This layer consists of a 1:250,000-scale polygon coverage containing depth-to-bedrock estimates used in preparing the GCSM for Wisconsin. The primary source for this data layer is a 1973 map at 1:1,000,000 scale published by the WGNHS and USGS. Where more recent information was available, the USGS updated the 50-foot and 100-foot contours of the depth-to-bedrock map at a scale of 1:250,000. Soil associations data, and other information,were used to add a 5-foot contour to the data layer.See the usage documentation (https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=e1e89ae505594459a46407f1daf4ad5d) and the Full report (https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=fd4d0c43abc04b4ab915586d9a0e89dd) for more information.

This layer consists of a polygon coverage at 1:500,000 scale with information about bedrock type used in the GCSM. Bedrock is the consolidated material that underlies the soils and surficial deposits; "bedrock type" is defined as type of the uppermost rock layer. Bedrock type is important in assessing an area's susceptibility to groundwater contamination, especially if the bedrock is located close to the land surface. The source for this layer is the set of 1:500,000-scale compilation sheets for a 1981 map of bedrock geology of Wisconsin published by the WGNHS. Because of the generalized nature of the GCSM project, bedrock types were grouped into 4 categories during automation of this data layer.See the usage documentation (https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=e1e89ae505594459a46407f1daf4ad5d) and the Full report (https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=fd4d0c43abc04b4ab915586d9a0e89dd) for more information.

This information represents a digital version of the polygon units shown on 'Bedrock Geologic Map of Wisconsin, 'originally published in 1982 at a scale of 1:1,000,000. The bedrock geology shown is a lithostratigraphic interpretation of the consolidated (rock) units present at the land surface or, in most areas, the first consolidated (rock) unit encountered beneath variable thicknesses of unconsolidated glacial sediment. The data include not only the distribution of the various bedrock units, but also a general description of the lithologic character and nomenclatural identification. This dataset provides users with a digital representation of the distribution of the bedrock units in Wisconsin and should not be used for site-specific geologic assessment.

Open-file report; contains unpublished data that has not yet been peer-reviewed.

This service is NOT for download but may be viewed in web maps and apps.Georeferenced Bedrock Geology of Wisconsin, West-Central Sheet, 1988. The Bedrock Geology of Wisconsin, West-Central Sheet was developed to provide a reliable, accurate and detailed representation of the state’s subsurface geology. It supports a variety of applications, including geological research, land-use planning, resource management, environmental conservation, education, public outreach, and policy development. By offering insights into the composition, structure, and distribution of bedrock formations, the map aids in identifying potential geological hazards and areas of scientific or ecological significance and helps planners, researchers, and decision-makers make informed choices.

The statewide geologic map symbol for each formation is standardized for consistency and can be found in the accompanying legend. The legend provides essential information, including formation names, lithologic descriptions, geologic age, and the symbology used in the dataset. This map and its data were developed by UW Extension-Geologic and Natural History Survey (WGNHS), B.A. Brown Visit WGNHS to search for WGNHS maps and contact WGNHS at info@wgnhs.wisc.edu with any questions about this map or data. The map was georeferenced for use in this service by the Wisconsin DNR Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, Water Use Section. For any questions contact the Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater GIS Analyst at DNRDGGISAPPS@wisconsin.gov. This data was mapped at a small scale (1:250,000), making it unsuitable for detailed local analysis or site-specific decision-making. Users are advised to consult local or higher-resolution datasets when conducting detailed analyses or making critical decisions.

This Open-File Report provides digital data (shapefiles and .e00 files) for the bedrock geology in the Port Wing, Solon Springs, and parts of the Duluth and Sandstone quadrangles in Wisconsin. A Miscellaneous Investigations Series map (I map) is currently in review with analogous data in paper format.

This map portrays the geology of part of the Midcontinent rift system (MRS) along the southern extension of the Lake Superior syncline in northern Wisconsin. The map area contains the St. Croix horst, a rift graben filled with Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Keweenawan Supergroup that was subsequently inverted. The horst exposes about 15 - 20 km of strata that record the opening of the Midcontinent rift, its subsequent transition to a thermal subsidence basin, and eventual inversion. About 3 km of underlying Mesoproterozoic strata, including the Gogebic iron range, and about 10 km of Neoarchean rocks, exposed in the southernmost part of the map area lie to the southeast of the horst.

