Abstract

The 2005 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (2005 EDHS) is part of the worldwide MEASURE DHS project which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

The principal objective of the 2005 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, child mortality, adult and maternal mortality, children’s nutritional status, the utilization of maternal and child health services, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and prevalence of HIV/AIDS and anaemia.

The specific objectives are to: - collect data at the national level which will allow the calculation of key demographic rates; - analyze the direct and indirect factors which determine the level and trends of fertility; - measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice of women and men by method, urban-rural residence, and region; - collect high quality data on family health including immunization coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under five, and maternity care indicators including antenatal visits and assistance at delivery; - collect data on infant and child mortality and maternal and adult mortality; - obtain data on child feeding practices including breastfeeding and collect anthropometric measures to use in assessing the nutritional status of women and children; - collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and evaluate patterns of recent behaviour regarding condom use; - conduct haemoglobin testing on women age 15-49 and children under age five years in a subsample of the households selected for the survey to provide information on the prevalence of anaemia among women in the reproductive ages and young children; - collect samples for anonymous HIV testing from women and men in the reproductive ages to provide information on the prevalence of HIV among the adult population.

This information is essential for informed policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of programs on health in general and reproductive health in particular at both the national and regional levels. A long-term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of the Central Statistical Agency to plan, conduct, process, and analyse data from complex national population and health surveys. Moreover, the 2005 Ethiopia DHS provides national and regional estimates on population and health that are comparable to data collected in similar surveys in other developing countries. The first ever Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Ethiopia was conducted in the year 2000 as part of the worldwide DHS programme. Data from the 2005 Ethiopia DHS survey, the second such survey, add to the vast and growing international database on demographic and health variables.

Wherever possible, the 2005 EDHS data is compared with data from the 2000 EDHS. In addition, where applicable, the 2005 EDHS is compared with the 1990 NFFS, which also sampled women age 15-49. Husbands of currently married women were also covered in this survey. However, for security and other reasons, the NFFS excluded from its coverage Eritrea, Tigray, Asseb, and Ogaden autonomous regions. In addition, fieldwork could not be carried out for Northern Gondar, Southern Gondar, Northern Wello, and Southern Wello due to security reasons. Thus, any comparison between the EDHS and the NFFS has to be interpreted with caution.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2005 EDHS sample was designed to provide estimates for the health and demographic variables of interest for the following domains: Ethiopia as a whole; urban and rural areas of Ethiopia (each as a separate domain); and 11 geographic areas (9 regions and 2 city administrations), namely: Tigray; Affar; Amhara; Oromiya; Somali; Benishangul-Gumuz; Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP); Gambela; Harari; Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. In general, a DHS sample is stratified, clustered and selected in two stages. In the 2005 EDHS a representative sample of approximately 14,500 households from 540 clusters was selected. The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 540 clusters (145 urban and 395 rural) were selected from the list of enumeration areas (EA) from the 1994 Population and Housing Census sample frame.

In the census frame, each of the 11 administrative areas is subdivided into zones and each zone into weredas. In addition to these administrative units, each wereda was subdivided into convenient areas called census EAs. Each EA was either totally urban or rural and the EAs were grouped by administrative wereda. Demarcated cartographic maps as well as census household and population data were also available for each census EA. The 1994 Census provided an adequate frame for drawing the sample for the 2005 EDHS. As in the 2000 EDHS, the 2005 EDHS sampled three of seven zones in the Somali Region (namely, Jijiga, Shinile and Liben). In the Affar Region the incomplete frame used in 2000 was improved adding a list of villages not previously included, to improve the region's representativeness in the survey. However, despite efforts to cover the settled population, there may be some bias in the representativeness of the regional estimates for both the Somali and Affar regions, primarily because the census frame excluded some areas in these regions that had a predominantly nomadic population.

The 540 EAs selected for the EDHS are not distributed by region proportionally to the census population. Thus, the sample for the 2005 EDHS must be weighted to produce national estimates. As part of the second stage, a complete household listing was carried out in each selected cluster. The listing operation lasted for three months from November 2004 to January 2005. Between 24 and 32 households from each cluster were then systematically selected for participation in the survey.

