August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of *** percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from **** percent to **** percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at *** percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to **** percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching **** percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2025, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

The benchmark interest rate in the United Kingdom was last recorded at 4 percent. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Policy interest rates in the U.S. and Europe are forecasted to decrease gradually between 2024 and 2027, following exceptional increases triggered by soaring inflation between 2021 and 2023. The U.S. federal funds rate stood at **** percent at the end of 2023, the European Central Bank deposit rate at **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate at **** percent. With inflationary pressures stabilizing, policy interest rates are forecast to decrease in each observed region. The U.S. federal funds rate is expected to decrease to *** percent, the ECB refi rate to **** percent, the Bank of England bank rate to **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate to **** percent by 2025. An interesting aspect to note is the impact of these interest rate changes on various economic factors such as growth, employment, and inflation. The impact of central bank policy rates The U.S. federal funds effective rate, crucial in determining the interest rate paid by depository institutions, experienced drastic changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent slight changes in the effective rate reflected the efforts to stimulate the economy and manage economic factors such as inflation. Such fluctuations in the federal funds rate have had a significant impact on the overall economy. The European Central Bank's decision to cut its fixed interest rate in June 2024 for the first time since 2016 marked a significant shift in attitude towards economic conditions. The reasons behind the fluctuations in the ECB's interest rate reflect its mandate to ensure price stability and manage inflation, shedding light on the complex interplay between interest rates and economic factors. Inflation and real interest rates The relationship between inflation and interest rates is critical in understanding the actions of central banks. Central banks' efforts to manage inflation through interest rate adjustments reveal the intricate balance between economic growth and inflation. Additionally, the concept of real interest rates, adjusted for inflation, provides valuable insights into the impact of inflation on the economy.

Based on an "illustrative scenario" in which the United Kingdom (UK) moves to a comprehensive free trade agreement with the European Union (EU) on the 1st of January 2021, this forecast shows the expected annual average bank base interest rate in response to the current Covid-19 pandemic. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the Covid-19 virus, on the 19th of March 2020 the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate to a record low of 0.1 percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from 0.75 percent to 0.25 percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. In the current forecast scenario, bank interest rates are set to stay between 0.1 percent and 0.2 percent up to 2022.

From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024. Moreover, the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.15 percent by October 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of October 2025, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.09 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.27 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

Key information about United Kingdom Long Term Interest Rate

• United Kingdom Long Term Interest Rate: Month End: United Kingdom: Government Bond Yield: 10 Years was reported at 4.48 % pa in Oct 2025, compared with 4.76 % pa in the previous month.
• UK Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1979 to Oct 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 15.44 % pa in Sep 1981 and a record low of 0.13 % pa in Jul 2020.
• Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by CEIC Data.

• In the latest reports, UK Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: ICE LIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 0.09 % pa in Apr 2021.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Base Rate) was set at 4.00 % pa in Nov 2025.
• UK Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.75 (USD/GBP) in Oct 2025.

In September 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In September 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 17 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.3 percent in September 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 8 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

United Kingdom UK: Real Interest Rate data was reported at -1.195 % pa in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of -1.378 % pa for 2013. United Kingdom UK: Real Interest Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.802 % pa from Dec 1967 (Median) to 2014, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.438 % pa in 1985 and a record low of -12.172 % pa in 1975. United Kingdom UK: Real Interest Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Interest Rates. Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.; ; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files using World Bank data on the GDP deflator.; ;

