4,244 people per square kilometer lived in Berlin in 2023. This was an increase compared to the previous year at 4,214. The population density has been increasing slowly during the specified period.

This dataset features three gridded population dadasets of Germany on a 10m grid. The units are people per grid cell.

Datasets

DE_POP_VOLADJ16: This dataset was produced by disaggregating national census counts to 10m grid cells based on a weighted dasymetric mapping approach. A building density, building height and building type dataset were used as underlying covariates, with an adjusted volume for multi-family residential buildings.

DE_POP_TDBP: This dataset is considered a best product, based on a dasymetric mapping approach that disaggregated municipal census counts to 10m grid cells using the same three underyling covariate layers.

DE_POP_BU: This dataset is based on a bottom-up gridded population estimate. A building density, building height and building type layer were used to compute a living floor area dataset in a 10m grid. Using federal statistics on the average living floor are per capita, this bottom-up estimate was created.

Please refer to the related publication for details.

Temporal extent

The building density layer is based on Sentinel-2 time series data from 2018 and Sentinel-1 time series data from 2017 (doi: http://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.920894)

The building height layer is representative for ca. 2015 (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4066295)

The building types layer is based on Sentinel-2 time series data from 2018 and Sentinel-1 time series data from 2017 (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4601219)

The underlying census data is from 2018.

Data format

The data come in tiles of 30x30km (see shapefile). The projection is EPSG:3035. The images are compressed GeoTiff files (*.tif). There is a mosaic in GDAL Virtual format (*.vrt), which can readily be opened in most Geographic Information Systems.

Further information

For further information, please see the publication or contact Franz Schug (franz.schug@geo.hu-berlin.de).
A web-visualization of this dataset is available here.

Publication

Schug, F., Frantz, D., van der Linden, S., & Hostert, P. (2021). Gridded population mapping for Germany based on building density, height and type from Earth Observation data using census disaggregation and bottom-up estimates. PLOS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249044

Acknowledgements

Census data were provided by the German Federal Statistical Offices.

Funding
This dataset was produced with funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950).

4.193,2 (Persons per sq km) in 2016.

Population density [inhabitants/ha] on the basis of blocks and partial block areas on the map 1 : 5,000 (ISU5, spatial reference environmental atlas 2010).

In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Germany was split into four zones, each administered by France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union respectively. In 1949, the Soviet-controlled zone formed the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), while the rest became the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). In this time, Berlin was also split into four zones, and the three non-Soviet zones formed West Berlin, which was a part of West Germany (although the West's administrative capital was moved to Bonn). One population grows, while the other declines Between 1949 and 1961, an estimated 2.7 million people migrated from East to West Germany. East Germany had a communist government with a socialist economy and was a satellite state of the Soviet Union, whereas West Germany was a liberal democracy with a capitalist economy, and western autonomy increased over time. Because of this difference, West Germany was a much freer society with more economic opportunities. During the German partition, the population of the west grew, from 51 million in 1950 to 62.7 million in 1989, whereas the population of East Germany declined from 18.4 million to just 16.4 million during this time. Little change after reunification In 1989, after four decades of separation, the process of German reunification began. The legal and physical barriers that had split the country were removed, and Germans could freely travel within the entire country. Despite this development, population growth patterns did not change. The population of the 'new states' (East Germany) continued to decline, whereas the population of the west grew, particularly in the 1990s, the first decade after reunification. The reasons for this continued imbalance between German population in the east and west, is mostly due to a low birth rate and internal migration within Germany. Despite the fact that levels of income and unemployment in the new states have gotten closer to those reported for the west (a major obstacle after reunification), life and opportunities in the west continue to attract young Germans from rural areas in the east with detrimental effect on the economy and demography of the new states.

Population density in inhabitants/ha based on the block map 1 : 5,000 (ISU5, spatial reference environmental atlas 2015), as of December 31, 2018.

Population density [inhabitants/ha] 2020 at the level of the block and sub-block areas on the map 1: 5,000 (ISU5, spatial reference environmental atlas 2015).