Because of the way the sample was designed, the number of cases in some regions appear small since they are weighted to make the regional distribution nationally representative. Throughout this report, numbers in the tables reflect weighted numbers. To ensure statistical reliability, percentages based on 25 to 49 unweighted cases are shown in parentheses and percentages based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases are suppressed.

Note: See detailed sample implementation table in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

In order to adapt the standard DHS core questionnaires to the specific socio-cultural settings and needs in Ethiopia, its contents were revised through a technical committee composed of senior and experienced demographers of PHCCO. After the draft questionnaires were prepared in English, copies of the household, women’s and men’s questionnaires were distributed to relevant institutions and individual researchers for comments. A one-day workshop was organized on November 22, 2004 at the Ghion Hotel in Addis Ababa to discuss the contents of the questionnaire. Over 50 participants attended the national workshop and their comments and suggestions collected. Based on these comments, further revisions were made on the contents of the questionnaires. Some additional questions were included at the request of MOH, the Fistula Hospital, and USAID. The questionnaires were finalized in English and translated into the three main local languages: Amharic, Oromiffa and Tigrigna. In addition, the DHS core interviewer’s manual for the Women’s and Men’s Questionnaires, the supervisor’s and editor’s manual, and the HIV and anaemia field manual were modified and translated into Amharic.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor and roof of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. In addition, this questionnaire was used to record height and weight measurements of women age 15-49 and children under the age of five, households eligible for collection of blood samples, and the respondents’ consent to voluntarily give blood samples.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 years and covered the following topics. - Household and respondent characteristics - Fertility levels and preferences - Knowledge and use of family planning - Childhood mortality - Maternity care - Childhood illness, treatment, and preventative actions - Anaemia levels among women and children - Breastfeeding practices - Nutritional status of women and young children - Malaria prevention and treatment - Marriage and sexual activity - Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and STIs - Harmful traditional practices - Maternal mortality

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 years living in every second household in the sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected similar information contained in the Women’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain questions on reproductive

Abstract

The principal objective of the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behavior, child mortality, children’s nutritional status, the utilization of maternal and child health services, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. This information is essential for informed policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of programs on health in general and reproductive health in particular at both the national and regional levels. A long-term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of the Central Statistical Authority to plan, conduct, process, and analyze data from complex national population and health surveys. Moreover, the 2000 Ethiopia DHS is the first survey of its kind in the country to provide national and regional estimates on population and health that are comparable to data collected in similar surveys in other developing countries. As part of the worldwide DHS project, the Ethiopia DHS data add to the vast and growing international database on demographic and health variables. The Ethiopia DHS collected demographic and health information from a nationally representative sample of women and men in the reproductive age groups 15-49 and 15-59, respectively.

The Ethiopia DHS was carried out under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and was implemented by the Central Statistical Authority. ORC Macro provided technical assistance through its MEASURE DHS+ project. The survey was principally funded by the Essential Services for Health in Ethiopia (ESHE) project through a bilateral agreement between the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Funding was also provided by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The Ethiopia DHS used the sampling frame provided by the list of census enumeration areas (EAs) with population and household information from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. A proportional sample allocation was discarded because this procedure yielded a distribution in which 80 percent of the sample came from three regions, 16 percent from four regions and 4 percent from five regions. To avoid such an uneven sample allocation among regions, it was decided that the sample should be allocated by region in proportion to the square root of the region's population size. Additional adjustments were made to ensure that the sample size for each region included at least 700 households, in order to yield estimates with reasonable statistical precision.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The Ethiopia DHS used three questionnaires: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire, which were based on model survey instruments developed for the international MEASURE DHS+ project. The questionnaires were specifically geared toward obtaining the kind of information needed by health and family planning program managers and policymakers. The model questionnaires were then adapted to local conditions and a number of additional questions specific to on-going health and family planning programs in Ethiopia were added. These questionnaires were developed in the English language and translated into the five principal languages in use in the country: Amarigna, Oromigna, Tigrigna, Somaligna, and Afarigna. They were then independently translated back to English and appropriate changes were made in the translation of questions in which the back-translated version did not compare well with the original English version. A pretest of all three questionnaires was conducted in the five local languages in November 1999.