The nearly flat-lying continental red beds of the Oronto and Bayfield Groups, the youngest strata of the Keweenawan Supergroup, overlie the volcanic rocks.

A wealth of geologic data exists for the area as a result of many individual studies over the last hundred years, but much has remained unpublished in theses, dissertations, and other reports of limited availability. This map has incorporated most of that data (see list of data sources) and includes results of our investigations conducted from 1992 to 2000. Our studies were designed to fill gaps in existing data and reconcile conflicting interpretations on some aspects of the geology of the region.

The purpose of this map is to complete digital coverage of quadrangles with significant exposure of rocks of the Midcontinent rift in Wisconsin and Michigan at a scale of 1:100,000.

[Summary provided by the USGS.]

This service is NOT for download but may be viewed in web maps and apps.Georeferenced Statewide Bedrock Geologic Map of Wisconsin, 1982. The Statewide Bedrock Geologic Map of Wisconsin was developed to provide a reliable, accurate and detailed representation of the state’s subsurface geology. It supports a variety of applications, including geological research, land-use planning, resource management, environmental conservation, education, public outreach, and policy development. By offering insights into the composition, structure, and distribution of bedrock formations, the map aids in identifying potential geological hazards and areas of scientific or ecological significance and helps planners, researchers, and decision-makers make informed choices.

The statewide geologic map symbol for each formation is standardized for consistency and can be found in the accompanying legend. The legend provides essential information, including formation names, lithologic descriptions, geologic age, and the symbology used in the dataset. This map and its data were developed by UW Extension-Geologic and Natural History Survey (WGNHS), Meredith E. Ostrom. Visit WGNHS Maps & Publications search for WGNHS maps and contact WGNHS at info@wgnhs.wisc.edu with any questions about this map or data. The map was georeferenced for use in this service by the Wisconsin DNR Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, Water Use Section. For any questions contact the Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater GIS Analyst at DNRDGGISAPPS@wisconsin.gov. This data was mapped at a very small scale (ranging from 1:5,000,000 to 1:500,000), making it unsuitable for detailed local analysis or site-specific decision-making. Users are advised to consult local or higher-resolution datasets when conducting detailed analyses or making critical decisions.

The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a program of bedrock geologic mapping in much of the central and western upper peninsula of Michigan and parts of Wisconsin from the 1940’s until the late 1990’s. Geologic studies in this region are hampered by a scarcity of bedrock exposures because of a nearly continuous blanket of unconsolidated sediments resulting from glaciation of the region during the Pleistocene ice ages. The USGS mapping, done largely at a scale of 1:24,000, routinely recorded the _location and extent of exposed bedrock to provide both an indication of where direct observations were made, and as a guide for future investigations to expedite _location of observable rock exposures. The locations of outcrops were generally shown as colored or patterned overlays on printed geologic maps. Although those maps have been scanned and are available as PDF files, no further digital portrayal of the outcrops has been done. We have conducted a prototype study of digitizing and improving locational accuracy of the outcrop locations in parts of Dickinson County, Michigan, to form a data layer that can be used with other data layers in GIS applications.

The hydrogeologic framework for the Lake Michigan Basin model was developed by grouping the bedrock geology of the study area into hydrogeologic units on the basis of the functioning of each unit as an aquifer or confining layer within the basin. Available data were evaluated based on the areal extent of coverage within the study area, and procedures were established to characterize areas with sparse data coverage. Top and bottom altitudes for each hydrogeologic unit were interpolated in a geographic information system for input to the model and compared with existing maps of subsurface formations. Fourteen bedrock hydrogeologic units, making up 17 bedrock model layers, were defined, and they range in age from the Jurassic Period red beds of central Michigan to the Cambrian Period Mount Simon Sandstone.

