The triad of host, agent, and environment has become a widely accepted framework for understanding infectious diseases and human health. While modern medicine has traditionally focused on the individual, there is a renewed interest in the role of the environment. Recent studies have shifted from an early-twentieth-century emphasis on individual factors to a broader consideration of contextual factors, including environmental, climatic, and social settings as spatial determinants of health. This shifted focus has been particularly relevant in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where the built environment in urban settings is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor influencing disease transmission. However, operationalizing the complexity of associations between the built environment and health for empirical analyses presents significant challenges. This study aims to identify key caveats in the operationalization of spatial determinants of health for empirical analysis and proposes guiding principles for future research. We focus on how the built environment in urban settings was studied in recent literature on COVID-19. Based on a set of criteria, we analyze 23 studies and identify explicit and implicit assumptions regarding the health-related dimensions of the built environment. Our findings highlight the complexities and potential pitfalls, referred to as the ‘spatial trap,' in the current approaches to spatial epidemiology concerning COVID-19. We conclude with recommendations and guiding questions for future studies to avoid falsely attributing a built environment impact on health outcomes and to clarify explicit and implicit assumptions regarding the health-related dimensions.

Learn state-of-the-art skills to build compelling, useful, and fun Web GIS apps easily, with no programming experience required.Building on the foundation of the previous three editions, Getting to Know Web GIS, fourth edition,features the latest advances in Esri’s entire Web GIS platform, from the cloud server side to the client side.Discover and apply what’s new in ArcGIS Online, ArcGIS Enterprise, Map Viewer, Esri StoryMaps, Web AppBuilder, ArcGIS Survey123, and more.Learn about recent Web GIS products such as ArcGIS Experience Builder, ArcGIS Indoors, and ArcGIS QuickCapture. Understand updates in mobile GIS such as ArcGIS Collector and AuGeo, and then build your own web apps.Further your knowledge and skills with detailed sections and chapters on ArcGIS Dashboards, ArcGIS Analytics for the Internet of Things, online spatial analysis, image services, 3D web scenes, ArcGIS API for JavaScript, and best practices in Web GIS.Each chapter is written for immediate productivity with a good balance of principles and hands-on exercises and includes:A conceptual discussion section to give you the big picture and principles,A detailed tutorial section with step-by-step instructions,A Q/A section to answer common questions,An assignment section to reinforce your comprehension, andA list of resources with more information.Ideal for classroom lab work and on-the-job training for GIS students, instructors, GIS analysts, managers, web developers, and other professionals, Getting to Know Web GIS, fourth edition, uses a holistic approach to systematically teach the breadth of the Esri Geospatial Cloud.AUDIENCEProfessional and scholarly. College/higher education. General/trade.AUTHOR BIOPinde Fu leads the ArcGIS Platform Engineering team at Esri Professional Services and teaches at universities including Harvard University Extension School. His specialties include web and mobile GIS technologies and applications in various industries. Several of his projects have won specialachievement awards. Fu is the lead author of Web GIS: Principles and Applications (Esri Press, 2010).Pub Date: Print: 7/21/2020 Digital: 6/16/2020 Format: Trade paperISBN: Print: 9781589485921 Digital: 9781589485938 Trim: 7.5 x 9 in.Price: Print: $94.99 USD Digital: $94.99 USD Pages: 490TABLE OF CONTENTSPrefaceForeword1 Get started with Web GIS2 Hosted feature layers and storytelling with GIS3 Web AppBuilder for ArcGIS and ArcGIS Experience Builder4 Mobile GIS5 Tile layers and on-premises Web GIS6 Spatial temporal data and real-time GIS7 3D web scenes8 Spatial analysis and geoprocessing9 Image service and online raster analysis10 Web GIS programming with ArcGIS API for JavaScriptPinde Fu | Interview with Esri Press | 2020-07-10 | 15:56 | Link.

The primary intent of this workshop is to provide practical training in using Statistics Canada geography files with the leading industry standard software: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.(ESRI) ArcGIS 9x. Participants will be introduced to the key features of ArcGIS 9x, as well as to geographic concepts and principles essential to understanding and working with geographic information systems (GIS) software. The workshop will review a range of geography and attribute files available from Statistics Canada, as well as some best practices for accessing this information. A brief overview of complementary data sets available from federal and provincial agencies will be provided. There will also be an opportunity to complete a practical exercise using ArcGIS9x. (Note: Data associated with this presentation is available on the DLI FTP site under folder 1873-221.)