All usual members in a selected household and visitors who stayed there the previous night were enumerated using the Household Questionnaire. Specifically, the Household Questionnaire obtained information on the relationship to the head of the household, residence, sex, age, marital status, parental survivorship, and education of each usual resident or visitor. This information was used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. Women age 15-49 in all selected households and all men age 15-59 in every fifth selected household, whether usual residents or visitors, were deemed eligible, and were interviewed. The Household Questionnaire also obtained information on some basic socioeconomic indicators such as the number of rooms, the flooring material, the source of water, the type of toilet facilities, and the ownership of a variety of durable items. Information was also obtained on the use of impregnated bednets, and the salt used in each household was tested for its iodine content. All eligible women and all children born since Meskerem 1987 in the Ethiopian Calendar, which roughly corresponds to September 1994 in the Gregorian Calendar, were weighed and measured.

The Women’s Questionnaire collected information on female respondent’s background characteristics, reproductive history, contraceptive knowledge and use, antenatal, delivery and postnatal care, infant feeding practices, child immunization and health, marriage, fertility preferences, and attitudes about family planning, husband’s background characteristics and women’s work, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

The Men’s Questionnaire collected information on the male respondent’s background characteristics, reproduction, contraceptive knowledge and use, marriage, fertility preferences and attitudes about family planning, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STIs.

Response rate

A total of 14,642 households were selected for the Ethiopia DHS, of which 14,167 were found to be occupied. Household interviews were completed for 99 percent of the occupied households. A total of 15,716 eligible women from these households and 2,771 eligible men from every fifth household were identified for the individual interviews. The response rate for eligible women is slightly higher than for eligible men (98 percent compared with 94 percent, respectively). Interviews were successfully completed for 15,367 women and 2,607 men.

There is no difference by urban-rural residence in the overall response rate for eligible women; however, rural men are slightly more likely than urban men to have completed an interview (94 percent and 92 percent, respectively). The overall response rate among women by region is relatively high and ranges from 93 percent in the Affar Region to 99 percent in the Oromiya Region. The response rate among men ranges from 83 percent in the Affar Region to 98 percent in the Tigray and Benishangul-Gumuz regions.

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table A.1.1 and Table A.1.2 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the Ethiopia DHS to minimise this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the Ethiopia DHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the Ethiopia DHS sample is the result of a two-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the Ethiopia DHS is the ISSA Sampling Error Module (SAMPERR). This module used the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

Note: See detailed estimate of sampling error calculation in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age

Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of under-five children in Ethiopia.

Socio- demographic characteristic of the respondents in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Assosa, Ethiopia 2020.

Abstract

The 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) under the auspices of the Ministry of Health.

The principal objective of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, child mortality, adult and maternal mortality, children’s nutritional status, use of maternal and child health services, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and prevalence of HIV/AIDS and anaemia. The specific objectives are these: - Collect data at the national level that will allow the calculation of key demographic rates; - Analyse the direct and indirect factors that determine fertility levels and trends; - Measure the levels of contraceptive knowledge and practice of women and men by family planning method, urban-rural residence, and region of the country; - Collect high-quality data on family health, including immunisation coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under ge five, and maternity care indicators, including antenatal visits and assistance at delivery; - Collect data on infant and child mortality and maternal mortality; - Obtain data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and collect anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of women and children; - Collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and evaluate patterns of recent behaviour regarding condom use; - Conduct haemoglobin testing on women age 15-49 and children 6-59 months to provide information on the prevalence of anaemia among these groups; - Carry out anonymous HIV testing on women and men of reproductive age to provide information on the prevalence of HIV.

This information is essential for informed policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of programmes on health in general and reproductive health in particular at both the national and regional levels. A long-term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of the Central Statistical Agency to plan, conduct, process, and analyse data from complex national population and health surveys.

