Graph and download economic data for U.S. / U.K. Foreign Exchange Rate in the United Kingdom (USUKFXUKM) from Jan 1791 to Jan 2017 about academic data, United Kingdom, exchange rate, and rate.

Daily foreign exchange operations by the Bank of England between 1952 and 1995. Copied from manuscript records at the Bank of England archive. There is a "read me" tab with more details on the data. The data is linked to the following publication which you can cite if using the data Naef, Alain. 2022. An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom: 1945–1992. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-exchange-rate-history-of-the-united-kingdom/68B7E57D9884394B815C76D48ACD3FB6. If you just want to use the data to run econometrics or as a control variable, there is a ready to use tab with the plain simple data. If you do so, be aware that Black Wednesday (16 September 1992) is an outlier by many standard deviations. If you want to dig more, there are more granular forms of data. The licence is public domain, so no restrictions whatsoever.

August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of *** percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from **** percent to **** percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at *** percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to **** percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching **** percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2024, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates in an effort to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

Graph and download economic data for U.S. Dollars to U.K. Pound Sterling Spot Exchange Rate (DEXUSUK) from 1971-01-04 to 2025-07-11 about United Kingdom, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

This report analyses the exchange rate between the Great British Pound (GBP) and the Euro (EUR). Along with the US dollar-to-GBP exchange rate, the euro exchange rate is one of the most important rates for the UK economy. With reference to Office for National Statistics (ONS) data, the European Union accounted for 47.2% of UK goods exports – value at current market prices, seasonally adjusted – in 2020, while the EU bloc was the origin of 53% of UK imports in the corresponding year. Historical data in respect to the GBP-EUR exchange rate, as analysed in this report, is sourced from the Bank of England (BoE). Meanwhile, estimates are afforded by IBISWorld, with reference to the conditioning assumptions for the sterling effective exchange rate as published by the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR). The figures represent the annual average exchange rate over each financial year (i.e., April through March) and are expressed as the representative euro (€) value equal to one pound sterling (£).

The benchmark interest rate in the United Kingdom was last recorded at 4.25 percent. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In May 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 20 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.1 percent in May 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.9 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: End of Period: UK Pound Sterling data was reported at 1.724 CAD/GBP in Jan 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.744 CAD/GBP for Dec 2018. Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: End of Period: UK Pound Sterling data is updated monthly, averaging 1.709 CAD/GBP from Jan 2017 (Median) to Jan 2019, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.811 CAD/GBP in Mar 2018 and a record low of 1.616 CAD/GBP in Aug 2017. Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: End of Period: UK Pound Sterling data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.M009: Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average.

Graph and download economic data for Real Broad Effective Exchange Rate for United Kingdom (RBGBBIS) from Jan 1994 to May 2025 about broad, United Kingdom, exchange rate, currency, real, and rate.

Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: UK Pound Sterling data was reported at 1.838 GBP/CAD in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.854 GBP/CAD for Mar 2025. Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: UK Pound Sterling data is updated monthly, averaging 1.711 GBP/CAD from Jan 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 100 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.854 GBP/CAD in Mar 2025 and a record low of 1.507 GBP/CAD in Sep 2022. Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: UK Pound Sterling data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.M014: Foreign Exchange Rate.

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Foreign Exchange Market Size 2025-2029

The foreign exchange market size is forecast to increase by USD 582 billion, at a CAGR of 10.6% between 2024 and 2029.