The term "Smartline" refers to a GIS line map format which can allow rapid capture of diverse coastal data into a single consistently classified map, which in turn can be readily analysed for many purposes. This format has been used to create a detailed nationally-consistent coastal geomorphic map of Australia, which is currently being used for the National Coastal Vulnerability Assessment (NCVA) as part of the underpinning information for understanding the vulnerability to sea level rise and other climate change influenced hazards such as storm surge. The utility of the Smartline format results from application of a number of key principles. A hierarchical form- and fabric-based (rather than morpho-dynamic) geomorphic classification is used to classify coastal landforms in shore-parallel tidal zones relating to but not necessarily co-incident with the GIS line itself. Together with the use of broad but geomorphically-meaningful classes, this allows Smartline to readily import coastal data from a diversity of differently-classified prior sources into one consistent map. The resulting map can be as spatially detailed as the available data sources allow, and can be used in at least two key ways: Firstly, Smartline can work as a source of consistently classified information which has been distilled out of a diversity of data sources and presented in a simple format from which required information can be rapidly extracted using queries. Given the practical difficulty many coastal planners and managers face in accessing and using the vast amount of primary coastal data now available in Australia, Smartline can provide the means to assimilate and synthesise all this data into more usable forms.

This document sets out the general principles for the standard presentation of statistics in the UK and is now available in accessible format. (File Size - 79 KB)

This course teaches how to best symbolize your map data so that your audience gets the information that it needs.Goals Apply principles of map symbology to map features. Understand basic principles of map symbology.

GIS-datasets for the Street networks of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Eskilstuna produced as part of the Spatial Morphology Lab (SMoL). The goal of the SMoL project is to develop a strong theory and methodology for urban planning & design research with an analytical approach. Three frequently recurring variables of spatial urban form are studied that together quite well capture and describe the central characteristics and qualities of the built environment: density, diversity and proximity. The first measure describes how intensive a place can be used depending on how much built up area is found there. The second measure captures how differentiated the use of a place can be depending on the division in smaller units such as plots. The third measure describes how accessible a place is depending on how it relates with other places. Empirical studies have shown strong links between these metrics and people's use of cities such as pedestrian movement patterns. To support this goal, a central objective of the project is the establishment of an international platform of GIS data models for comparative studies in spatial urban form comprising three European capitals: London in the UK, Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Stockholm in Sweden, as well as two additional Swedish cities of smaller size than Stockholm: Gothenburg and Eskilstuna. The result of the project is a GIS database for the five cities covering the three basic layers of urban form: street network (motorised and non-motorised), buildings and plots systems. The data is shared via SND to create a research infrastructure that is open to new study initiatives. The datasets for Amsterdam will also be uploaded to SND. The datasets of London cannot be uploaded because of licensing restrictions. The street network GIS-maps include motorised and non-motorised networks. The motorised networks exclude all streets that are pedestrian-only and were cars are excluded. The network layers are based on the Swedish national road database, NVDB (Nationell Vägdatabas), downloaded from Trafikverket (https://lastkajen.trafikverket.se, date of download 15-5-2016, last update 8-11-2015). The original road-centre-line maps of all cities were edited based on the same basic representational principles and were converted into line-segment maps, using the following software: FME, Mapinfo professional and PST (Place Syntax Tool). The coordinate system is SWEREF99TM. In the final line-segment maps (GIS-layers) all roads are represented with one line irrespectively of the number of lanes, except from Motorways and Highways which are represented with two lines, one for each direction, again irrespectively of the number of lanes. We followed the same editing and generalizing procedure for all maps aiming to remove errors and to increase comparability between networks. This process included removing duplicate and isolated lines, snapping and generalizing. The snapping threshold used was 2m (end points closer than 2m were snapped together). The generalizing threshold used was 1m (successive line segments with angular deviation less than 1m were merged into one). In the final editing step, all road polylines were segmented to their constituting line-segments. The aim was to create appropriate line-segment maps to be analysed using Angular Segment Analysis, a network centrality analysis method introduced in Space Syntax. All network layers are complemented with an “Unlink points” layer; a GIS point layer with the locations of all non-level intersections, such as overpasses and underpasses, bridges, tunnels, flyovers and the like. The Unlink point layer is necessary to conduct network analysis that takes into account the non-planarity of the street network, using such software as PST (Place Syntax Tool).

The Grid Garage Toolbox is designed to help you undertake the Geographic Information System (GIS) tasks required to process GIS data (geodata) into a standard, spatially aligned format. This format is required by most, grid or raster, spatial modelling tools such as the Multi-criteria Analysis Shell for Spatial Decision Support (MCAS-S). Grid Garage contains 36 tools designed to save you time by batch processing repetitive GIS tasks as well diagnosing problems with data and capturing a record of processing step and any errors encountered.