Moreover, the 2011 EDHS provides national and regional estimates on population and health that are comparable to data collected in similar surveys in other developing countries and to Ethiopia’s two previous DHS surveys, conducted in 2000 and 2005. Data collected in the 2011 EDHS add to the large and growing international database of demographic and health indicators.

The survey was intentionally planned to be fielded at the beginning of the last term of the MDG reporting period to provide data for the assessment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

The survey interviewed a nationally representative population in about 18,500 households, and all women age 15-49 and all men age 15-59 in these households. In this report key indicators relating to family planning, fertility levels and determinants, fertility preferences, infant, child, adult and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, women’s empowerment, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS are provided for the nine regional states and two city administrations. In addition, this report also provides data by urban and rural residence at the country level.

Major stakeholders from various government, non-government, and UN organizations have been involved and have contributed in the technical, managerial, and operational aspects of the survey.

Geographic coverage

A nationally representative sample of 17,817 households was selected.

Universe

All women 15-49 who were usual residents or who slept in the selected households the night before the survey were eligible for the survey. A male survey was also conducted. All men 15-49 who were usual residents or who slept in the selected households the night before the survey were eligible for the male survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2011 EDHS was designed to provide population and health indicators at the national (urban and rural) and regional levels. The sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Ethiopia's 11 geographic/administrative regions (the nine regional states and two city administrations). The 2007 Population and Housing Census, conducted by the CSA, provided the sampling frame from which the 2011 EDHS sample was drawn.

Administratively, regions in Ethiopia are divided into zones, and zones, into administrative units called weredas. Each wereda is further subdivided into the lowest administrative unit, called kebele. During the 2007 census each kebele was subdivided into census enumeration areas (EAs), which were convenient for the implementation of the census. The 2011 EDHS sample was selected using a stratified, two-stage cluster design, and EAs were the sampling units for the first stage. The sample included 624 EAs, 187 in urban areas and 437 in rural areas.

Households comprised the second stage of sampling. A complete listing of households was carried out in each of the 624 selected EAs from September 2010 through January 2011. Sketch maps were drawn for each of the clusters, and all conventional households were listed. The listing excluded institutional living arrangements and collective quarters (e.g., army barracks, hospitals, police camps, and boarding schools). A representative sample of 17,817 households was selected for the 2011 EDHS. Because the sample is not self-weighting at the national level, all data in this report are weighted unless otherwise specified.

In the Somali region, in 18 of the 65 selected EAs listed households were not interviewed for various reasons, such as drought and security problems, and 10 of the 65 selected EAs were not listed due to security reasons. Therefore, the data for Somali may not be totally representative of the region as a whole. However, national-level estimates are not affected, as the percentage of the population in the EAs not covered in the Somali region is proportionally very small.

SAMPLING FRAME

The sampling frame used for 2011 EDHS is the Population and Housing Census (PHC) conducted in 2007 provided by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2008). CSA has an electronic file consisting of 81,654 Enumeration Areas (EA) created for the 2007 census in 10 of its 11 geographic regions. An EA is a geographic area consisting of a convenient number of dwelling units which served as counting unit for the census. The frame file contains information about the location, the type of residence, and the number of residential households for each of the 81,654 EAs. Sketch maps are also available for each EA which delimitate the geographic boundaries of the EA. The 2007 PHC conducted in the Somali region used a different methodology due to difficulty of access. Therefore, the sampling frame for the Somali region is in a different file and in different format. Due to security concerns in the Somali region, in the beginning it was decided that 2011 EDHS would be conducted only in three of nine zones in the Somali region: Shinile, Jijiga, and Liben, same as in the 2000 and 2005 EDHS. However, a later decision was made to include three other zones: Afder, Gode and Warder. This was the first time that these three zones were included in a major nationwide survey such as the 2011 EDHS. The sampling frame for the 2011 EDHS consists of a total of 85,057 EAs.

The sampling frame excluded some special EAs with disputed boundaries. These EAs represent only 0.1% of the total population.

