In 2024, the number of inhabitants in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Thailand, was estimated to amount to around **** million people. The figures show a gradual increase in Bangkok's population in the last 10 years. Bangkok’s most populated and most popular areas Bangkok experienced rapid growth between the 1960s and 1980s and has developed into one of Southeast Asia's leading commercial markets, a hub for real estate, retail, manufacturing, commerce, transportation, and financial services, despite challenges and political instability over the last decades. Khlong Sam Wa, Sai Mai, and Bang Khae, located on the outskirts, are the most populated districts in Bangkok, with comparatively low rental prices. In contrast, rather expensive areas around Wireless Road, upper and lower Sukhumvit, Sathorn, and Silom are particularly sought after by high-income residents and working expatriates. Bangkok’s housing prices Local buyers are facing difficulties as a result of Bangkok's increasing interest rates, which have reduced house affordability, as well as a lack of confidence in the economy. The price index of townhouses in Bangkok has shown increases since 2013. The same goes for single-detached houses and condominiums. Long-term demand will be limited by Thailand's aging population, and many prospective new purchasers, particularly Millennials and Gen Y, often choose to rent instead of buying.

Historical dataset of population level and growth rate for the Bangkok, Thailand metro area from 1950 to 2025.

Faunistic investigations on freshwater bodies of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area resulted in the discovery of a freshwater sponges population fragmented in lentic microhabitats at the Suan Luang Rama IX Park. Sponges inhabited small water bodies of. Sponges living the lotus and waterlily garden and tropical greenhouse were photographed in situ, and some representative, small samples were collected and stored at the Division of Biology (Porifera collection), Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok, Thailand. The taxonomic integrative analyses focused on diagnostic morphotraits, barcoding, and biogeography. The sponge population was ascribed to Radiospongilla cf. cerebellata (Porifera: Demospongiae: Spongillida: Spongillidae) and is a new record for the Bangkok area and the entire Thai inland water. Comparative integrative analyses vs spongillid taxa worldwide resulted in the discovery of new morphotraits for the genus. Radiospongilla cf. cerebellata was confirmed by molecular analyses and diverges from other congeneric species at the level of skeletal spicules and gemmular architecture. This investigation on aquatic fauna highlights that flourishing sponges are able to inhabit very confined and fragmented urban, shallow water bodies, i.e., scattered terracotta pots, plastic containers and small ponds with aquatic plants also in megalopolis gardens.

Abstract

The Thai Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) was a nationally representative sample survey conducted from March through June 1988 to collect data on fertility, family planning, and child and maternal health. A total of 9,045 households and 6,775 ever-married women aged 15 to 49 were interviewed. Thai Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is carried out by the Institute of Population Studies (IPS) of Chulalongkorn University with the financial support from USAID through the Institute for Resource Development (IRD) at Westinghouse. The Institute of Population Studies was responsible for the overall implementation of the survey including sample design, preparation of field work, data collection and processing, and analysis of data. IPS has made available its personnel and office facilities to the project throughout the project duration. It serves as the headquarters for the survey.

The Thai Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) was undertaken for the main purpose of providing data concerning fertility, family planning and maternal and child health to program managers and policy makers to facilitate their evaluation and planning of programs, and to population and health researchers to assist in their efforts to document and analyze the demographic and health situation. It is intended to provide information both on topics for which comparable data is not available from previous nationally representative surveys as well as to update trends with respect to a number of indicators available from previous surveys, in particular the Longitudinal Study of Social Economic and Demographic Change in 1969-73, the Survey of Fertility in Thailand in 1975, the National Survey of Family Planning Practices, Fertility and Mortality in 1979, and the three Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys in 1978/79, 1981 and 1984.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49

Universe

The population covered by the 1987 THADHS is defined as the universe of all women Ever-married women in the reproductive ages (i.e., women 15-49). This covered women in private households on the basis of a de facto coverage definition. Visitors and usual residents who were in the household the night before the first visit or before any subsequent visit during the few days the interviewing team was in the area were eligible. Excluded were the small number of married women aged under 15 and women not present in private households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