Each hydrogeologic unit is referred to as its model layer number as represented in the report U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Report 2009-5060 (SIR2009-5060). They are listed below for reference as to the model layer number, and the hydrogeoloigc unit name. Dataset values represent the bottom of the layer. LSD Land surface L1_3 Quaternary unit (Bottom of Quaternary unit is Layer 3 in the model) L4 Jurassic unit L5 Upper Pennsylvanian unit L6 Lower Pennsylvanian unit L7 Michigan Formation unit L8 Marshall Formation unit L9 Devonian-Mississippian unit L10_12 Silurian-Devonian unit (Bottom of Silurian-Devonian unit is Layer 12 in the model) L13 Maquoketa Formation unit L14 Sinnipee Formation unit L15 St. Peter Formation unit L16 Prairie du Chien-Franconia unit L17 Ironton-Galesville unit L18 Eau Claire unit L19_20 Mt Simon Formation unit (Bottom of Mt Simon Formation unit is Layer 20 in the model)

The Lake Michigan Basin groundwater model is discretized into a grid of 391 by 261 cells. The model has 20 layers: 3 that simulate the glacial and unconsolidated sediments and 17 that simulate the bedrock units. The model provides additional detail in the area of greatest interest, in this case, the Lake Michigan Basin, by use of smaller grid spacing in the innermost model domain compared with the grid spacing at the model boundaries. The smallest interior grid cells are 5,000 by 5,000 ft. At the model boundaries, the size of grid cells reaches approximately 68,930 ft (13 mi) from north to south by 116,490 ft (22 mi) from east to west. The grid cells each have values for the altitude to the bottom of each layer. The layer numbers are from top to bottom of the aquifer system. Three hydrogeologic units are represented by the multiple layers

This service is NOT for download but may be viewed in web maps and apps.Georeferenced Bedrock Geology of Wisconsin, Northwest Sheet, 1987. The Bedrock Geology of Wisconsin, Northwest Sheet was developed to provide a reliable, accurate and detailed representation of the state’s subsurface geology. It supports a variety of applications, including geological research, land-use planning, resource management, environmental conservation, education, public outreach, and policy development. By offering insights into the composition, structure, and distribution of bedrock formations, the map aids in identifying potential geological hazards and areas of scientific or ecological significance and helps planners, researchers, and decision-makers make informed choices.

The statewide geologic map symbol for each formation is standardized for consistency and can be found in the accompanying legend. The legend provides essential information, including formation names, lithologic descriptions, geologic age, and the symbology used in the dataset. This map and its data were developed by UW Extension- Geologic and Natural History Survey (WGNHS), Meredith E. Ostrom. Visit WGNHS Maps & Publications to search for WGNHS maps and contact WGNHS at info@wgnhs.wisc.edu with any questions about this map or data. The map was georeferenced for use in this service by the Wisconsin DNR Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, Water Use Section. For any questions contact the Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater GIS Analyst at DNRDGGISAPPS@wisconsin.gov. This data was mapped at a small scale (1:250,000), making it unsuitable for detailed local analysis or site-specific decision-making. Users are advised to consult local or higher-resolution datasets when conducting detailed analyses or making critical decisions.

This data release contains water level data and analytical results from slug tests performed at 12 wells at Badger Army Ammunition Plant (BAAP), Sauk County, Wisconsin. Water-level data, representing the displacement and recovery of groundwater levels
with time in wells during slug tests, are provided in comma delimited files. Analytical results are provided in AQTESOLV files (*.aqt files) and *.pdf summary files.

This dataset provides information about the number of properties, residents, and average property values for Bedrock Flats Lane cross streets in Baileys Harbor, WI.

This digital map portrays the bedrock geology of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota taken from the most recent published regional compilations. Some minor modifications and generalizations have been made from the published maps. Information on mineral deposits of the three states is from the U.S. Geological Survey's Mineral Resource Data System (MRDS). Version 3.0 supercedes the original report released in 1997. It differs from the original map in having expanded attribute information assigned to geologic units and updated shoreline and state boundaries. The new attributes allow expanded capabilities for producing derivative maps for attributes including stratigraphy, lithology, and tectonic settings. The new shoreline and state bounaries offer greater geographic accuracy than the originally published version.

This dataset provides information about the number of properties, residents, and average property values for Bedrock Road cross streets in Portage, WI.

A GIS database of geologic units and structural features in Wisconsin, with lithology, age, data structure, and format written and arranged just like the other states.

Three groundwater flow models (KMS model, Pumping Test model, and Modified LMB model) were developed for the Kettle Moraine Springs State Fish Hatchery using the U.S. Geological Survey codes MODLOW-NWT, GWM-2005, MODFLOW-2005, and SEAWAT-2000. The KMS inset model was derived from a published USGS regional Lake Michigan Basin model, and was constructed to simulate groundwater pumping from the semi-confined Silurian bedrock aquifer. The LMB modified model is a version of the published Lake Michigan Basin model that was modified with aquifer parameters refined in an area around the hatchery. The Pumping Test model, was constructed to evaluate a pumping test conducted in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system and to simulate groundwater pumping from this deep bedrock aquifer at the hatchery.