Between January 2018 and September 2025, the United Kingdom's consumer price inflation rate showed notable volatility. The rate hit its lowest point at *** percent in August 2020 and peaked at *** percent in October 2022. By September 2025, inflation had moderated to *** percent, indicating a gradual increase in inflation rates in the preceding months. The Bank of England's interest rate policy closely tracked these inflationary trends. Rates remained low at -* percent until April 2020, when they were reduced to *** percent in response to economic challenges. A series of rate increases followed, reaching a peak of **** percent from August 2023 to July 2024. The central bank then initiated rate cuts in August and November 2024, lowering the rate to **** percent, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. In February 2025, the Bank of England implemented another rate cut, setting the bank rate at *** percent, which was further reduced to **** percent in May 2025 and remained at * percent as of September 2025. Global context of inflation and interest rates The UK's experience reflects a broader international trend of rising inflation and subsequent central bank responses. From January 2022 to July 2024, advanced and emerging economies alike increased their policy rates to counter inflationary pressures. However, a shift began in late 2024, with many countries, including the UK, starting to lower rates. This change suggests a potential new phase in the global economic cycle and monetary policy approach. Comparison with other major economies The UK's monetary policy decisions align closely with those of other major economies. The United States, for instance, saw its federal funds rate peak at **** percent in August 2023, mirroring the UK's rate trajectory. Similarly, central bank rates in the EU all increased drastically between 2022 and 2024. These synchronized movements reflect the global nature of inflationary pressures and the coordinated efforts of central banks to maintain economic stability. As with the UK, both the U.S. and EU began considering rate cuts in late 2024, signaling a potential shift in the global economic landscape.

This statistic shows the forecasted Bank Rate in the United Kingdom (UK) from first quarter 2017 to first quarter 2024. The rate at which the Bank of England can loan money to commercial banks is set to increase gradually over this period, at a net increase of *** percentage points.

United Kingdom UK: Lending Interest Rate data was reported at 0.500 % pa in 2014. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.500 % pa for 2013. United Kingdom UK: Lending Interest Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 6.963 % pa from Dec 1967 (Median) to 2014, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.313 % pa in 1980 and a record low of 0.500 % pa in 2014. United Kingdom UK: Lending Interest Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Interest Rates. Lending rate is the bank rate that usually meets the short- and medium-term financing needs of the private sector. This rate is normally differentiated according to creditworthiness of borrowers and objectives of financing. The terms and conditions attached to these rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.; ; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.; ;

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Mortgage rates surged at an unprecedented pace in 2022, with the average 10-year fixed rate doubling between March and December of that year. In response to mounting inflation, the Bank of England implemented a series of rate hikes, pushing borrowing costs steadily higher. By October 2025, the average 10-year fixed mortgage rate stood at **** percent. As financing becomes more expensive, housing demand has cooled, weighing on market sentiment and slowing house price growth. How have the mortgage hikes affected the market? After surging in 2021, the number of residential properties sold fell significantly in 2023, dipping to just above *** million transactions. This contraction in activity also dampened mortgage lending. Between the first quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the value of new mortgage loans declined year-on-year for five consecutive quarters. Even as rates eased modestly in 2024 and housing activity picked up slightly, volumes remained well below the highs recorded in 2021. How are higher mortgages impacting homebuyers? For homeowners, the impact is being felt most acutely as fixed-rate deals expire. Mortgage terms in the UK typically range from two to ten years, and many borrowers who locked in historically low rates are now facing significantly higher repayments when refinancing. By the end of 2026, an estimated five million homeowners will see their mortgage deals expire. Roughly two million of these loans are projected to experience a monthly payment increase of up to *** British pounds by 2026, putting additional pressure on household budgets and constraining affordability across the market.

European Union central banks navigated a complex economic landscape between 2022 and 2025, with interest rates initially rising across member states. However, a pivotal shift occurred in late 2023 as most countries began lowering their rates, reflecting the delicate balance between controlling inflation and supporting economic growth. In the Euro area, the European Central Bank (ECB) led this trend by cutting interest rates from 4.5 percent to nan percent in 2025, implementing four strategic rate reductions throughout the year. This approach was nearly universally adopted, with Poland being the sole EU country not reducing its rates during this period. The ECB continued the series of reductions in the first half of 2025, setting the rate at 2.15 percent in June 2025. Global context and policy shifts The interest rate changes in the EU mirror similar movements in other major economies. The United States, United Kingdom, and European Union central banks followed remarkably similar patterns from 2003 to 2024, responding to shared global economic conditions. After maintaining near-zero rates following the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, these institutions sharply raised rates in 2022 to combat surging inflation. By mid-2024, the European Central Bank and Bank of England initiated rate cuts, with the Federal Reserve following suit. Varied approaches within the EU Despite the overall trend, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies. Hungary, for instance, set the highest rate in the EU at 12.25 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by September 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented the most aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 1.75 percent by October 2025, the lowest among EU members. These divergent approaches highlight the unique economic challenges faced by each country and the flexibility required in monetary policy to address specific national circumstances.