Grid Garage provides tools that function using a list based approach to batch processing where both inputs and outputs are specified in tables to enable selective batch processing and detailed result reporting. In many cases the tools simply extend the functionality of standard ArcGIS tools, providing some or all of the inputs required by these tools via the input table to enable batch processing on a 'per item' basis. This approach differs slightly from normal batch processing in ArcGIS, instead of manually selecting single items or a folder on which to apply a tool or model you provide a table listing target datasets. In summary the Grid Garage allows you to:

• List, describe and manage very large volumes of geodata.
• Batch process repetitive GIS tasks such as managing (renaming, describing etc.) or processing (clipping, resampling, reprojecting etc.) many geodata inputs such as time-series geodata derived from satellite imagery or climate models.
• Record any errors when batch processing and diagnose errors by interrogating the input geodata that failed.
• Develop your own models in ArcGIS ModelBuilder that allow you to automate any GIS workflow utilising one or more of the Grid Garage tools that can process an unlimited number of inputs.
• Automate the process of generating MCAS-S TIP metadata files for any number of input raster datasets.

The Grid Garage is intended for use by anyone with an understanding of GIS principles and an intermediate to advanced level of GIS skills. Using the Grid Garage tools in ArcGIS ModelBuilder requires skills in the use of the ArcGIS ModelBuilder tool.

Download Instructions: Create a new folder on your computer or network and then download and unzip the zip file from the GitHub Release page for each of the following items in the 'Data and Resources' section below. There is a folder in each zip file that contains all the files. See the Grid Garage User Guide for instructions on how to install and use the Grid Garage Toolbox with the sample data provided.

The files linked to this reference are the geospatial data created as part of the completion of the baseline vegetation inventory project for the NPS park unit. Current format is ArcGIS file geodatabase but older formats may exist as shapefiles. For four of the map units – 3-SDF, 4-SDAF, 27-POHV, and 31-LBY – modeling using GIS principles was also employed. Modeling involves using environmental conditions of a map unit, such as elevation, slope, and aspect, which were determined by the field-collected ecological data. Data satisfying these conditions were obtained from ancillary data sources, such as USGS DEM data. These data were fed into a model that will result in locations (pixels) where all the desired conditions exist. For example, if a certain map unit was a shrubland that predominantly occurs above 8000 feet, on slopes of 3-10%, and on west-facing aspects, the correctly-constructed model will output only locations where this combination of conditions will be found. The resulting areas were then examined manually with the traditional photo interpretation process to confirm that they indeed could be accepted as that map unit. If photo interpretation determines that the areas were not acceptable, then they were changed to a more appropriate map unit.

The term "Smartline" refers to a GIS line map format which can allow rapid capture of diverse coastal data into a single consistently classified map, which in turn can be readily analysed for many purposes. This format has been used to create a
detailed nationally-consistent coastal geomorphic map of Australia, which is currently being used for the National Coastal Vulnerability Assessment (NCVA) as part of the underpinning information for understanding the vulnerability to sea level rise and other climate change influenced hazards
such as storm surge. The utility of the Smartline format results from application of a number of key principles. A hierarchical form- and fabric-based (rather than morpho-dynamic) geomorphic classification is used to classify coastal landforms in shore-parallel tidal zones relating to but
not necessarily co-incident with the GIS line itself. Together with the use of broad but geomorphically-meaningful classes, this allows Smartline to readily import coastal data from a diversity of differently-classified prior sources into one consistent map.
The resulting map can be as
spatially detailed as the available data sources allow, and can be used in at least two key ways: Firstly, Smartline can work as a source of consistently classified information which has been distilled out of a diversity of data sources and presented in a simple format from which required
information can be rapidly extracted using queries.
Given the practical difficulty many coastal planners and managers face in accessing and using the vast amount of primary coastal data now available in Australia, Smartline can provide the means to assimilate and synthesise all this data
into more usable forms.