Abstract: Recreational green spaces are associated with human thriving and well-being. During the COVID-19 pandemic a spotlight has been shed on the importance of these spaces such as recreational green in close proximity to the place of residence. In a novel approach, we apply a multiscale analysis using different density measurements, correlations between density and green space, as well as the influence of architectural form and spatial structures to understand the accessibility of recreational green on the micro-scale of a building block. For this purpose, we use geospatial-data analysis and in-depth neighborhood studies to compare two cities in Asia and Europe revealing different ways of organizing density in the built environment and identifying a derivation of approaches for sustainable development in dense urban regions. The geodatabase includes information on building footprints, derived settlement units and core urban areas for the Berlin-Brandenburg urban region and Qingdao urban region and population grid. Vegetation has been isolated from satellite images using NDVI for both study regions, neighborhood site borders, neighborhood site buildings, neighborhood site vegetation and calculated green densities. The research was done by SpACE Lab at ISU (TU Braunschweig) in collaboration with the College of Urban Planning (CAUP) at Tongji University Shanghai (China).

Population density [inhabitants/ha] at the level of the block and partial block areas of the map 1 : 5,000 (ISU5, spatial reference environmental atlas 2015).

Fractional vegetation cover dataset used in the study "Green growth? On the relation between population density, land use and vegetation cover fractions in a city using a 30-years Landsat time series".

Landsat satellite imagery (Landsat-5 TM (Thematic Mapper), Landsat-7 ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) and Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imager)) was acquired for seven years between 1988 and 2018. Imagery was pre-processed and a regression-based unmixing approach was performed in order to generate fraction maps of vegetated and non-vegetated surfaces. For complete method description please see:

Wellmann, T., Schug, F., Haase, D., Pfulgmacher, D., van der Linden, S. (2020). Green growth? On the relation between population density, land use and vegetation cover fractions in a city using a 30-years Landsat time series. Landscape and Urban Planning

Content

A dataset of counties that are representative for Germany with regard to

the average disposable income,

the quota of divorces,

the respective quotas of employees working in the services (excluding logistics, security, and cleaning) and the MINT sectors,

the proportions of age groups in the total proportion of the respective population, with age groups in five-year strata for the population aged between 30 and 65 and the population in the age range between 65 and 75 each considered separately for the calculation of representativeness.

In addition, data from the four big cities Berlin, München (Munich), Hamburg, and Köln (Cologne) were collected and reflected in the dataset.

The dataset is based on the most recent data available at the time of the creation of the dataset, mainly deriving from 2022, as set out in detail in the readme.md file.

Method applied

The selection of the representative counties, as reflected in the dataset, was performed on the basis of official statistics with the aim of obtaining a confidence rate of 95%. The selection was based on a principal component analysis of the statistical data available for Germany and the addition of the regions with the lowest population density and the highest and lowest per capita disposable income. A check of the representativity of the selected counties was performed.

In the case of Leipzig, the city and the district had to be treated together, in deviation from the official territorial division, with respect to a specific use case of the data.

Representation of the population density [inhabitants/ha] on the basis of blocks and partial block areas. Spatial reference ISU 5 (City and Environment Information System) as of December 31, 2010.

Change in the population density [inhabitants/ha] from 2019 compared to 2018 on the basis of block and block area on the map 1:5000 (ISU5, spatial reference environmental atlas 2015).

Population density [inhabitants/ha] and change in population density [inhabitants/ha] from 2020 compared to 2019 at the level of the block and partial block areas of the map 1 : 5,000 (ISU5, spatial reference environmental atlas 2015).

Food hubs (FHs) providing neighbourhoods with regional food from agroecological production are a promising concept for a sustainable food system transformation. However, their operationalization and scaling are still unclear. We developed a methodological approach that, for the first time, scales out FHs to an entire city (Berlin) based on a 15-min walking distance and socio-culturally oriented sub-districts as underlying spatial units. We considered the population density and the distance to organic groceries, public transportation and between FHs to estimate their most suitable locations. The results reveal an optimal allocation of 231 FHs covering 91% of the city's populated areas in a radius lower than 1 km and almost the entire city within a 1.5 km radius. We found this approach to be a meaningful way to plan the inner-city allocation of FHs from an integrative perspective and to adopt urban policies by considering the local specificities of each neighbourhood. The scaling out of agroecology-based regional FHs in Berlin allows for the creation of a sustainable city-region food system that increases the resilience of the metropolitan food environment. We generally propose a participative and integrative approach in order to realise this process.

Population density [inhabitants/ha] and change in population density [inhabitants/ha] from 2022 compared to 2021 at the level of the block and partial block areas of the map 1 : 5,000 (ISU5, spatial reference environmental atlas 2021).

