Daily foreign exchange operations by the Bank of England between 1952 and 1995. Copied from manuscript records at the Bank of England archive. There is a "read me" tab with more details on the data. The data is linked to the following publication which you can cite if using the data Naef, Alain. 2022. An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom: 1945–1992. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-exchange-rate-history-of-the-united-kingdom/68B7E57D9884394B815C76D48ACD3FB6. If you just want to use the data to run econometrics or as a control variable, there is a ready to use tab with the plain simple data. If you do so, be aware that Black Wednesday (16 September 1992) is an outlier by many standard deviations. If you want to dig more, there are more granular forms of data. The licence is public domain, so no restrictions whatsoever.

August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of *** percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from **** percent to **** percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at *** percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to **** percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching **** percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2025, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

Graph and download economic data for U.S. Dollars to U.K. Pound Sterling Spot Exchange Rate (DEXUSUK) from 1971-01-04 to 2025-11-28 about United Kingdom, exchange rate, currency, rate, and USA.

Daily open, high, low, close and mid GBP/EUR rates with monthly and yearly summaries.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Serbian Dinar data was reported at 76.618 RUB/100 RSD in 03 Dec 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 76.753 RUB/100 RSD for 02 Dec 2025. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Serbian Dinar data is updated daily, averaging 80.236 RUB/100 RSD from Jan 2023 (Median) to 03 Dec 2025, with 715 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 98.796 RUB/100 RSD in 29 Nov 2024 and a record low of 63.314 RUB/100 RSD in 18 Jan 2023. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Serbian Dinar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Russia. The data is categorized under High Frequency Database’s Foreign Exchange Rates – Table RU.MF: Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Main Currencies.

A ranked comparison of GBP to EUR all-in rates, fees and delivered amounts for common transfer amounts.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: UAE Dirham data was reported at 21.093 RUB/AED in 03 Dec 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 21.158 RUB/AED for 02 Dec 2025. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: UAE Dirham data is updated daily, averaging 23.770 RUB/AED from Jan 2023 (Median) to 03 Dec 2025, with 715 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 29.837 RUB/AED in 29 Nov 2024 and a record low of 18.685 RUB/AED in 24 Jan 2023. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: UAE Dirham data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Russia. The data is categorized under High Frequency Database’s Foreign Exchange Rates – Table RU.MF: Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Main Currencies.

In September 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In September 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 17 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.3 percent in September 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 8 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

European Union Eurosystem: MO: Current Exchange Rates (CE) data was reported at 0.102 EUR bn in Jun 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.052 EUR bn for Mar 2019. European Union Eurosystem: MO: Current Exchange Rates (CE) data is updated monthly, averaging 0.102 EUR bn from Sep 2018 (Median) to Jun 2019, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.309 EUR bn in Sep 2018 and a record low of 0.052 EUR bn in Mar 2019. European Union Eurosystem: MO: Current Exchange Rates (CE) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by European Central Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s European Union – Table EU.KA007: European Central Bank: International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity: Eurosystem.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Georgian Lari data was reported at 28.669 RUB/GEL in 03 Dec 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 28.748 RUB/GEL for 02 Dec 2025. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Georgian Lari data is updated daily, averaging 31.066 RUB/GEL from Jan 2023 (Median) to 03 Dec 2025, with 715 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 39.960 RUB/GEL in 29 Nov 2024 and a record low of 25.722 RUB/GEL in 21 Jan 2023. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Georgian Lari data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Russia. The data is categorized under High Frequency Database’s Foreign Exchange Rates – Table RU.MF: Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Main Currencies.

This table contains 27 series, with data starting from 1981 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada) Type of currency (27 items: Australian dollar, monthly average; Brazilian real, monthly average; Chinese renminbi, monthly average; European euro, monthly average; ...).

Daily open, high, low, close and mid GBP/USD rates with monthly and yearly summaries.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Indonesian Rupiah data was reported at 46.474 RUB/10000 IDR in 03 Dec 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 46.638 RUB/10000 IDR for 02 Dec 2025. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Indonesian Rupiah data is updated daily, averaging 53.249 RUB/10000 IDR from Jan 2023 (Median) to 03 Dec 2025, with 715 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68.787 RUB/10000 IDR in 29 Nov 2024 and a record low of 45.410 RUB/10000 IDR in 24 Jan 2023. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Indonesian Rupiah data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Russia. The data is categorized under High Frequency Database’s Foreign Exchange Rates – Table RU.MF: Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Main Currencies.

Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: End of Period: UK Pound Sterling data was reported at 1.724 CAD/GBP in Jan 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.744 CAD/GBP for Dec 2018. Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: End of Period: UK Pound Sterling data is updated monthly, averaging 1.709 CAD/GBP from Jan 2017 (Median) to Jan 2019, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.811 CAD/GBP in Mar 2018 and a record low of 1.616 CAD/GBP in Aug 2017. Canada Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average: End of Period: UK Pound Sterling data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Canada. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.M009: Foreign Exchange Rate: Daily Average.

Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Thai Baht data was reported at 24.194 RUB/10 THB in 03 Dec 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 24.231 RUB/10 THB for 02 Dec 2025. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Thai Baht data is updated daily, averaging 23.764 RUB/10 THB from Jan 2023 (Median) to 03 Dec 2025, with 715 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31.811 RUB/10 THB in 29 Nov 2024 and a record low of 20.828 RUB/10 THB in 20 Jan 2023. Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Thai Baht data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Russia. The data is categorized under High Frequency Database’s Foreign Exchange Rates – Table RU.MF: Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of Russia: Main Currencies.

A central bank is the term used to describe the authority responsible for policies that affect a country’s supply of money and credit. More specifically, a central bank uses its tools of monetary policy—open market operations, discount window lending, changes in reserve requirements—to affect short-term interest rates and the monetary base (currency held by the public plus bank reserves) and to achieve important policy goals.

Key information about United Kingdom Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import

• United Kingdom Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 1.7 Months of Import in Dec 2024, compared with the ratio of 1.5 in the previous month
• UK Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import data is updated monthly, available from Jul 1999 to Dec 2024
• The data reached an all-time high of 3.9 in May 2020 and a record low of 0.7 in Jul 2008

CEIC calculates Foreign Exchange Reserves as Months of Import from monthly Foreign Exchange Reserves and monthly Imports. Foreign Exchange Reserves is calculated as the sum of Foreign Currency Reserves and Other Reserve Assets, which include other financial instruments denominated in foreign currency. The Bank of England provides Foreign Exchange Reserves in USD. UK Trade Info provides Imports in local currency. Federal Reserve Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Foreign Exchange Reserves excludes Bank of England Foreign Exchange Reserves, as they are not considered part of UK Official Reserve Assets. However, Bank of England foreign currency assets may be used in case of foreign exchange intervention for monetary policy objectives.


Further information about United Kingdom Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import

• In the latest reports, UK Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 112.5 USD bn in Jan 2025
• Its Money Supply M2 increased 2.2 % YoY in Dec 2024
• UK Domestic Credit reached 4,866.2 USD bn in Dec 2024, representing an drop of 1.3 % YoY
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 1.0 % in Dec 2022, compared with the ratio of 1.0 % in the previous year
• Household Debt of UK reached 3,076.4 USD bn in Sep 2024, accounting for 81.6 % of the country's Nominal GDP

**** was the largest bank in the United Kingdom in 2024, boasting total assets of over ************** U.S. dollars. As of 2024, **** was also the largest bank in Europe, and it stood as one of the global banking industry's leading institutions. Barclays held the second highest value of assets in the UK, followed by Lloyds. Market capitalization of the banking sector in Europe and the UK A different measure, frequently employed to determine the size of a bank, is market capitalization, or the total dollar market value of a company's outstanding shares. Market capitalization is calculated from the current market price of one share and the number of shares outstanding for a company. In 2024, **** was the largest bank in terms of market capitalization trading on the London Stock Exchange and overall in Europe. What does HSBC do? HSBC is a British multinational bank and financial services institution headquartered in London, United Kingdom. The bank serves customers with commercial banking, global private banking, global banking and markets, and personal financial services. The largest geographical region of the bank, in terms of revenue generation, is Asia. At the end of 2024, the bank had roughly ******* employees around the world.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Colombia Foreign Exchange Rate: Cross Currency Rate: Buy: Venezuelan Bolivar Soberano data was reported at 21.335 COP/VES in 03 Dec 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 37.732 COP/VES for 30 Nov 2018. Colombia Foreign Exchange Rate: Cross Currency Rate: Buy: Venezuelan Bolivar Soberano data is updated daily, averaging 48.711 COP/VES from Aug 2018 (Median) to 03 Dec 2018, with 73 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50.614 COP/VES in 05 Sep 2018 and a record low of 21.335 COP/VES in 03 Dec 2018. Colombia Foreign Exchange Rate: Cross Currency Rate: Buy: Venezuelan Bolivar Soberano data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of the Republic of Colombia. The data is categorized under Daily Database’s Foreign Exchange Rates – Table CO.DX001: Foreign Exchange Rate: Bank of the Republic Colombia.