The spatial data set of the surveyed state land areas of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania (VŽA_DRLT) is intended for the management, storage, analysis and accounting of information on state land. VŽA_DRLT was created by order of the National Land Service (NŽT), which implements the state policy in the field of land management and administration. Data is processed in accordance with the principles of geoinformation systems (GIS). VŽA_DRLT layers: 1) State land managed by NŽT, not registered in the Real Estate (NT) Register (NTR) - the layer is submitted for public review; 2) State land managed by the NJT and other trustees, registered in the Real Estate Register. Information is provided by cadastral areas, municipalities, for the whole territory of Lithuania. The primary data sources on the basis of which the derived VŽA_DRLT data set was created are: Real Estate Cadastre (cadastral areas), data date 2018-11-30; Real Estate Cadastre (plots), 21/12/2018; Abandoned Land Data Set, 22/07/2019; Georeferenced basis cadastre, 30/09/2019; State Forest Cadastre, 02/10/2019. VŽA_DRLT was last updated according to the changes in the data of the Real Estate Cadastre (plots) dated 23.12.2019. Scheduled update of VŽA_DRLT - quarterly.

Policies are statements that guide the course of action the County must take to achieve the goals outlined in the three guidance documents, Consensus Planning principles, Vision and General Plan Principles.

****Converted to NAD83(2011) by ProWest & Associates Inc in January of 2019."The year 2035 regional land use plan incorporates the basic principles and concepts of the previously adopted plans. The plan promotes a compact, centralized regional settlement pattern, with urban development recommended to occur within, and along the periphery of, existing urban centers; promotes the location of new urban development in areas which are physically suitable for such development and which may be readily served by basic urban services, including sanitary sewer, water supply, and public transit services; and seeks to preserve the environmentally sensitive lands and the most productive farmlands in the Region. Like the previous plans, the new plan is advisory in nature. Plan implementation will depend largely upon the willingness of county and local governments to use land use controls to shape development patterns in the regional interest. The year 2035 regional land use plan will provide a sound regional development framework needed in support of transportation and other public facility planning at the regional level, and in support of the preparation of comprehensive plans and related plan implementation efforts by county and local units of government in the Region. " http://www.sewrpc.org/SEWRPCFiles/Publications/pr/pr-048_regional_land_use_plan_for_se_wi_2035.pdf

****Converted to NAD83(2011) by ProWest & Associates Inc in January of 2019."The year 2035 regional land use plan incorporates the basic principles and concepts of the previously adopted plans. The plan promotes a compact, centralized regional settlement pattern, with urban development recommended to occur within, and along the periphery of, existing urban centers; promotes the location of new urban development in areas which are physically suitable for such development and which may be readily served by basic urban services, including sanitary sewer, water supply, and public transit services; and seeks to preserve the environmentally sensitive lands and the most productive farmlands in the Region. Like the previous plans, the new plan is advisory in nature. Plan implementation will depend largely upon the willingness of county and local governments to use land use controls to shape development patterns in the regional interest. The year 2035 regional land use plan will provide a sound regional development framework needed in support of transportation and other public facility planning at the regional level, and in support of the preparation of comprehensive plans and related plan implementation efforts by county and local units of government in the Region. " http://www.sewrpc.org/SEWRPCFiles/Publications/pr/pr-048_regional_land_use_plan_for_se_wi_2035.pdf

This polyline feature layer represents the necessary improvements to create a low-stress Vision Bike Network as identified in the Tampa MOVES Citywide Mobility Plan (July 2023), which is the City of Tampa's transportation plan for the next 30 years. Roadways were selected based on existing street conditions and public input.The MOVES plan is centered on the guiding principles of Mobility, Opportunity, Vision, Equity, and Safety and uses a data-driven, equitable process to prioritize transportation projects and to address all mobility needs. More information regarding this process can be found in the Tampa MOVES Citywide Mobility Plan (July 2023). Intended use is for planning purposes only.

LAND USE VISIONThe Connections 2050 Land Use Vision defines a regional visualization for Centers-based development and the preservation of agricultural and natural lands. The Land Use Vision divides the entire region up into four layers: Infill and Redevelopment areas, Emerging Growth areas, Rural Resource Lands, and the Greenspace Network. Overlaid on these land use areas are over 125 Centers, which are points of more concentrated development around which new development should be focused.GREENSPACE NETWORKThe Plan proposes linking and expanding the region’s existing protected natural areas into a Greenspace Network, where parks, forests, meadows, stream corridors, and floodplains are joined together in an interconnected system. The Greenspace Network is based on the twin principles of protecting core natural resource areas and linking them with greenways to create a connected system of naturally vegetated open space spanning urban, suburban, and rural areas.**PLEASE NOTE: GEOGRAPHY IS FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY AND IS DESIGNED TO BE USED AT THE DVRPC REGIONAL SCALE ONLY**attribute field name = Greenspace Network namelup_type = Land Use Vision Typelabel_id = Used for cartographic labeling of Greenspace NetworkAll Connections 2050 Long-Range Plan elements are available online at www.dvrpc.org/plan. The Plan has two primary documents: (1) The Connections 2050 Policy Manual (www.dvrpc.org/Products/21027) identifies the vision, goals, strategies, and a summary of the financial plan. (2) The Connections 2050 Process and Analysis Manual (www.dvrpc.org/Products/21028) provides a more detailed look at the Plan’s outreach, background information, analysis, and financial plan.7/25/23 - Land Use Vision GIS dataset was merged with Greenspace Network