This dataset features a map of building types for Germany on a 10m grid based on Sentinel-1A/B and Sentinel-2A/B time series. A random forest classification was used to map the predominant type of buildings within a pixel. We distinguish single-family residential buildings, multi-family residential buildings, commercial and industrial buildings and lightweight structures. Building types were predicted for all pixels where building density > 25 %. Please refer to the publication for details.

Temporal extent

Sentinel-2 time series data are from 2018. Sentinel-1 time series data are from 2017.

Data format

The data come in tiles of 30x30km (see shapefile). The projection is EPSG:3035. The images are compressed GeoTiff files (*.tif). Metadata are located within the Tiff, partly in the FORCE domain. There is a mosaic in GDAL Virtual format (*.vrt), which can readily be opened in most Geographic Information Systems. Building type values are categorical, according to the following scheme:

0 - No building

1 - Commercial and industrial buildings

2 - Single-family residential buildings

3 - Lightweight structures

4 - Multi-family residential buildings

Further information

For further information, please see the publication or contact Franz Schug (franz.schug@geo.hu-berlin.de).
A web-visualization of this dataset is available here.

Publication

Schug, F., Frantz, D., van der Linden, S., & Hostert, P. (2021). Gridded population mapping for Germany based on building density, height and type from Earth Observation data using census disaggregation and bottom-up estimates. PLOS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249044

Acknowledgements

The dataset was generated by FORCE v. 3.1 (paper, code), which is freely available software under the terms of the GNU General Public License v. >= 3. Sentinel imagery were obtained from the European Space Agency and the European Commission.

Funding
This dataset was produced with funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950).

