In 2021, about ** percent of Indians above 15 years owned an account at a bank. This was a significant change from only ** percent in 2011. This growth suggests a move towards financial inclusion of marginalized groups within the country - from women, to the out-of-labor force, less educated and the poor.

Abstract

The fourth edition of the Global Findex offers a lens into how people accessed and used financial services during the COVID-19 pandemic, when mobility restrictions and health policies drove increased demand for digital services of all kinds.

The Global Findex is the world's most comprehensive database on financial inclusion. It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of about 128,000 adults in more than 120 economies. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments.

The Global Findex is an indispensable resource for financial service practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and development professionals.

Geographic coverage

Excluded populations living in Northeast states and remote islands and Jammu and Kashmir. The excluded areas represent less than 10 percent of the total population.

Analysis unit

Individual

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

In most developing economies, Global Findex data have traditionally been collected through face-to-face interviews. Surveys are conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where in-person surveying is the customary methodology. However, because of ongoing COVID-19 related mobility restrictions, face-to-face interviewing was not possible in some of these economies in 2021. Phone-based surveys were therefore conducted in 67 economies that had been surveyed face-to-face in 2017. These 67 economies were selected for inclusion based on population size, phone penetration rate, COVID-19 infection rates, and the feasibility of executing phone-based methods where Gallup would otherwise conduct face-to-face data collection, while complying with all government-issued guidance throughout the interviewing process. Gallup takes both mobile phone and landline ownership into consideration. According to Gallup World Poll 2019 data, when face-to-face surveys were last carried out in these economies, at least 80 percent of adults in almost all of them reported mobile phone ownership. All samples are probability-based and nationally representative of the resident adult population. Phone surveys were not a viable option in 17 economies that had been part of previous Global Findex surveys, however, because of low mobile phone ownership and surveying restrictions. Data for these economies will be collected in 2022 and released in 2023.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed, and the hand-held survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In traditionally phone-based economies, respondent selection follows the same procedure as in previous years, using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In most economies where mobile phone and landline penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used.

The same respondent selection procedure is applied to the new phone-based economies. Dual frame (landline and mobile phone) random digital dialing is used where landline presence and use are 20 percent or higher based on historical Gallup estimates. Mobile phone random digital dialing is used in economies with limited to no landline presence (less than 20 percent).

For landline respondents in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is 80 percent or higher, random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. For mobile phone respondents in these economies or in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is less than 80 percent, no further selection is performed. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

Sample size for India is 3000.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Questionnaires are available on the website.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar. 2022. The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank.

The dataset contains All India and Quarterly Ownership Pattern of Treasury bills by Category

Note: 1. Commercial Banks include Bank-Primary Dealers business also. 2. The category 'Others' comprises State Governments, Pension Funds, DICGC, PSUs, Trusts, Foreign Central Banks, HUF/Individuals etc. till December 2021 quarter and from March 2022 quarter, the category 'Pension Funds' has been shown separately by taking it out from 'Others' category. 3. The data is provisional in nature and subject to revisions.

The dataset contains All India and Quarterly Ownership Pattern of State Government Securities (SGS) by Category

Notes: 1. Commercial Banks include Bank-Primary Dealers business also. 2. The category 'Others' comprises State Governments, Pension Funds, DICGC, PSUs, Trusts, Foreign Central Banks, HUF/Individuals etc. till December 2021 quarter and from March 2022 quarter, the category 'Pension Funds' has been shown separately by taking it out from 'Others' category. 3. State Government Securities include special bonds issued under Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY). 4. The data is provisional in nature and subject to revisions.

Between December 2020 and March 2021, the number of women in India that invests in Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies increased dramatically. The source - said to be India's largest cryptocurrency exchange - mentions a 300 percent increase in this time frame. This makes around one on out five customers female, with the majority of them belonging to an age group between 18 and 34 years old. In terms of specifying how many users this entails exactly is difficult to establish: In 2018, the Reserve Bank of Bank banned banks from working with cryptocurrency exchanges, a ban that was overruled in 2020 but might return in 2021 with the Indian government reported to introduce legislation to prohibit cryptocurrency mining, trading or holding them as personal assets.

The automotive finance market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025 (assuming a logical estimation based on the provided CAGR and market size), is experiencing robust growth, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 6.00%. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Rising vehicle sales, particularly in emerging economies, are driving demand for financing options. The increasing popularity of leasing, coupled with the availability of diverse financing products tailored to various vehicle types (passenger cars and commercial vehicles) and customer segments (new and used vehicles), further fuels market growth. Moreover, innovative financing solutions offered by both OEMs and financial institutions, including digital platforms and flexible repayment schemes, are enhancing customer accessibility and affordability, boosting market penetration. The expanding reach of digital lending and the increasing adoption of fintech solutions are also contributing to the market's dynamism. Despite positive trends, the market faces some constraints. Fluctuations in interest rates, economic downturns, and stringent regulatory environments can impact consumer borrowing and investment in the automotive sector. Effective risk management and adaptable strategies are crucial for stakeholders to navigate these potential challenges. The market is segmented geographically, with North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific representing major contributors. Within these regions, specific countries such as the United States, Germany, China, Japan, and India demonstrate significant market potential due to substantial vehicle ownership and consumer financing penetration. Key players, including Mercedes-Benz Financial Services, HDFC Bank, Wells Fargo, and others, are aggressively competing through product innovation, strategic partnerships, and expansion into new markets. The competitive landscape is characterized by a blend of established financial institutions and OEM captive finance arms, leading to an intensely competitive yet dynamic market. The continued growth of the automotive finance market is projected to remain strong over the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by the enduring need for financing in the automotive sector coupled with continuous technological advancements in financial services. Comprehensive Automotive Finance Market Report (2019-2033) This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global automotive finance market, offering invaluable insights for stakeholders across the automotive and financial sectors. Covering the period 2019-2033, with a focus on 2025 (base and estimated year), and forecasting until 2033, this report meticulously examines market trends, competitive dynamics, and growth opportunities within this multi-billion dollar industry. The report utilizes data from the historical period (2019-2024) to provide a robust foundation for future projections. Recent developments include: March 2022: Santander Consumer USA Inc. (a subsidiary of Santander Holdings USA Inc.) partnered with AutoFi Inc. to develop a digital car-buying solution for the former company. This solution will include mobile, desktop, and in-dealership tools that will help find cars within the consumer budget, streamline the financing process, and allow customers to procure vehicles as per their requirements., March 2022: CIG Motors partnered with Polaris Bank Limited to provide automotive financing solutions across Nigeria., January 2021: Volkswagen Finance Pvt. Ltd (VWFPL) India increased its shareholding in Chennai-based KUWY Technology Service Pvt Ltd (KWY) by picking up a majority stake in the latter to offer value-added services to its customers through digital platforms. This acquisition's focus is mainly on reducing the loan processing time, making it a lucrative situation for dealers and customers.. Key drivers for this market are: Rise in demand for Safety Features in Vehicles. Potential restraints include: High Costs Associated With The Feature. Notable trends are: Banks Across the World to Gain Significant Prominence During Forecast Period.