Construction Output Price Indices (OPIs) from January 2014 to December 2024, UK. Summary.

When available, the names were derived from the literature. Otherwise, we gave arbitrary, descriptive names to unnamed BCIs to facilitate communication.

A desirable BCI is strongly correlated with ‘true’ body condition (i.e., percent fat, scaled fat, or residual fat) but is not correlated with size (i.e., SVL). Values with the greatest correlation coefficient for each column are italicized. Generally speaking, BCIs that are strongly correlated with percent fat are also strongly correlated with SVL in our dataset. Abbreviations for each of the BCIs are provided in Table 1.

We used several tests to test the hypotheses that: 1) the data are linear; 2) the variance is constant (i.e., homoscedastic); and 3) the frequency distribution of residuals is normal. For clarity, only p-values are reported. Most assumptions are met for regressions of log-transformed mass on log-transformed length, but regressions of mass on length cubed exhibited neither homoscedasticity nor normality. Abbreviations for each of the BCIs are provided in Table 1.

Body condition is a measure of the health and fitness of an organism represented by available energy stores, typically fat. Direct measurements of fat are difficult to obtain non-invasively, thus body condition is usually estimated by calculating body condition indices (BCIs) using mass and length. The utility of BCIs is contingent on the relationship of BCIs and fat, thereby validation studies should be performed to select the best-performing BCI before application in ecological investigations. We evaluated 11 BCIs in 883 Argentine black and white tegus (Salvator merianae) removed from their non-native range in South Florida, United States. Because the length-mass relationship in tegus is allometric, a segmented linear regression model was fit to the relationship between mass and length to define size classes. We evaluated percent, residual, and scaled fat and determined percent fat was the best measure of fat because it was the least associated with snout-vent length (SVL). We evaluat...

Body condition is a measure of the health and fitness of an organism represented by available energy stores, typically fat. Direct measurements of fat are difficult to obtain non-invasively, thus body condition is usually estimated by calculating body condition indices (BCIs) using mass and length. The utility of BCIs is contingent on the relationship of BCIs and fat, thereby validation studies should be performed to select the best performing BCI before application in ecological investigations. We evaluated 11 BCIs in 883 Argentine black and white tegus (Salvator merianae) removed from their non-native range in South Florida, United States. Because the length-mass relationship in tegus is allometric, a segmented linear regression model was fit to the relationship between mass and length to define size classes. We evaluated percent, residual, and scaled fat and determined percent fat was the best measure of fat, because it was the least-associated with snout-vent length (SVL). We evaluated performance of BCIs with the full dataset and within size classes and identified Fulton’s K as the best performing BCI for our sampled population, explaining up to 19% of the variation in fat content. Overall, we found that BCIs: 1) maintained relatively weak relationships with measures of fat and 2) splitting data into size classes reduced the strength of the relationship (i.e., bias) between percent fat and SVL but did not improve the performance of BCIs. We postulate that the weak performance of BCIs in our dataset was likely due to the weak association of fat with SVL, the body plan and life-history traits of tegus, and potentially inadequate accounting of available energy resources. We caution against assuming that BCIs are strong indicators of body condition across species and suggest that validation studies be implemented, or that alternative or complimentary measures of health or fitness should be considered.

The data in this file were extracted from 216 publications reported the relationships between body condition indices (BCIs) of fish and parasite infections (macro-parasite).

Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) based paradigm is a conventional BCI method with the advantages of high information transfer rate, high tolerance to artifacts and the robust performance across users. But the occurrence of mental load and fatigue when users stare at flickering stimuli is a critical problem in implementation of SSVEP-based BCIs. Based on electroencephalography (EEG) power indices α, θ, θ + α, ratio index θ/α and response properties of amplitude and SNR, this study quantitatively evaluated the mental load and fatigue in both of conventional flickering and the novel motion-reversal visual attention tasks. Results over nine subjects revealed significant mental load alleviation in motion-reversal task rather than flickering task. The interaction between factors of “stimulation type” and “fatigue level” also illustrated the motion-reversal stimulation as a superior anti-fatigue solution for long-term BCI operation. Taken together, our work provided an objective method favorable for the design of more practically applicable steady-state evoked potential based BCIs.

We tested three assumptions, whether 1) data are linear, 2) variance is constant (i.e., homoscedastic), and 3) frequency distribution of residuals are normal. Only p-values are reported.