The Foreign Exchange Market is segmented by type (reporting dealers, financial institutions, non-financial customers), trade finance instruments (currency swaps, outright forward and FX swaps, FX options), trading platforms (electronic trading, over-the-counter (OTC), mobile trading), and geography (North America: US, Canada; Europe: Germany, Switzerland, UK; Middle East and Africa: UAE; APAC: China, India, Japan; South America: Brazil; Rest of World). This segmentation reflects the market's global dynamics, driven by institutional trading, increasing digital adoption through electronic trading and mobile trading, and regional economic activities, with APAC markets like India and China showing significant growth alongside traditional hubs like the US and UK.
The market is experiencing significant shifts driven by the escalating trends of urbanization and digitalization. These forces are creating 24x7 trading opportunities, enabling greater accessibility and convenience for market participants. However, the market's dynamics are not without challenges. The uncertainty of future exchange rates poses a formidable obstacle for businesses and investors alike, necessitating robust risk management strategies. As urbanization continues to expand and digital technologies reshape the trading landscape, market players must adapt to remain competitive. One significant trend is the increasing use of money transfer agencies, venture capital investments, and mutual funds in foreign exchange transactions. Companies seeking to capitalize on these opportunities must navigate the challenges effectively, ensuring they stay abreast of exchange rate fluctuations and implement agile strategies to mitigate risk.
The ability to adapt and respond to these market shifts will be crucial for success in the evolving market.

What will be the Size of the Foreign Exchange Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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In the dynamic and intricate realm of the market, entities such as algorithmic trading, order book, order management systems, and liquidity risk intertwine, shaping the ever-evolving market landscape. The market's continuous unfolding is characterized by the integration of various components, including sentiment analysis, Fibonacci retracement, mobile trading, and good-for-the-day orders. Market activities are influenced by factors like political stability, monetary policy, and market liquidity, which in turn impact economic growth and trade settlement. Technical analysis, with its focus on chart patterns and moving averages, plays a crucial role in informing trading decisions. The market's complexity is further amplified by the presence of entities like credit risk, counterparty risk, and operational risk.

Central bank intervention, order execution, clearing and settlement, and trade confirmation are essential components of the market's infrastructure, ensuring a seamless exchange of currencies. Geopolitical risk, currency correlation, and inflation rates contribute to currency volatility, necessitating hedging strategies and risk management. Market risk, interest rate differentials, and commodity currencies influence trading strategies, while cross-border payments and brokerage services facilitate international trade. The ongoing evolution of the market is marked by the emergence of advanced trading platforms, automated trading, and real-time data feeds, enabling traders to make informed decisions in an increasingly interconnected and complex global economy.

How is this Foreign Exchange Industry segmented?

The foreign exchange industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Reporting dealers
  Financial institutions
  Non-financial customers


Trade Finance Instruments

  Currency swaps
  Outright forward and FX swaps
  FX options


Trading Platforms

  Electronic Trading
  Over-the-Counter (OTC)
  Mobile Trading


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The reporting dealers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is a dynamic and complex ecosystem where various entities interplay to manage currency risks and facilitate international trade. Reporting dealers, as key participants,

United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD data was reported at 2,622.434 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,650.850 USD bn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD data is updated yearly, averaging 918.504 USD bn from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,074.360 USD bn in 2007 and a record low of 72.328 USD bn in 1960. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Gap-filled total;

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Financial leasing revenue is expected to remain flat over the five years through 2024-25, sitting at £16.1 billion, including growth of 5.2% in 2024-25. Financial lessors have navigated a turbulent environment over recent years, responding to aggressive rate hikes from the Bank of England ratcheting up borrowing costs. The regulatory climate has also seen significant changes, with financial lessors seeing their accounting and reporting costs climb following changes to the International Accounting Standards. This involved putting leases of more than one year on the balance sheet of the lessee. A rising base rate environment through 2023-24 amid spiralling inflation has aided interest income despite demand being softened by subdued economic growth. Interest rates remained high in 2023-24 as inflation proved sticky, lifting interest income for each transaction, but softening demand as lessees faced greater interest payments, dampening revenue growth. Making things worse, lessors may choose to bear the brunt of interest rate hikes to sustain demand, threatening profitability. In 2024-25, with inflation contained, interest rates will continue coming down, supporting leasing activity through a reduction in interest payments for lessees. However, regulatory changes related to Basel III introductions and new International Accounting Standards will weigh on the average industry profit margin, though they have benefited the Financial Leasing industry's reputation. Lessors have also been proactive in limiting exposure to changes in the value of the pound, which has been particularly volatile in recent years. Lessors entering into forward contracts to lock in exchange rates for a future date have been better able to fend of fluctuations in the pound, supporting profitability. Financial leasing revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 4.3% to reach £19.9 billion. The higher base rate environment will become the norm for financial lessors, forcing them to adapt to higher borrowing costs to maintain healthy profit. Compliance with legislative changes related to Brexit will also place pressure on profitability. However, the delay of the Basel III reforms will provide banks with flexibility when lending, feeding into lower borrower costs for lessors and supporting profit. The rise of financial technology will also spur technological innovation related to big data analysis for data collected from asset monitoring systems.