SAMPLE SIZE AND ALLOCATION

The objective of the survey was to provide reliable estimates for major domains of the country. This consisted of two overlapping sets of reporting domains: (a) Five regions of the country namely Bangkok, north, northeast, central region (excluding Bangkok), and south; (b) Bangkok versus all provincial urban and all rural areas of the country. These requirements could be met by defining six non-overlapping sampling domains (Bangkok, provincial urban, and rural areas of each of the remaining 4 regions), and allocating approximately equal sample sizes to them. On the basis of past experience, available budget and overall reporting requirement, the target sample size was fixed at 7,000 interviews of ever-married women aged 15-49, expected to be found in around 9,000 households. Table A.I shows the actual number of households as well as eligible women selected and interviewed, by sampling domain (see Table i.I for reporting domains).

THE FRAME AND SAMPLE SELECTION

The frame for selecting the sample for urban areas, was provided by the National Statistical Office of Thailand and by the Ministry of the Interior for rural areas. It consisted of information on population size of various levels of administrative and census units, down to blocks in urban areas and villages in rural areas. The frame also included adequate maps and descriptions to identify these units. The extent to which the data were up-to-date as well as the quality of the data varied somewhat in different parts of the frame. Basically, the multi-stage stratified sampling design involved the following procedure. A specified number of sample areas were selected systematically from geographically/administratively ordered lists with probabilities proportional to the best available measure of size (PPS). Within selected areas (blocks or villages) new lists of households were prepared and systematic samples of households were selected. In principle, the sampling interval for the selection of households from lists was determined so as to yield a self weighting sample of households within each domain. However, in the absence of good measures of population size for all areas, these sampling intervals often required adjustments in the interest of controlling the size of the resulting sample. Variations in selection probabilities introduced due to such adjustment, where required, were compensated for by appropriate weighting of sample cases at the tabulation stage.

SAMPLE OUTCOME

The final sample of households was selected from lists prepared in the sample areas. The time interval between household listing and enumeration was generally very short, except to some extent in Bangkok where the listing itself took more time. In principle, the units of listing were the same as the ultimate units of sampling, namely households. However in a small proportion of cases, the former differed from the latter in several respects, identified at the stage of final enumeration: a) Some units listed actually contained more than one household each b) Some units were "blanks", that is, were demolished or not found to contain any eligible households at the time of enumeration. c) Some units were doubtful cases in as much as the household was reported as "not found" by the interviewer, but may in fact have existed.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The DHS core questionnaires (Household, Eligible Women Respondent, and Community) were translated into Thai. A number of modifications were made largely to adapt them for use with an ever- married woman sample and to add a number of questions in areas that are of special interest to the Thai investigators but which were not covered in the standard core. Examples of such modifications included adding marital status and educational attainment to the household schedule, elaboration on questions in the individual questionnaire on educational attainment to take account of changes in the educational system during recent years, elaboration on questions on postnuptial residence, and adaptation of the questionnaire to take into account that only ever-married women are being interviewed rather than all women. More generally, attention was given to the wording of questions in Thai to ensure that the intent of the original English-language version was preserved.

a) Household questionnaire

The household questionnaire was used to list every member of the household who usually lives in the household and as well as visitors who slept in the household the night before the interviewer's visit. Information contained in the household questionnaire are age, sex, marital status, and education for each member (the last two items were asked only to members aged 13 and over). The head of the household or the spouse of the head of the household was the preferred respondent for the household questionnaire. However, if neither was available for interview, any adult member of the household was accepted as the respondent. Information from the household questionnaire was used to identify eligible women for the individual interview. To be eligible, a respondent had to be an ever-married woman aged 15-49 years old who had slept in the household 'the previous night'.