Timeseries of structure and development of the former German Democratic Republic’s population. The aim of this data-collection is to inform about the population’s structure and development in the former GDR, including East-Berlin, from 1946 to 1989. Basis of the compilation is the published statistical population overview of the German Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt (hrsg.): Sonderreihe mit Beiträgen für das Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR. Heft 3: Bevölkerungsstatistische Übersichten 1946 bis 1989. Wiesbaden, 1993), completed by census data and scientific publications. The survey contains details on population and populationstructure (population-size, -growth, density, agegroups, etc.), on natural population movement (birth, decease, marriages, divorces), on spatial population movement (internal migration, migration beyond the borders of the former GDR), and on households. The datacompilation covers the following topics: A) population B) natural population movement C) households D) migration Topics: Data-Tables in the download-system HISTAT (Thema: Bevölkerung) A. Bevölkerungsstand: A01 Bevölkerungsstand und Bevölkerungsentwicklung (1939-1989) A02 Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A03 Männliche Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A04 Weibliche Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A05. Bevölkerungsgröße, Bevölkerungswachstum, Bevölkerungsdichte und Sexualproportion 1950- 1992 A06. Bevölkerung insgesamt, männlich und weiblich nach Ländern 1950-1998 A07. Fläche, Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung und Bevölkerungsdichte für 1950, 1964, 1971, 1981 A08. Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A09. Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A10. Bevölkerung ab 18 Jahre am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Familienstand und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A11. Fläche und Bevölkerung nach Bezirken 1950-1989 A12. Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht für die neuen Länder und Berlin Ost 1950-1990 A13 Bevölkerung nach Gemeindegrößenklassen (in 1000) 1950-1989 B. Natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung B01 Natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung 1946-1995 B02a Eheschließungen, durschnittliches Heiratsalter, Ehescheidungen 1946-1989 B02b Eheschließungen nach Familienstand der Partner vor Eheschließung 1946-1989 B03 Eheschließende, Ersteheschließende und Wiederverheiratete (insgesamt) 1946-1989 B04 Eheschließende nach Ersteheschließenden und Wiederverheirateten (je 100 Eheschließende) 1946-1989 B05 Eheschließende nach Familienstand vor der Eheschließung (insgesamt) 1946-1989 B06 Eheschließende nach Familienstand vor der Eheschließung (je 100 Eheschließende) 1946-1989 B07 Zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer nach Altersgruppen 1952-1989 B08 Das Reproduktionsniveau der Bevölkerung 1946-1989 B09 Durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung Neugeborener in Jahren 1946-1989 B10a Geborene, Lebendgeborene und Totgeborene nach Legitimität 1952-1989 B10b Lebend- und Totgeborene nach Geschlecht 1950-1989 B11 Zusammengefaßte Geburtenziffer nach Gemeindegrößenklassen (1965-1989) B12 Altersgruppenspezifische Sterbeziffern nach Geschlecht ( standardisiert) 1964-1989 B13a Gestorbene insgesamt und gestorbene Säuglinge nach Geschlecht (1946-1989) B13b Gestorbene nach ausgewählten Todesursachen und nach Geschlecht 1947-1989 B13c Gestorbene nach ausgewählten Krankheiten als Todesursachen und nach Geschlecht 1947-1989 B14 Gestorbene infolge Suizid- DDR 1947-1989 B15 Gestorbene infolge Suizid- BRD B16 Gestorbene infolge Mord und Totschlag- DDR 1949-1989 B17 Gestorbene infolge Mord und Totschlag- BRD / Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1961-1989) B18 Die Entwicklung der Fruchtbarkeitsziffern in den beiden Teilen Deutschlands (1946/50-1995) C. Haushalte C01 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgröße 1950-1981 C02 Personen in Privathaushalten und Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen 1950-1981 C03 Mehrpersonenhaushalte nach im Haushalt lebenden Kindern unter 17 Jahren 1950-1981 C04 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgroesse und nach Altersgruppen des Haushaltsvorstandes 1950 bis 1981 C05 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgroesse und nach Altersgruppen des maennlichen Haushaltsvorstandes 1950 bis 1981 D. Wanderung D01 Wanderung über die Grenzen der DDR 1951-1989 D02 Wanderung über die Grenzen der DDR nach Altersgruppen 1965-1989 D03 Binnenwanderungsgewinn bzw.- verlust (-) nach Gemeindegrößenklassen 1970-1989 D04 Saldo aus zu- und Fortzügen (-) über die Grenzen der ehemaligen DDR nach Gemeindegrößeklassen 1965-1989 D05 Binnenwanderung über die Gemeinde- bzw. Kreisgrenzen 1953-1989 Zeitreihen zur Struktur und Entwicklung der Bevölkerung in der ehemaligen DDR. Mit Hilfe der vorliegenden Datensammlung soll Auskunft über die Struktur und Entwicklung der Bevölkerung für das Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik, inklusive Berlin-Ost) von 1946 – 1989 gegeben werden. Grundlage dieser Kompilation ist im wesentlichen die vom Statistischen Bundesamt in Wiesbaden herausgegebene Bevölkerungsstatistische Übersicht (Statistisches Bundesamt (hrsg.): Sonderreihe mit Beiträgen für das Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR. Heft 3: Bevölkerungsstatistische Übersichten 1946 bis 1989. Wiesbaden, 1993), ergänzt durch Volkszählungsergebnisse sowie Informationen aus einzelnen wissenschaftlichen Publikationen. Der Datenüberblick berücksichtigt Angaben zu Bevölkerungsstand und –struktur (Bevölkerungsgröße, -wachtum, -dichte, Altersgruppen, etc.), der natürlichen Bevölkerungsbewegung (Geburten, Sterbefälle, Eheschließungen, Ehelösungen), der räumlichen Bevölkerungsbewegung (Binnenwanderungen, Wanderungen über die