"The year 2035 regional land use plan incorporates the basic principles and concepts of the previously adopted plans. The plan promotes a compact, centralized regional settlement pattern, with urban development recommended to occur within, and along the periphery of, existing urban centers; promotes the location of new urban development in areas which are physically suitable for such development and which may be readily served by basic urban services, including sanitary sewer, water supply, and public transit services; and seeks to preserve the environmentally sensitive lands and the most productive farmlands in the Region. Like the previous plans, the new plan is advisory in nature. Plan implementation will depend largely upon the willingness of county and local governments to use land use controls to shape development patterns in the regional interest. The year 2035 regional land use plan will provide a sound regional development framework needed in support of transportation and other public facility planning at the regional level, and in support of the preparation of comprehensive plans and related plan implementation efforts by county and local units of government in the Region. " http://www.sewrpc.org/SEWRPCFiles/Publications/pr/pr-048_regional_land_use_plan_for_se_wi_2035.pdf

Summary: Creating the world’s first open-source, high-resolution, land cover map of the worldStorymap metadata page: URL forthcoming Possible K-12 Next Generation Science standards addressed:Grade level(s) K: Standard K-ESS3-1 - Earth and Human Activity - Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants or animals (including humans) and the places they liveGrade level(s) K: Standard K-ESS3-3 - Earth and Human Activity - Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local environmentGrade level(s) 2: Standard 2-ESS2-1 - Earth’s Systems - Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the landGrade level(s) 2: Standard 2-ESS2-2 - Earth’s Systems - Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land and bodies of water in an areaGrade level(s) 3: Standard 3-LS4-1 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.Grade level(s) 3: Standard 3-LS4-1 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.Grade level(s) 3: Standard 3-LS4-4 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Make a claim about the merit of a solution to a problem caused when the environment changes and the types of plants and animals that live there may changeGrade level(s) 4: Standard 4-ESS1-1 - Earth’s Place in the Universe - Identify evidence from patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over timeGrade level(s) 4: Standard 4-ESS2-2 - Earth’s Systems - Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth’s featuresGrade level(s) 5: Standard 5-ESS2-1 - Earth’s Systems - Develop a model using an example to describe ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere interact.Grade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS2-2 - Earth’s Systems - Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scalesGrade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS2-6 - Earth’s Systems - Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.Grade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS3-3 - Earth and Human Activity - Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.Grade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS2-1 - Earth’s Systems - Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form continental and ocean-floor features.Grade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS2-7 - Earth’s Systems - Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth’s systems and life on EarthGrade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS3-4 - Earth and Human Activity - Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems.Grade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS3-6 - Earth and Human Activity - Use a computational representation to illustrate the relationships among Earth systems and how those relationships are being modified due to human activityMost frequently used words:areaslandclassesApproximate Flesch-Kincaid reading grade level: 9.7. The FK reading grade level should be considered carefully against the grade level(s) in the NGSS content standards above.

Identifies a local community with a community layer which may include guiding principles, policies, strategies or other provisions that are specific to that community (Policy 1.17.3 Comprehensive Plan). Those principles, policies, strategies or other provisions will not conflict with or modify the characteristics, standards, criteria, and definitions contained in the Future Land Use Category Descriptions and Rules of the Pinellas County Comprehensive Plan.

A Shoreline Master Program is a combination of planning and regulatory documents. SMP documents carry out the policies of the Shoreline Management Act (RCW 90.58) on local shorelines. Local governments are required to prepare SMPs based on the state laws and rules. It is prepared to implement the SMA to prevent "harm caused by uncoordinated and piecemeal development of the State's shoreline." Local SMPs are tailored to local geographic and environmental conditions, and existing and future planned development patterns within the shoreline. The SMP update process balances and integrates objectives and interests of local citizens. Key principles of the SMP include striking a balance among environmental protection, public access and water-oriented uses, and achieving "No Net Loss" of ecological functions. The SMP was approved by Washington State Department of Ecology on 9/8/2014. The SMP became effective in Grant County on 9/22/2014. The Grant County Final Shoreline Master Program is available at the Planning Department's web site