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TwitterThis CNIG data standard concerns local planning documents (LDPs) and land use plans (POSs that are PLU). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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This CNIG data standard concerns communal map documents (CCs). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterThis COVADIS data standard concerns communal map documents (CCs). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of the sectors and the information overlaying them.This standard of COVADIS data has been developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The COVADIS data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specification serves to frame the digitisation of these data.Part C ‘Data Structure’ presented in this COVADIS standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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The COVADIS data standard for risk prevention plans includes all the technical and organisational specifications for the digital storage of geographical data represented in the risk prevention plans (RPPs). The PPR tool is part of the Law of 22 July 1987 on the organisation of civil security, the protection of the forest against fire and the prevention of major risks. The development of a RPP is the responsibility of the State. It is decided by the Prefect.
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TwitterThe COVADIS data standard for risk prevention plans includes all the technical and organisational specifications for the digital storage of geographical data represented in the risk prevention plans (RPPs). The major risks consist of the eight main natural hazards foreseeable in the national territory: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, terrain movements, coastal hazards, avalanches, forest fires, cyclones and storms, and four technological risks: the nuclear risk, the industrial risk, the risk of transport of dangerous materials and the risk of dam failure.The risk prevention plans (PPR) were established by the Law of 2 February 1995 on strengthening the protection of the environment. The PPR tool is part of the Law of 22 July 1987 on the organisation of civil security, the protection of the forest against fire and the prevention of major risks. The development of a RPP is the responsibility of the State. It is decided by the Prefect. Whether they are natural, technological or multi-risk, risk prevention plans have similarities. They contain three categories of information:• Regulatory mapping translates into a geographical delimitation of the territory concerned by the risk. This delimitation defines areas in which specific regulations apply. These regulations are easement and impose requirements varying according to the hazard level to which the area is exposed. The areas are represented on a zoning plan that fully covers the study area.• The hazards causing the risk are contained in hazard documents which can be inserted in the presentation report or annexed to the RPP. These documents are used to map the different levels of intensity of each hazard taken into account in the risk prevention plan.• The issues identified during the development of the PPR can also be annexed to the approved document in the form of maps.These similarities between the different types of RPPs and the desire to achieve a good level of standardisation of PPR data have led COVADIS to opt for a single data standard, sufficiently generic to process the different types of risk prevention plan (NRPP natural risk prevention plans, technological risk prevention plans PPRT)This data standard does not consist of a complete modelling of a risk plan dossier. The scope of this document is limited to geographical data in the RPPs, whether regulatory or not. Nor is the PPR standard intended to standardise knowledge of hazards.The challenge is to have a description for a homogeneous storage of PPR geographical data, since these data are of interest to several professions within the ministries responsible for agriculture, on the one hand, and ecology, and sustainable development, on the other.
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TwitterThe COVADIS data standard for risk prevention plans includes all the technical and organisational specifications for the digital storage of geographical data represented in the risk prevention plans (RPPs). The major risks consist of the eight main natural hazards foreseeable in the national territory: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, terrain movements, coastal hazards, avalanches, forest fires, cyclones and storms, and four technological risks: nuclear risk, industrial risk, risk of transport of hazardous materials and risk of dam failure. The Risk Prevention Plans (PPR) were established by the Act of 2 February 1995 on strengthening the protection of the environment. The PPR tool is part of the Law of 22 July 1987 on the organisation of civil security, the protection of the forest against fire and the prevention of major risks. The development of a RPP is the responsibility of the State. It is decided by the Prefect. Whether natural, technological or multi-hazard, risk prevention plans have similarities. They contain three categories of information: • Regulatory mapping translates into a geographical delimitation of the territory concerned by the risk. This delimitation defines areas in which specific regulations apply. These regulations are easement and impose requirements varying according to the hazard level to which the area is exposed. The areas are represented on a zoning plan that fully covers the study area. • The hazards at the origin of the risk are contained in hazard documents which may be inserted in the presentation report or annexed to the RPP. These documents are used to map the different intensity levels of each hazard considered in the risk prevention plan. • The issues identified during the preparation of the RPP can also be annexed to the approved document in the form of maps. These similarities between the different types of PPR and the desire to achieve a good level of standardisation of PPR data have led COVADIS to opt for a single data standard, sufficiently generic to process the different types of risk prevention plan (natural risk prevention plans PPRN, technological risk prevention plans PPRT) This data standard does not consist of a complete modelling of a risk prevention plan dossier. The scope of this document is limited to geographical data in the RPPs, whether regulatory or not. Nor is the PPR standard intended to standardise knowledge of hazards. The challenge is to have a description for a homogeneous storage of the geographical data of the RPPs, since these data are of interest to several professions within the ministries responsible for agriculture, on the one hand, and ecology, and on the other hand, sustainable development.
