU countries around the Baltic Sea, with the ultimate goal to secure the conservation of the Baltic Sea harbour porpoise. Project duration was 2010-2015.

Oceanographic variables used as covariates for the spatial distribution modelling in the SAMBAH project. Data are monthly derivatives from an oceanographic model. The area covered is the Baltic Sea as defined in HELCOM, i.e. from The Bay of Bothnia to the Kattegat Sea

Quality Information:

Fitness of use is limited since the values are monthly aggregates (averages, standard deviations). Quality checked data (range checks, consistency checks).

In 2022, Lithuania had the highest share of influencers in the total population, at 0.8 percent. Estonia followed closely, with a share of 0.69 percent in the same year.

Data set of distribution limits of the Baltic harbor porpoise. Presentation of the harbor porpoise distribution area in the German Baltic Sea (coastal sea and EEZ) of the Belt Sea population in spring - summer (04/01 - 10/31) and subdivided into the areas west and east of longitude 13.5° East in autumn - winter (11/01 - 03/31 ).

This data set contains the documentation of the BALTIC data set analysis as a part of the manuscript 'Building essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) of species distribution and abundance at a global scale' by

Kissling, W. D., et al. (2018), Building essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) of species distribution and abundance at a global scale. Biol Rev, 93: 600-625. doi:10.1111/brv.12359

The data set contains input and output files, geographic locations, and R scripts.

This data set contains the documentation of the BALTIC data set analysis as a part of the manuscript 'Building essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) of species distribution and abundance at a global scale' by

Kissling, W. D., et al. (2018), Building essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) of species distribution and abundance at a global scale. Biol Rev, 93: 600-625. doi:10.1111/brv.12359

The data set contains input and output files, geographic locations, and R scripts.

Baltic grey seal censuses are carried out during the annual molting season in May-June. The main haul-out locations are surveyed two or three times during the census period and number of seals are counted from aerial images. Annual regional population size estimate is based on survey day with the maximum numbers of the seals observed. The gained result is, however, the minimum population size estimate, because proportion of the seals is not visible on land; even during the best census conditions. The number and distribution of the population are represented during the spring time molting season, but during the other time of the year, numbers and distribution in sea areas may be different from that. The size of Baltic grey seal population during the spring time molting season in Finnish waters are shown in this map with ICES grid-resolution (50 km x 50 km). The known molting islands are shown with red circles. The darker color of grid, the more seals there are. The value of the grid is an average on results of annuls survey dates of that grid.

Observations of Halichoerus grypus were collected from the Baltic Sea area for HELCOM Red List species list. The HELCOM Red List of Baltic Sea species in danger of becoming extinct (2013) is the first threat assessment for Baltic Sea species that covers all marine mammals, fish, birds, macrophytes (aquatic plants), and benthic invertebrates, and follows the Red List criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Almost 2800 species were considered in the Red List assessment and about 1750 were evaluated according to the IUCN Red List criteria. Halichoerus grypus has been placed to the Red List category of Least Concern (LC) species. Grey seals are found on both sides of the North-Atlantic in temperate and sub-Arctic waters. The actual Baltic Sea population is distinct from the eastern North-Atlantic population.

Human height of males of European descent born in 1890-1899 and environmental variables: GDP per capita (1913), pigs per capita (1900), cattle per capita (1900), income Gini (1910), infant mortality (1897), lactose tolerance, life expectancy at birth (1897), total fertility rate (1897), birth rate (1897)

Intra-species genetic homogenization arising from anthropogenic impacts is a major threat for biodiversity. However, few taxa have sufficient historical material to systematically quantify long-term genetic changes. Using archival DNA collected over ~100 years, we assessed spatio-temporal genetic change in Atlantic salmon populations across the Baltic Sea, an area heavily impacted by hydropower exploitation and associated large-scale mitigation stocking. Analysis was carried out by screening 82 SNPs in 1680 individuals from 13 Swedish rivers. We found an overall decrease in genetic divergence and diminished isolation by distance among populations, strongly indicating genetic homogenization over the past century. We further observed an increase in genetic diversity within populations consistent with increased gene flow. Temporal genetic change was lower in larger wild populations than in smaller wild and hatchery-reared ones, indicating that larger populations have been able to support a...

Data set of the distribution area of ​​the Baltic harbor porpoise. Presentation of the harbor porpoise distribution area in the German Baltic Sea (coastal sea and EEZ) of the Belt Sea population in spring - summer (04/01 - 10/31) and subdivided into the areas west and east of longitude 13.5° East in autumn - winter (11/01 - 03/31 ).

The management and conservation of biodiversity relies on information on both the abundance of species and the potential impact of threats. Globally, one of the largest threats towards marine biodiversity is bycatch in fisheries. Under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), EU Member States are required to assess the status of species, such as the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), in relation to their abundance and mortality due to bycatch every six years. The Vulnerable (HELCOM) Belt Sea population of harbour porpoise has been surveyed to determine its abundance six times using dedicated aerial or ship-based line-transect distance sampling surveys. Here, we estimated the first trend in population abundance over an 18 year period (2005-2022). Using the most recent abundance estimate, we computed a mortality limit applying the modified Potential Biological Removal (mPBR) method based on the regionally agreed conservation objective to restore or maintain 80% of carrying capacity over 100 years with an 80% probability. Over the past 18 years there has been a strong negative trend (-2.7% p.a.; 95% CI: -4.1%; + 1.3%) in abundance, with a 90.5% probability. The mortality limit was estimated to be 24 animals, which the current bycatch estimates (~900 porpoises/year from the commercial Danish and Swedish set net fishery fleets, with no data from Germany and other fishery types) exceed by far. The frequency and quality of data available on abundance for this population are higher than those available for the majority of marine species. Given the observed population decline and likely unsustainable levels of bycatch, the results presented here provide a strong basis to make informed, evidence-based management decisions for action for this population. Such action is needed urgently, before the dire situation of other porpoise species and populations around the globe is repeated.