United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data was reported at 2,675.928 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,778.979 USD bn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data is updated yearly, averaging 1,213.720 USD bn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,992.672 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 136.009 USD bn in 1970. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Gap-filled total;

Key information about United Kingdom Total Deposits

• United Kingdom Total Deposits was reported at 4,450.122 USD bn in Jan 2025
• This records an increase from the previous number of 4,426.350 USD bn for Dec 2024
• UK Total Deposits data is updated monthly, averaging 3,808.484 USD bn from Jul 2009 to Jan 2025, with 187 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 4,690.755 USD bn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 3,186.898 USD bn in Dec 2016
• UK Total Deposits data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Total Deposits: USD: Monthly

CEIC converts monthly Total Deposits into USD. The Bank of England provides Total Deposits in local currency. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Total Deposits covers all banking deposits by UK residents.

**** was the largest bank in the United Kingdom in 2024, boasting total assets of over ************** U.S. dollars. As of 2024, **** was also the largest bank in Europe, and it stood as one of the global banking industry's leading institutions. Barclays held the second highest value of assets in the UK, followed by Lloyds. Market capitalization of the banking sector in Europe and the UK A different measure, frequently employed to determine the size of a bank, is market capitalization, or the total dollar market value of a company's outstanding shares. Market capitalization is calculated from the current market price of one share and the number of shares outstanding for a company. In 2024, **** was the largest bank in terms of market capitalization trading on the London Stock Exchange and overall in Europe. What does HSBC do? HSBC is a British multinational bank and financial services institution headquartered in London, United Kingdom. The bank serves customers with commercial banking, global private banking, global banking and markets, and personal financial services. The largest geographical region of the bank, in terms of revenue generation, is Asia. At the end of 2024, the bank had roughly ******* employees around the world.

Key information about United Kingdom Total Loans

• United Kingdom Total Loans was reported at 8,750.934 USD bn in Jan 2025
• This records an increase from the previous number of 8,739.088 USD bn for Dec 2024
• United Kingdom Total Loans data is updated monthly, averaging 7,874.819 USD bn from Apr 1998 to Jan 2025, with 322 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 11,032.244 USD bn in Mar 2008 and a record low of 2,956.512 USD bn in May 1998
• United Kingdom Total Loans data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Total Loans: USD: Monthly

CEIC calculates monthly Total Loans as the sum of loans to Private Sector, Public Sector and Non Residents, and converts it into USD. The Bank of England provides loans to Private Sector, Public Sector and Non Residents in local currency. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Total Loans cover lenders as Other MFIs.

Key information about United Kingdom Money Supply M2

• United Kingdom Money Supply M2 was reported at 3,878.345 USD bn in Jan 2025
• This records an increase from the previous number of 3,868.761 USD bn for Dec 2024
• UK Money Supply M2 data is updated monthly, averaging 2,188.005 USD bn from Dec 1986 to Jan 2025, with 458 observations
• The data reached an all-time high of 4,079.990 USD bn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 248.132 USD bn in Dec 1986
• UK Money Supply M2 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data
• The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Global Economic Monitor – Table: Money Supply M2: USD: Monthly: Seasonally Adjusted

CEIC converts monthly Money Supply M2 into USD. The Bank of England provides Money Supply M2 in local currency. The Federal Reserve Board period end market exchange rate is used for currency conversions.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in the United Kingdom increased to 203483 USD Million in May from 200944 USD Million in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Foreign Exchange Reserves - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.