Bank Lending Rate in the United Kingdom increased to 8.62 percent in September from 8.59 percent in August of 2025. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Prime Lending Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Over the five years through 2025-26, Credit Bureaux and Rating Agencies’ revenue growth is slated to grow at a compound annual rate of 0.9% to £3 billion. The industry has had to navigate a changing environment with the Bank of England raising interest rates over the two years through 2023-24, a sharp contrast to the ultra-low levels seen over the decade previously. The past five years have been turbulent, with weak economic conditions impeding revenue. Low confidence and the high interest rate environment have meant there’s been less borrowing across the economy over the past few years, resulting in a drop in demand for the services credit rating agencies provide. M&A activity has also left much to be desired, with the divergence between buying and selling prices denting exit volumes in 2023-24. Despite conditions remaining bleak as inflation proves sticky and rates come down slower than expected, lending activity is positioned for a modest recovery over the two years through 2025-26. Increasingly favourable economic conditions, interest rate cuts and an upturn in deal-making are expected to stimulate borrowing. This will feed through to higher demand for credit rating services, as lenders require credit checks prior to approving loans, contributing revenue growth of 4.6% in 2025-26. Over the five years through 2030-31, revenue is forecast to expand at a compound annual rate of 3.8% to reach £3.7 billion. Mounting demand for ESG rating services, which have been brought in by a number of major rating agencies, will be a key driver of this growth. Larger players like Moody’s and Fitch will continue to leverage their extensive data and model credit risk more accurately. Credit rating agencies will also navigate an evolving regulatory environment, most notably the introduction of the Basel III reforms in January 2027, reducing the risk margin and aiding lending activity.

Revenue is forecast to expand at a compound annual rate of 2.1% over the five years through 2025-26 to £404.7 million. The test drilling and boring industry’s revenue tends to run in line with economic and investment trends in the wider construction sector. In recent years, stubborn inflation and constrained budgets have led to new construction output contracting, resulting in limited tender opportunities, which has seen industry revenue slow. Larger companies are more resilient to economic downturns as they are likely to secure public and civil work, which is less susceptible to economic conditions. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, recovery was sluggish due to the supply chain disruptions. These disruptions, initially caused by the pandemic, were exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine conflict, resulting in persistent inflation that has plagued the industry’s operating costs. Construction material prices have trended upwards amid inflationary pressures, hindering test drilling and boring contractors’ average profit margin. Inflation prompted the Bank of England to hike the interest rate, cooling the housing market and reducing homeowners’ equity levels, which, in turn, dampened investment opportunities. In 2024-25, economic conditions are slowly stabilising as inflation trends downward, leading to the BoE reducing the interest rate for the first time since 2020. However, prices have continued to face upward pressures due to ongoing supply chain disruptions in 2025-26. While the BoE has cut the interest rate to 4% in August 2025, it remains high, which suppresses investment opportunities in the construction sector, particularly in the residential and commercial markets. Despite this uncertainty, robust government investment in infrastructure is supporting test drilling and boring revenue prospects. In 2025-26, revenue growth is forecast to climb by 2.5%. Over the five years through 2030-31, revenue is forecast to expand at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to £482.9 million. Significant infrastructure investments in the UK, particularly in transport network expansions, will generate revenue for test drilling and boring contractors, despite economic uncertainties. The government's target of adding 1.5 million new homes by 2029 will drive demand for these services. Technological advancements in the industry are set to be increasingly integrated into services to enhance precision and efficiency.