Ethiopia is divided into 11 geographical regions. Each region is sub-divided into zones, each zone into Waredas, each Wareda into towns, and each town into Kebeles. Among the 85,057 EAs, 17,548 (21 percent) are in urban areas and 67,509 (79 percent) are in rural areas. The average size of EA in number of households is 169 in an urban EA and 180 in a rural EA, with an overall average of 178 households per EA. Table A.2 shows the distributions of households in the sampling frame, by region and residence. The data show that 81 percent of the Ethiopia’s households are concentrated in three regions: Amhara, Oromiya and SNNP, while 4 percent of all households are in the five smallest regions: Afar, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambela, Harari and Dire Dawa.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The 2011 EDHS used three questionnaires: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from model survey instruments developed for the MEASURE DHS project to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. Issues were identified at a series of meetings with the various stakeholders. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into three major languages—Amharigna, Oromiffa, and Tigrigna.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors of selected households. Basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The data on the age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, and ownership of various consumer

Abstract

Poverty is a major concern and an important issue in Ethiopia. It is a chronic problem exacerbated by war, draught and inappropriate policies. According to analyze of the combined 1995-1996 Household Budget Survey and the 1996 Welfare Monitoring Survey 45.5 percent of the population were falling the poverty line. About 47.5 percent of the rural population fell below the poverty line while the corresponding figure for the urban population was 33.2 percent.

As in the case of a number of African countries which undertook the Social Dimensions of Adjustment (SDA) program, the issue of welfare monitoring in Ethiopia arose as part of the Economic Reform Program (ERP) currently being undertaken in the country. The ERP specifically and strongly underlies the effects of the reform program on poverty and the analytical capacity of the government to monitor such effects. To this end, a Welfare Monitoring System (WMS) was set up by the government by mid 1994.

In view of the wider context of the problem, the establishment of the WMS, as justified above, is envisaged to consist major elements such as establishing an information system that provides a continuous picture of the poverty scenario in the country, indicate the impact of reform programs on the level of household welfare, establish follow-up procedures on the various programs and activities targeted towards poverty alleviation and conduct regular statistical surveys to assess in particular the efficiency of targeted programs.

The WMS places emphasis on six basic needs indicators. These are health, education, anthropometry, access to selected facilities/services, amenities and assets. However, the distribution of household domestic expenditure was obtained by recall interview with reference periods of the last month previous the day of the interview. These WMS data were classified by expenditure quintile and used as back ground variable for tabulation.

Objectives of the Welfare Monitoring System The WMS which involves various ministries and the Central Statistical Authority (CSA) is established with the following objectives a) Provide baseline data on existing poverty situation and establish a system of information gathering on relevant key indicators; b) Identify poor and vulnerable groups that could be the focus of targeted intervention programs; c) Undertake periodic surveys and researches to evaluate targeted programs; d) Assess the short and medium term effects of macroeconomics and sectional policies and programs on the poor; e) Produce conclusive reports and suggestions needed for due attention by the government and concerned implementing agencies.

Geographic coverage

The 1998 (1990 E.C.) Welfare Monitoring Survey covered the population in sedentary areas of the country on a sample basis excluding the non-sedentary population in Afar and Somali Regions. That is the survey covered the population on sedentary areas of all regions that included the rural and selected urban areas.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individual (including adult women aged 15 and above, children aged 5 and below)

Universe

The survey covered all population in the selected samples except residents of collective quarters, homeless persons and foreigners.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLE DESIGN The 1998 (1990 E.C) Welfare Monitoring Survey covered both urban and rural areas of the country, except six zones in Somali region and two zones in Afar region. For the purpose of the survey, the country was divided into three categories. Urban areas were divided into two broad categories taking into account sizes of their population. Rural areas were also grouped into one category.

Category I: All region capitals and five urban centers with a population of 100,000 and over were grouped in this category. Each urban center in this category was the survey domain (reporting level) for which separate survey results for major survey characteristics were reported.