Prior evidence has indicated that when asked about current age, Thais are as likely to report age at next birthday as age at last birthday (the usual demographic definition of age). Since the birth date of each household number was not asked in the household questionnaire, it was not possible to calculate age at last birthday from the birthdate. Therefore a special procedure was followed to ensure that eligible women just under the higher boundary for eligible ages (i.e. 49 years old) were not mistakenly excluded from the eligible woman sample because of an overstated age. Ever-married women whose reported age was between 50-52 years old and who slept in the household the night before birthdate of the woman, it was discovered that these women (or any others being interviewed) were not actually within the eligible age range of 15-49, the interview was terminated and the case disqualified. This attempt recovered 69 eligible women who otherwise would have been missed because their reported age was over 50 years old or over.

b) Individual questionnaire

The questionnaire administered to eligible women was based on the DHS Model A Questionnaire for high contraceptive prevalence countries. The individual questionnaire has 8 sections: - Respondent's background - Reproduction - Contraception - Health and breastfeeding - Marriage - Fertility preference - Husband's background and woman's work - Heights and weights of children and mothers

The questionnaire was modified to suit the Thai context. As noted above, several questions were added to the standard DHS core questionnaire not only to meet the interest of IPS researchers hut also because of their relevance to the current demographic situation in Thailand. The supplemental questions are marked with an asterisk in the individual questionnaire. Questions concerning the following items were added in the individual questionnaire: - Did the respondent ever

This statistic shows the degree of urbanization in Thailand from 2013 to 2023. Urbanization means the share of urban population in the total population of a country. In 2023, 53.61 percent of Thailand's total population lived in urban areas and cities. The migration of the Thai population to metropolises and urban areas Thailand is in the midst of transforming itself from a predominantly rural country to an increasingly urban one. Today, over half the population lives in urban areas, which is much higher than most bordering countries. While Thailand's urbanization rates are still low compared to more developed nations - which can reach levels over 90 percent, this transformation in Thailand is still significant, especially as most of this growth occurs and is expected to occur in the Krung Thep area, better known as Bangkok, capital and largest city in Thailand. Krung Thep is now home to more than 5.6 million people. The number of tourists and overnight visitors to the city is also on the rise, and Bangkok is usually among the ten most visited cities in each year, with over 20 million visitors in 2023. This development will place increasing demands on urban infrastructure, as the city grows and grows. The second largest city in Thailand is Nonthaburi, but it only has around one quarter of a million inhabitants, a significant difference. Despite the country’s rural but shifting population, Thailand's fertility rate is low and well below the natural replacement rate, and population growth in general is thus only minimal. Interestingly, despite this migration, agriculture has retained a stable share in GDP generation, actually increasing slightly over time, while the contributions of industry and services to GDP have also remained relatively the same.

Approximately ***** million people in Thailand's capital Bangkok were projected to be affected by sea level rise and flooding in 2030. The rising sea level is projected to have an impact on kilometer-wide areas across several Asian cities, about ***** square kilometers in Bangkok alone.

Demographic characteristics of participants (N = 867), with 420 rural residents (Nan) and 447 urban residents (Bangkok).

This statistic shows the biggest cities in Thailand in 2019. In 2019, approximately **** million people lived in Krung Thep, i.e. Bangkok, making it the biggest city in Thailand.

In 2023, the average monthly income per household in Thailand was highest in Bangkok and the greater Bangkok area, which amounted to approximately ****** Thai baht. In that year, the average monthly income per household across Thailand was over ****** Thai baht. Bangkok is the main urban hub in Thailand, with the highest population density compared to other regions in the country.  Income inequality and the migration of workers within the country Income inequality in Thailand is among the highest in Southeast Asia, and particularly high in northeast Thailand. As a result of this factor, people are constantly moving to Bangkok and its vicinity, as well as the Eastern Region with its industries, for better job opportunities and higher wages. In 2023, the number of registered domestic migrations in the country amounted to almost *************. Despite the inequality of income in the country, Thailand has almost no unemployment at all. The employment rate in Thailand has remained steady in the past decade, with less than *** percent of the total population unemployed. Monthly household expenses in Thailand In recent years the disposable incomes of many Thai households have taken a hit. In 2023, the average monthly expenditure per household in Thailand was around ****** Thai baht per month. The monthly household expenditure varies across different regions, with Bangkok and the greater Bangkok area generally having higher expenses compared to other regions in the country. The largest portion of household expenditures are mainly used for food, followed by housing, transportation, and personal expenses. At the same time, Thailand’s household debt has been increasing constantly, reaching more than *********** Thai baht in 2023.