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TwitterThis CNIG data standard concerns local planning documents (LDPs) and land use plans (POSs that are PLU). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterCC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedicationhttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
This CNIG data standard concerns communal map documents (CCs). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterCC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedicationhttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
This CNIG data standard concerns local planning documents (LDPs) and land use plans (POSs that are PLU). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterThis CNIG data standard concerns local planning documents (LDPs) and land use plans (POSs that are PLU). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterThe COVADIS data standard for risk prevention plans includes all the technical and organisational specifications for the digital storage of geographical data represented in the risk prevention plans (RPPs). The major risks consist of the eight main natural hazards foreseeable in the national territory: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, terrain movements, coastal hazards, avalanches, forest fires, cyclones and storms, and four technological risks: the nuclear risk, the industrial risk, the risk of transport of dangerous materials and the risk of dam failure.The risk prevention plans (PPR) were established by the Law of 2 February 1995 on strengthening the protection of the environment. The PPR tool is part of the Law of 22 July 1987 on the organisation of civil security, the protection of the forest against fire and the prevention of major risks. The development of a RPP is the responsibility of the State. It is decided by the Prefect. Whether they are natural, technological or multi-risk, risk prevention plans have similarities. They contain three categories of information:• Regulatory mapping translates into a geographical delimitation of the territory concerned by the risk. This delimitation defines areas in which specific regulations apply. These regulations are easement and impose requirements varying according to the hazard level to which the area is exposed. The areas are represented on a zoning plan that fully covers the study area.• The hazards causing the risk are contained in hazard documents which can be inserted in the presentation report or annexed to the RPP. These documents are used to map the different levels of intensity of each hazard taken into account in the risk prevention plan.• The issues identified during the development of the PPR can also be annexed to the approved document in the form of maps.These similarities between the different types of RPPs and the desire to achieve a good level of standardisation of PPR data have led COVADIS to opt for a single data standard, sufficiently generic to process the different types of risk prevention plan (NRPP natural risk prevention plans, technological risk prevention plans PPRT)This data standard does not consist of a complete modelling of a risk plan dossier. The scope of this document is limited to geographical data in the RPPs, whether regulatory or not. Nor is the PPR standard intended to standardise knowledge of hazards.The challenge is to have a description for a homogeneous storage of PPR geographical data, since these data are of interest to several professions within the ministries responsible for agriculture, on the one hand, and ecology, and sustainable development, on the other.
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TwitterCC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedicationhttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
This CNIG data standard concerns communal map documents (CCs). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterThis COVADIS data standard concerns communal map documents (CCs). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This standard of COVADIS data was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The COVADIS data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. Part C ‘Data Structure’ presented in this COVADIS standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterThe COVADIS data standard for risk prevention plans includes all the technical and organisational specifications for the digital storage of geographical data represented in the risk prevention plans (RPPs). The major risks consist of the eight main natural hazards foreseeable in the national territory: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, terrain movements, coastal hazards, avalanches, forest fires, cyclones and storms, and four technological risks: the nuclear risk, the industrial risk, the risk of transport of dangerous materials and the risk of dam failure.The risk prevention plans (PPR) were established by the Law of 2 February 1995 on strengthening the protection of the environment. The PPR tool is part of the Law of 22 July 1987 on the organisation of civil security, the protection of the forest against fire and the prevention of major risks. The development of a RPP is the responsibility of the State. It is decided by the Prefect. Whether they are natural, technological or multi-risk, risk prevention plans have similarities. They contain three categories of information:• Regulatory mapping translates into a geographical delimitation of the territory concerned by the risk. This delimitation defines areas in which specific regulations apply. These regulations are easement and impose requirements varying according to the hazard level to which the area is exposed. The areas are represented on a zoning plan that fully covers the study area.• The hazards causing the risk are contained in hazard documents which can be inserted in the presentation report or annexed to the RPP. These documents are used to map the different levels of intensity of each hazard taken into account in the risk prevention plan.• The issues identified during the development of the PPR can also be annexed to the approved document in the form of maps.These similarities between the different types of RPPs and the desire to achieve a good level of standardisation of PPR data have led COVADIS to opt for a single data standard, sufficiently generic to process the different types of risk prevention plan (NRPP natural risk prevention plans, technological risk prevention plans PPRT)This data standard does not consist of a complete modelling of a risk plan dossier. The scope of this document is limited to geographical data in the RPPs, whether regulatory or not. Nor is the PPR standard intended to standardise knowledge of hazards.The challenge is to have a description for a homogeneous storage of PPR geographical data, since these data are of interest to several professions within the ministries responsible for agriculture, on the one hand, and ecology, and sustainable development, on the other.
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License information was derived automatically
The COVADIS Risk Prevention Plans (RPP) data standard includes all the technical and organisational specifications for the digital storage of geographical data represented in the PPRs. The development of a RPP is the responsibility of the State. It is decided by the Prefect. The RPPs contain three categories of information: • The regulatory mapping defines the areas in which specific regulations apply. These regulations are easement and impose requirements varying according to the hazard level to which the area is exposed. • The hazards at the origin of the risk are contained in hazard documents which may be inserted in the presentation report or annexed to the RPP. These documents are used to map the different intensity levels of each hazard considered in the risk prevention plan. • The issues identified during the preparation of the RPP can also be annexed to the approved document in the form of maps. This data standard does not consist of a complete modelling of a risk prevention plan dossier. The scope of this document is limited to geographical data in the RPPs, whether regulatory or not.
