The province in which the Catalan capital, Barcelona, is located has experienced a significant increase in population since 1996. In January 2023, the inhabitants of the province of Barcelona amounted to nearly *** million, which is also the highest figure registered during the period under consideration.

Població de Barcelona agregada per sexe i edat segons el registre del Padró Municipal d'Habitants a data 1 de gener de cada any

As recorded by the source, Moroccans ranked as the foreign nationality with more residents in Spain in 2023, closely followed by Romanians. After years of losing its foreign population, Spain’s immigration figures started to pick up in 2015, with the number of people that moved to the Mediterranean country surpassing the number of foreigners that decided to leave.

A matter of balance The net migration rate of Spain changed its course mainly due to the great inflow of foreigners that move to reside in the Mediterranean country. Spain’s immigration flow slowed down after the 2008 financial crisis, albeit the number of foreigners that opted to change their residence saw a significant growth in the last years. In 2022, Colombians ranked first as the foreign nationality that most relocated to Spain, distantly followed by Moroccans and Ukranians.

Spain does not have the highest number of immigrants in Europe In recent years, the European Union confronted a rising number of refugees arriving from the Middle East. Migration figures show that Germany accommodated approximately 15 million foreign-born citizens, ranking it as the country that most hosted immigrants in Europe in 2022. By comparison, Spain’s foreign population stood slightly over seven million, positioning the Western Mediterranean country third on the European list of foreign-born population. Unfortunately, thousands of persons have died ore gone missing trying to reach Spanish territory, as more and more irregular migrants opt to use dangerous maritime routes to arrive at Southern Europe from Africa's coasts.

Població de Barcelona agregada per edat en grups de cinc anys segons el registre del Padró Municipal d'Habitants a data 1 de gener de cada any

In 2023, London was the leading European city tourism destination based on the number of bed nights. That year, bed nights in the United Kingdom's capital exceeded 78 million, denoting a sharp annual increase but not fully recovering yet from the impact of COVID-19. Meanwhile, Paris and Istanbul followed in the ranking in 2023, with roughly 52 million and nearly 30 million bed nights. What are the most visited countries in Europe? While the French capital came in second among leading European cities based on bed nights, France topped the ranking of the European countries with the highest number of inbound tourist arrivals in 2023, ahead of Spain, Italy, and Turkey. Meanwhile, when looking at European countries with the highest tourism receipts that year, Spain recorded the highest figure, with over 90 billion U.S. dollars, followed by the United Kingdom. How many international tourists visit Europe every year? In 2023, the number of international tourist arrivals in Europe grew significantly over the previous year, totaling over 700 million. This figure, however, remained below pre-pandemic levels. Overall, either before and after the impact of COVID-19, Europe was the region with the highest number of international tourist arrivals worldwide.

The SMARTDEST Neighbourhood Change Database (hereinafter referred to as, SNCD) is the result of an 8-month co-creation process undertaken in the framework of a CityLab in the city of Barcelona, Spain. This activity was part of a broader research project funded under the Horizon 2020 programme (SMARTDEST, 2020-2023; Grant agreement ID: 870753). The CityLab in Barcelona (June 2022-February 2023) brought together a heterogeneous group of stakeholders and end-users concerned with the diagnostic of tourism-driven neighbourhood change in Barcelona. CityLab participants have been asked to identify measurable indicators that could enable a rigorous estimation of the social costs of tourism in Barcelona in terms of its impact on housing affordability and population turnover. The SNCD in its current shape (release version 1.0) encompasses 32 variables. All these variables are available for the 4 years comprised between 2016 and 2019, aggregated at the census tract level.

In 2024, Madrid was the city with the most inhabitants in Spain. In that year, more than 3.42 million people lived in the city. Barcelona was the second-largest city with 1.69 million residents.

Població de Barcelona empadronada sola al domicili agregada per sexe i edat en grups de cinc anys segons el registre del Padró Municipal d'Habitants a data 1 de gener de cada any

London was by far the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom in 2025, with an estimated population of *** million people, more than three times as large as Manchester, the UK’s second-biggest urban agglomeration. The agglomerations of Birmingham and Leeds / Bradford had the third and fourth-largest populations, respectively, while the biggest city in Scotland, Glasgow, was the fifth largest. Largest cities in Europe Two cities in Europe had larger urban areas than London, with Istanbul having a population of around **** million and the Russian capital Moscow having a population of over **** million. The city of Paris, located just over 200 miles away from London, was the second-largest city in Europe, with a population of more than **** million people. Paris was followed by London in terms of population size, and then by the Spanish cities of Madrid and Barcelona, at *** million and *** million people, respectively. The Italian capital, Rome, was the next largest city at *** million, followed by Berlin at *** million. London’s population growth Throughout the 1980s, the population of London fluctuated from a high of **** million people in 1981 to a low of **** million inhabitants in 1988. During the 1990s, the population of London increased once again, growing from ****million at the start of the decade to **** million by 1999. London's population has continued to grow since the turn of the century, and despite declining between 2019 and 2021, it reached *** million people in 2023 and is forecast to reach almost *** million by 2047.