Abstract

The main objective of the Labour Force Survey is to estimate the number and characteristics of the labor force in the country and in different regions periodically.The statistical data derived from this quarter of the survey include: 1. the number of persons in and out of the working age (15 years and over) by sex 2. the number of working age population by labor force status, age, sex, marital status, educational attainment 3. the number of employed persons by interesting characteristics such as age, sex, educational attainment, occupation, industry, work status, hours work. 4. the number of unemployed persons by interesting characteristics e.g. duration of searching for job, type of previous work.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

Population reside in the private and special household, excluding the following groups: Armed forces and persons living in institutions.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample design A Stratified Two - Stage Sampling was adopted for the survey. Provinces were constituted strata. The primary and secondary sampling units were blocks for municipal areas / villages for non - municipal areas and private households / persons in the special households respectively.

Stratification Provinces were constituted strata. There were altogether 76 strata. Each stratum was divided into two parts according to the type of local administration, namely municipal areas and non - municipal areas.

Selection of primary sampling unit The sample selection of blocks / villages were performed separately and independently in each part by using probability proportional to size - total number of households. The total sample blocks / villages was 5,796 from 109,966 blocks / villages.

The total number of sample blocks / villages selected for enumeration by region and type of local administration was as follows : Bangkok Metropolis, total number of sample enumeration areas -> 312, number of sample enumeration in municipal area -> 312 Central (excluding Bankok Metropolis), total number of sample enumeration areas -> 1968, number of sample enumeration in municipal area -> 1080, number of sample enumeration in non-municipal area -> 888 North, total number of sample enumeration areas -> 1236, number of sample enumeration in municipal area -> 696, number of sample enumeration in non-municipal area -> 540 Northeast, total number of sample enumeration areas -> 1296, number of sample enumeration in municipal area -> 720, number of sample enumeration in non-municipal area -> 576 South, total number of sample enumeration areas -> 984, number of sample enumeration in municipal area -> 528, number of sample enumeration in non-municipal area -> 456

Selection of secondary sampling unit Private households were our ultimate sampling units. A new listing of private households were made for every sample block / village to serve as the sampling frame. In each sample block / village, a systematic sample of private households were selected with the following sample size : Municipal areas : 15 sample households per block Non - municipal areas : 12 sample households per village

Before selecting sample private households in each sample block / village, the list of private households was rearranged by household ' s size - member of the household and type of economic household.

All special households located within the sample areas were included in the sample and the persons in the special household were systematically selected for the interviewing.

The total number of sample private households selected for enumeration by region and type of local administration was as follows : Region / Stratum Bangkok Metropolis, total number of households -> 4680, households in municipal area -> 4680 Central (excluding Bankok Metropolis), total number of households -> 26856, households in municipal area -> 16200, households in non-municipal area -> 10656 North, total number of households -> 16920, households in municipal area -> 10440, households in non-municipal area -> 6480 Northeast, total number of households -> 17712, households in municipal area -> 10800, households in non-municipal area -> 6912 South, total number of households -> 13392, households in municipal area -> 7920, households in non-municipal area -> 5472

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Thailand Labour Force Survey questionnaire consists of five parts: Part 1: Characteristic of Household Member Part 2: Education (Ask persons 15 years and over) Part 3: Employment, ask persons 15 years and over Part 4: Wanting more work during the last 7 days before interview's date Part 5: Wage or salary (wage, supplementary benefits, and non cash benefits)

As of April 2024, there were *** startups in Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok is Thailand's metropolitan capital with a high population density, making it one of the prime locations to start a business in Thailand.

The number of households in Thailand was forecasted to be approximately **** million in 2021, compared to ** million households in 2016. Rural Population in Thailand Thailand’s rural population mostly resides in the rice-growing regions, i.e. the central, northeastern, and northern regions. In 2018, approximately ***** million people lived in the rural area, which accounted for ** percent of the total population in Thailand. Nevertheless, Thailand’s rural population is declining as it has been over the past nine years. Urban population in ThailandAs Thailand has transformed into a more industrially orientated country, urban living and city life seemed to follow the development. Thai rural inhabitants started to migrate to urban areas and bigger cities such as Bangkok, as there were more job opportunities. Therefore, urbanization became a reality in Thailand, with the urban population accounting for 50.05 percent of the total population in 2019.