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TwitterThe COVADIS data standard for risk prevention plans includes all the technical and organisational specifications for the digital storage of geographical data represented in the risk prevention plans (RPPs). The major risks consist of the eight main natural hazards foreseeable in the national territory: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, terrain movements, coastal hazards, avalanches, forest fires, cyclones and storms, and four technological risks: nuclear risk, industrial risk, risk of transport of hazardous materials and risk of dam failure. The Risk Prevention Plans (PPR) were established by the Act of 2 February 1995 on strengthening the protection of the environment. The PPR tool is part of the Law of 22 July 1987 on the organisation of civil security, the protection of the forest against fire and the prevention of major risks. The development of a RPP is the responsibility of the State. It is decided by the Prefect. Whether natural, technological or multi-hazard, risk prevention plans have similarities. They contain three categories of information: • Regulatory mapping translates into a geographical delimitation of the territory concerned by the risk. This delimitation defines areas in which specific regulations apply. These regulations are easement and impose requirements varying according to the hazard level to which the area is exposed. The areas are represented on a zoning plan that fully covers the study area. • The hazards at the origin of the risk are contained in hazard documents which may be inserted in the presentation report or annexed to the RPP. These documents are used to map the different intensity levels of each hazard considered in the risk prevention plan. • The issues identified during the preparation of the RPP can also be annexed to the approved document in the form of maps. These similarities between the different types of PPR and the desire to achieve a good level of standardisation of PPR data have led COVADIS to opt for a single data standard, sufficiently generic to deal with the different types of risk prevention plan (PPRN natural risk prevention plans, technological risk prevention plans PPRT). This data standard does not consist of a complete modelling of a risk prevention plan dossier. The scope of this document is limited to geographical data in the RPPs, whether regulatory or not. Nor is the PPR standard intended to standardise knowledge of hazards. The challenge is to have a description for a homogeneous storage of the geographical data of the RPPs, since these data are of interest to several professions within the ministries responsible for agriculture, on the one hand, and ecology, and on the other hand, sustainable development.
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TwitterCC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedicationhttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
This CNIG data standard concerns communal map documents (CCs). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterThe COVADIS data standard for risk prevention plans includes all the technical and organisational specifications for the digital storage of geographical data represented in the risk prevention plans (RPPs). The major risks consist of the eight main natural hazards foreseeable in the national territory: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, terrain movements, coastal hazards, avalanches, forest fires, cyclones and storms, and four technological risks: the nuclear risk, the industrial risk, the risk of transport of dangerous materials and the risk of dam failure.The risk prevention plans (PPR) were established by the Law of 2 February 1995 on strengthening the protection of the environment. The PPR tool is part of the Law of 22 July 1987 on the organisation of civil security, the protection of the forest against fire and the prevention of major risks. The development of a RPP is the responsibility of the State. It is decided by the Prefect. Whether they are natural, technological or multi-risk, risk prevention plans have similarities. They contain three categories of information:• Regulatory mapping translates into a geographical delimitation of the territory concerned by the risk. This delimitation defines areas in which specific regulations apply. These regulations are easement and impose requirements varying according to the hazard level to which the area is exposed. The areas are represented on a zoning plan that fully covers the study area.• The hazards causing the risk are contained in hazard documents which can be inserted in the presentation report or annexed to the RPP. These documents are used to map the different levels of intensity of each hazard taken into account in the risk prevention plan.• The issues identified during the development of the PPR can also be annexed to the approved document in the form of maps.These similarities between the different types of RPPs and the desire to achieve a good level of standardisation of PPR data have led COVADIS to opt for a single data standard, sufficiently generic to process the different types of risk prevention plan (NRPP natural risk prevention plans, technological risk prevention plans PPRT)This data standard does not consist of a complete modelling of a risk plan dossier. The scope of this document is limited to geographical data in the RPPs, whether regulatory or not. Nor is the PPR standard intended to standardise knowledge of hazards.The challenge is to have a description for a homogeneous storage of PPR geographical data, since these data are of interest to several professions within the ministries responsible for agriculture, on the one hand, and ecology, and sustainable development, on the other.
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TwitterThis CNIG data standard concerns communal map documents (CCs). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterCC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedicationhttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
This CNIG data standard concerns communal map documents (CCs). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.
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TwitterThis CNIG data standard concerns local planning documents (LDPs) and land use plans (POSs that are PLU). This data standard provides a technical framework describing in detail how to dematerialise these town planning documents in a spatial database that can be used by a GIS tool and interoperable. This standard of data covers both the graphical plans of sectors and the information overlaying them. This CNIG data standard was developed on the basis of the specifications for the dematerialisation of planning documents created in 2012 by the CNIG, itself based on the consolidated version of the urban planning code dated 16 March 2012. The recommendations of these two documents are consistent even if their purpose is not the same. The CNIG data standard provides definitions and a structure for organising and storing spatial data from communal maps in an infrastructure, while the CNIG specifications are used to frame the digitisation of these data. The ‘Data Structure’ section presented in this CNIG standard provides additional recommendations for the storage of data files. These are specific choices for the common data infrastructure of the ministries responsible for agriculture and sustainable development, which do not apply outside their context.