Reporting data from the Mosquito Alert citizen science system, active catch basin surveillance, and mosquito trap surveillance used in "Assessing and Correcting Neighborhood Socioeconomic Spatial Sampling Biases in Citizen Science Mosquito Data Collection."

The file named mosquito_alert_adult_bite_reports_Barcelona_2014_2023.Rds includes all adult mosquito and mosquito bite reports received from Barcelona Municipality from the start of the Mosqiuto Alert project in 2014 through the end of 2023. The file named mosquito_alert_validated_albopictus_reports_Barcelona_2014_23.Rds includes all expert-validated Ae. albopictus reports received from Barcelona Municipality during the same time period. The data is stored as RDS files and contain the following fields:

• year - the year in which the report was made. Class = dbl.
• date - the date om which the report was made. Class = date.
• type - the report type, either adult mosquito ("adult") or mosquito breeding site ("site"). Class = chr.
• lon - the longitude of the report location. Class = dbl.
• lat - the latitude of the report location. Class = dbl.
• validation_score - Entolab validation score. Either 1 (possible Ae. albopictus) or 2 (probable Ae. albopictus). This field is present only in the validated reports data.

The file named active_catch_basin_drain_data.Rds includes information about all catch basin drains in Barcelona Municipality in which the Barcelona Public Health Agency (ASPB) detected mosquito activity as part of its continuous monitoring and control of mosquitoes from 2019 through 2023. The data is stored in an RDS file with the following fields:

• any_reports - dummy variable indicating whether any Mosquito Alert adult mosquito or mosquito bite reports were sent through Mosquito Alert from within 200 m of the catch basin drain during the year in which the ASPB detected mosquito activity in hte catch basin drain. Class = lgl.
• se_expected - sampling effort for the 0.025 degree lon/lat sampling cell in which the catch basin drain lies during the year in which the ASPB detected mosquito activity in the drain. This value is taken from the SE_expected variable in the sampling_effort_daily_cellres_025.csv.gz file available at https://zenodo.org/records/12602985. Sampling effort is estimated as the expected number of participants sending at least one report from the cell during the day in question given the the number of participants recorded in the cell that day and the amount of time elapsed since each one began participating in the project. Class = dbl.
• p_singlehh - proportion of single-member households in the population of the census tract in which the catch basin drain is located. Class = dbl.
• mean_age - mean age of the population of the census tract in which the catch basin drain is located. Class = dbl.
• mean_rent_consumption_unit - mean income per consumption unit in the census tract in which the catch basin drain is located. Class = dbl.
• popd - population density of the census tract in which the catch basin drain is located. Class = dbl.
• id_item - unique identifier given to the catch basin drain. Drain itentifiers appear multiple times in the data when the ASPB detected activity in the drain in multiple years. Class = dbl.

The file named trap_data.Rds includes information on the adult mosquito trap surveillance analyzed in this article. The data is stored in an RDS file with the following fields:

• females - number of Ae. albopictus females found in the trap. Class = dbl.
• trap_name - unique identifier for the trap. Class = chr.
• trapping_effort - number of days from when the trap was set to when it was checked. Class = dbl.
• date - date on which the trap was checked. Class = date.
• mean_tm30 - mean temperature for the 30 days leading up to the date on which the trap was checked. Class = dbl.
• mean_rent_consumption_unit - mean income per consumption unit for the census tract in which the trap was located. Class = dbl.

This is the dataset of the study Psychological benefits and environmental and personal moderators of guided hiking in the urban population of Catalonia carried out between 2023 and 2025 in the population of the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Catalonia) to characterize the psychological benefits of hiking in natural spaces, as well as to identify personal and environmental moderators of these effects.

Sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics by sex, of the confirmed MPOX cases in Barcelona (May 2022-May 2023).

The average pre-tax income of the top ten percent earners in Spain was over 120,000 euros at purchasing power parity (PPP) as of 2024, almost nine times more than the average income of the bottom half earners. Looking at the distribution of national income in Spain, the earnings of the least affluent half of the population equated to 21 percent of the total country income in 2024, 0.1 percentage points less than one decade earlier. Moreover, the top one percent of earners in Spain accounted for over ten percent of the overall national income.

The cities in Europe where survey respondents most commonly indicated that they were a good place to live for gay and lesbian people were Rekjavik,Valletta and Groningen in 2023. In general, the cities which ranked as the best place to live for lesbian and gay people in Europe were in Nordic countries (Norway, Iceland, Copenhagen, Sweden, Finland), western European countries (Luxembourg, Germany, the Netherlands), and southern European countries (Italy, Malta, Spain). The five cities with the fewest respondents indicating that they were a good place to live were all in south-eastern Europe, with the bottom two both coming from Turkey (Diyarbakir) and Albania (Tirania). Turkey tends to rank so lowly due to the influence of traditionalist and religious social norms, which do not recognize LGBTQ relationships as being on a par as heterosexual relationships and lead to more commonly held homophobic views.

In 2023, there were around ******* Muslims with Moroccan nationality in the autonomous community of Catalonia, only behind Muslims with Spanish nationality with figures that exceeded ******* individuals.

In 2022, the nationwide robbery rate in Spain was 133.65 cases per 100,000 of the population. This is a significant decrease from 2012 levels, when the robbery rate stood at 206 cases per 100,000 of the population.