Category II: Urban centers in the country other than the fifteen urban centers in category I were grouped in this category. There were four domains (reporting levels) in this category, namely; a) Other urban Amhara (excluding Gondar, Bahr Dar, Dessie) b) Other urban Oromiya (excluding Jima, Nazreth, Debre Zeit) c) Other urban SNNP (excluding Awasa) d) Other urban (excluding all urban centers in Category I and those in a, b and c in Category II)

Other than the nineteen domains (reporting levels) defined in Category I and Category II, three additional domains can be constructed by combining basic domains form the first two categories. These domains are: i) Urban Amhara ii) Urban Oromiya iii) Urban SNNP

Category III: Rural areas of 44 zones and 5 special weredas in seven regions and rural areas of Gambella, Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa regions were grouped in this category each of which were the survey domains (reporting levels). The seven regions are Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromiya, Somali, Benishangul-Gumuz and SNNP.

All in all 54 basic rural domains (reporting levels) including total rural (country level) were defined for the survey. In addition to the above urban and rural domains, survey results can be reported at regional and country levels by aggregating the survey results for corresponding urban and rural areas.

Definition of the survey domains was based on both technical and resource considerations. More specifically, sample size for the domains were determined to enable provision of major indicators with reasonable precision subject to the resources that were available for the survey.

SELECTION SCHEME AND SAMPLE SIZS Category I: Stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample in which the primary sampling units (PSUs) were enumeration areas (EAs). Sample EAs from each domain were selected using systematic probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. In this category, a total pf 325 urban EAs werw selected. Within each sample EA, fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work and the survey questionnaire was administered to 25 systematically selected households within each of the sample EAs.

Category II: Three-stage stratified sample design was adopted to select the sample from the domains in category II. The PSUs were urban centers selected using Systematic Probability Proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. The secondary sampling units (SSUs) were EAs which were selected using Systematic Probability Proportional to Size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 population and housing census. In this category, a total of 122 EAs were selected. Number of sample SSUs selected form each of the sample urban centers was determined by proportional allocation to their household population form the 1994 Population and Housing Census. Ultimately, 25 households within each of the sample EAs were selected systematically from a fresh list of household prepared at the beginning of the survey's field work for the administration of the survey questionnaire.

Category III: A stratified two-stage sample design was used to select the sample in which the PSus were EAs. Sample from each domain was selected using systematic probability proportional to size; size being number of households obtained from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. A total of 1380 rural EAs were selected from category III. Within each sample EA a fresh list of households was prepared at the beginning of the survey's fieldwork and the survey questionnaire was administered to 25 systematically selected household per sample EA.

Note: The distribution of the sample units by domain (reporting levels) and category is given in the 1998 Welfare Monitoring Survey report in Summary Tables 2A and 2B.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Basically there are two types of questionnaires; one referring to individual household members and the other pertaining to households in general. 1. Schedules on individual basis are questionnaires on basic population characteristics, health, education, on nutritional status of the children (anthropometric measurements) and immunization. 2. Household-based questionnaires include modules on housing amenities, accessibility of basic facilities such as food market, post office and telephone, possession of household asset and schedule on living standard indicators with respect to basic necessities (food, clothing and shelter). Proxy measure of household expenditure is also included in WMS questionnaires to hint at the economic situation of households

Here are list of forms of the questionnaires: Form 1: Economic and Demographic Characteristics of the Households Form 2A: Health Form 2B: Education Form 3A: Housing Amenities Form 3B: Access to Facilities Form 4A: Property and Land Form 4B: Household Assets Form 5A: Household Expenditure Form 5B: Household Income

Cleaning operations

After the completion of the fieldwork the filled-in questionnaires were retrieved from the branch statistical offices for data processing. The first stage of data processing activity was begun by training data editors and coders at the head office by subject matter department professional staffs. About 55 editors-coders and 8 verifiers took part in the manual editing, coding and verification activities, which lasted for about a month. Edited and coded questionnaires then captured into computer using data entry program which was develop by data processing department. The data entry activities

The perinatal mortality among pregnant women by socio-demographic and economic characteristics in emerging regions, Ethiopia, 2016.

Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants of the baseline, midline and endline surveys, Assosa zone, Ethiopia, 2017–2018.