Stock and commodity exchanges can benefit from various sources of revenue, ranging from fees charged through the purchasing and selling of stocks and commodities to the listing of companies on exchanges with IPOs. Yet, this hasn't meant exchanges have been free of challenges, with many companies looking to more attractive overseas markets in countries like the US that embrace stronger growth. The most notable culprits have been ARM and CRH, refusing to put up with the increasingly cheaper valuations offered by UK stock exchanges.Stock and commodity exchange revenue is expected to boom at a compound annual rate of 13% over the five years through 2025-26 to £18 billion, including growth of 5.2% in 2025-26. Boosted by the London Stock Exchange Group's Refinitiv purchase in 2021-22, the growth numbers seem inflated. The industry saw ample consolidations, aided by MiFID II's initiation in 2018. However, M&As have slumped over recent years as a result of high borrowing costs and a foggy economic outlook. Interest rate cuts and growing confidence are set to facilitate a modest recovery over the two years through 2025, driving revenue growth and supporting profit of 25.7% in 2025-26. Exchanges have also capitalised on volatile markets, with nervous investors triggering sharp sell-offs amid a tense geopolitical backdrop with Trump’s tariff policies. Consolidation amongst the largest players has been frequent, ratcheting up market share concentration. This will also prompt smaller exchanges to target niche markets and potentially band together in networks or alliances to pool liquidity and strengthen bargaining power. Revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 4.7% over the five years through 2030-31 to £22.7 billion. Over the short term, sticky inflation and how aggressively the Bank of England cuts rates will incite volatility and fuel trading on exchanges, driving revenue growth. Geopolitical tensions also show no signs of cooling, with the potential for matters to even escalate, keeping markets edgy and increasing the likelihood of large market swings. The use of blockchain will become more prevalent, with major player, the London Stock Exchange Group, already introducing a blockchain-based infrastructure platform for private markets. These exchanges allow for 24/7 trading, lower settlement times, and often lower fees, which can attract retail and institutional participants, driving fee income.

Conditions in the residential and commercial property markets heavily impact the revenue for removal services. Demand is also influenced by the willingness of customers to spend on a range of specialist removal services. Movers must balance whether to pay for high-quality professional help or carry out the removals themselves, or hire a vehicle and undertake the removals as a cost-saving method. A slump in residential property transactions occurred after an initially strong post-pandemic recovery was aided by government schemes like the Stamp Duty holiday and the Help to Buy scheme, which facilitated a rebound in revenue for removal companies. These measures helped stimulate house-buying activity, but resulted in soaring property prices, which caused a 12.2% drop in property transactions in 2022-23 and a 17.1% drop in 2023-24, according to HM Revenue & Customs. Soaring inflation rates have led the Bank of England to increase the interest rate, which peaked at 5.25% from August 2023 to July 2024. This surged the cost of borrowing, making it more expensive for people to move homes and limiting demand for removal services. Despite the interest rate falling to 4% in August 2025, according to the Bank of England, cheaper borrowing costs have been offset by a surge in the Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT), making home purchases more expensive.

Corporate relocations have also been down amid continued hybrid working patterns, discouraging companies from expanding into bigger office space. Since corporate moves cannot be substituted for DIY and require professional input, they often command a higher price and allow for a substantial profit to be made. The falling number of business moves has caused profit to face a downward trend in the past five years. Overall, in the five years through 2025-25, revenue for the Removal Services industry is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 1.1% to reach £1.4 billion, primarily facilitated by the significant 15.6% revenue recovery experienced after the pandemic. In 2025-26, revenue is expected to contract 0.6%, attributed to uncertainty in the housing market caused by changes to SDLT and an underperformance of government housebuilding targets.

Higher housebuilding activity is likely to support revenue growth for removal companies, as the Social and Affordable Housing Programme kicks in from 2026 and the Labour commitment to build 1.5 million new homes by 2029 plays out. Increased housebuilding activity will support demand for removal companies, particularly from renters looking to get on to the property ladder. As economic headwinds subside, more residential transactions and a surge in business relocations and office upgrades are likely, which will drive demand for a range of removal services, allowing companies to diversify their revenue streams. Over the five years through 2030-31, revenue is anticipated to grow at a compound annual rate of 3.4%, reaching £1.6 billion.