Borehole geophysical logs were collected to characterize bedrock aquifers at three contamination sites located in California, Wisconsin, and New Jersey. The data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of Guelph from 2014 to 2015 as part of the U.S. Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) initiatives to apply geophysical methods at fractured-rock sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. Logs were collected in open boreholes completed in fractured rock. Each borehole was logged with natural gamma, electromagnetic induction, normal resistivity, single-point resistance, spontaneous potential, induced polarization, magnetic susceptibility, acoustic imaging, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. In addition, total volatile organic compound (TVOC) samples were extracted from solid core and collected at discrete locations that averaged every 0.5 to 1.0 foot along depth of the borehole. The borehole geophysical data are summarized for each of the sites. These data were used in a machine learning exercise that explored the relations between borehole log measurements and contaminant distribution.

Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) and magnetic survey data were collected during January and February 2021 over a distance of 3,170 line kilometers in northeast Wisconsin. These data were collected in support of an effort to improve estimates of depth to bedrock through a collaborative project between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP), and Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey (WGNHS). Data were acquired by SkyTEM Canada Inc. with the SkyTEM 304M time-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic system together with a Geometrics G822A cesium vapor magnetometer. The survey was acquired at a nominal flight height of 30 - 40 m above terrain along parallel flight lines oriented northwest-southeast with nominal line spacing of 0.5 miles (800 m). AEM data were inverted to produce models of electrical resistivity along flight paths, with typical depth of investigation up to about 300 m and 1 - 2 m near-surface resolution. Shallow resistivity transitions were used to estimate depth to bedrock across the survey area.

This is the supplementary data repository of the Paleobiology paper titled Bedrock Geological Map Predictions for Phanerozoic Fossil Occurrences. Geographically-explicit, taxonomically resolved fossil occurrences are necessary for reconstructing macroevolutionary patterns and for testing a wide range of hypotheses in the Earth and life sciences. Heterogeneity in the spatial and temporal distribution of fossil occurrences in the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) is attributable to several different factors, including turnover among biological communities, socioeconomic disparities in the intensity of paleontological research, and geological controls on the distribution and fossil yield of sedimentary deposits. Here we use the intersection of global geologic map data from Macrostrat and fossil collections in the PBDB to assess the extent to which the potentially fossil-bearing, surface-expressed sedimentary record has yielded fossil occurrences. We find a significant and moderately strong positive correlation between geologic map area and the number of fossil occurrences. This correlation is consistent regardless of map unit age and binning protocol, except at period level; the Neogene and Quaternary have non-marine map units covering large areas and yielding fewer occurrences than expected. The sedimentary record of North America and Europe yields significantly more fossil occurrences per sedimentary area than similarly-aged deposits in most of the rest of the world. However, geographic differences in area and age of sedimentary deposits lead to regionally different expectations for fossil occurrences. Using the sampling of surface-expressed sedimentary units in North America and Europe as a predictor for what might be recoverable from the surface-expressed sedimentary deposits of other regions, we find that the rest of the globe is approximately 45% as well sampled in the PBDB. Using age and area of bedrock and sampling in North America and Europe as a basis for prediction, we estimate that over 639 thousand occurrences from outside of these regions would need to be added to the PBDB to achieve global geological parity in sampling. In general, new terrestrial fossil occurrences are expected to have the greatest impact on macroevolutionary patterns.

The Groundwater Usage for Public Supply dataset contains attributes pertaining to groundwater use in the glaciated conterminous United States summarized by county. The attributes were computed from total groundwater usage by county compiled by Maupin and others (2010), and from inventories of water-use records for 71,267 public water-supply systems by Buchwald and others (in press). Source aquifers (Quaternary sediments or bedrock) were assigned for the public water-supply systems based on reported data (e.g., well construction records, aquifer delineation maps), or based on well depth and the Quaternary sediment thickness. Water usage rates are reported on an average annual, areal basis in units of millimeters per year, to facilitate comparison with estimated recharge rates from Westenbroek and others (in press).