Grenze der ehemaligen DDR) sowie Angaben zu Privathaushalten. Die Angaben zur Bevölkerung sind Ergebnisse am Stichtag der Volkszählung oder basieren in den Folgejahren auf den durch die Erfassung der Lebendgeborenen und Gestorbenen in den Standesämtern sowie der An- und Abmeldungen in den polizeilichen Meldestellen fortgeschriebenen Ergebnissen der Volkszählung. Die Datenkompilation deckt folgende Bereiche ab: A) Bevölkerungsstand B) Natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung C) Haushalte D) Wanderung Themen: Verzeichnis der Datentabellen im Recherche- und Downloadsystem HISTAT (Thema: Bevölkerung) A. Bevölkerungsstand: A01 Bevölkerungsstand und Bevölkerungsentwicklung (1939-1989) A02 Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A03 Männliche Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A04 Weibliche Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen 1946-1989 A05. Bevölkerungsgröße, Bevölkerungswachstum, Bevölkerungsdichte und Sexualproportion 1950- 1992 A06. Bevölkerung insgesamt, männlich und weiblich nach Ländern 1950-1998 A07. Fläche, Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung und Bevölkerungsdichte für 1950, 1964, 1971, 1981 A08. Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A09. Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A10. Bevölkerung ab 18 Jahre am Ort der Hauptwohnung nach Familienstand und Geschlecht 1950-1981 A11. Fläche und Bevölkerung nach Bezirken 1950-1989 A12. Bevölkerung nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht für die neuen Länder und Berlin Ost 1950-1990 A13 Bevölkerung nach Gemeindegrößenklassen (in 1000) 1950-1989 B. Natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung B01 Natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung 1946-1995 B02a Eheschließungen, durschnittliches Heiratsalter, Ehescheidungen 1946-1989 B02b Eheschließungen nach Familienstand der Partner vor Eheschließung 1946-1989 B03 Eheschließende, Ersteheschließende und Wiederverheiratete (insgesamt) 1946-1989 B04 Eheschließende nach Ersteheschließenden und Wiederverheirateten (je 100 Eheschließende) 1946-1989 B05 Eheschließende nach Familienstand vor der Eheschließung (insgesamt) 1946-1989 B06 Eheschließende nach Familienstand vor der Eheschließung (je 100 Eheschließende) 1946-1989 B07 Zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer nach Altersgruppen 1952-1989 B08 Das Reproduktionsniveau der Bevölkerung 1946-1989 B09 Durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung Neugeborener in Jahren 1946-1989 B10a Geborene, Lebendgeborene und Totgeborene nach Legitimität 1952-1989 B10b Lebend- und Totgeborene nach Geschlecht 1950-1989 B11 Zusammengefaßte Geburtenziffer nach Gemeindegrößenklassen (1965-1989) B12 Altersgruppenspezifische Sterbeziffern nach Geschlecht ( standardisiert) 1964-1989 B13a Gestorbene insgesamt und gestorbene Säuglinge nach Geschlecht (1946-1989) B13b Gestorbene nach ausgewählten Todesursachen und nach Geschlecht 1947-1989 B13c Gestorbene nach ausgewählten Krankheiten als Todesursachen und nach Geschlecht 1947-1989 B14 Gestorbene infolge Suizid- DDR 1947-1989 B15 Gestorbene infolge Suizid- BRD B16 Gestorbene infolge Mord und Totschlag- DDR 1949-1989 B17 Gestorbene infolge Mord und Totschlag- BRD / Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1961-1989) B18 Die Entwicklung der Fruchtbarkeitsziffern in den beiden Teilen Deutschlands (1946/50-1995) C. Haushalte C01 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgröße 1950-1981 C02 Personen in Privathaushalten und Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen 1950-1981 C03 Mehrpersonenhaushalte nach im Haushalt lebenden Kindern unter 17 Jahren 1950-1981 C04 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgroesse und nach Altersgruppen des Haushaltsvorstandes 1950 bis 1981 C05 Privathaushalte nach Haushaltsgroesse und nach Altersgruppen des maennlichen Haushaltsvorstandes 1950 bis 1981 D. Wanderung D01 Wanderung über die Grenzen der DDR 1951-1989 D02 Wanderung über die Grenzen der DDR nach Altersgruppen 1965-1989 D03 Binnenwanderungsgewinn bzw.- verlust (-) nach Gemeindegrößenklassen 1970-1989 D04 Saldo aus zu- und Fortzügen (-) über die Grenzen der ehemaligen DDR nach Gemeindegrößeklassen 1965-1989 D05 Binnenwanderung über die Gemeinde- bzw. Kreisgrenzen 1953-1989

With this data compilation the authors J. Wahse et al. want to provide information about the demographic, economic and social processes in the new German Laender in the former GDR, mainly for the year of 1989 (and partly also for 1990). The data compilation comprises information on persons employed in the former GDR, their qualification, and the unemployment-rate by the new Laender (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt , Saxony, Thuringia, East-Berlin) and the area of the former GDR in total. To the point ‘employees in the former GDR by new Laender’ there are also 3 lont time-series The study is part of a more comprehensive survey, obtainable through the ZA-survey number ZA8189: Wahse and Jaeger: Datenreport DDR-Arbeitsmarkt, containing long time-series about employees in the former GDR from 1955 to 1989.

Topics: Data, send on request: - Total resident population and resident population at working age, - Resident population by municipal size, - Population density, - Natural population movement and population movement crossing the country´s frontiers, - Enterprises, blue and white colour worker by sectors of industry 1989, - Employees by occupational Status 1989, - Level of employment 1989, - Employees by economic sector 1989, - Employees in service sector, cultural and social institutions, 1989, - Blue-collar worker and white-collar worker by level of qualification, - Female part-time employees in total and by industrial sectors, - Unemployed and partially unemployed by counties of the former German Democratic Republic.

Tables available via the downloadsystem HISTAT: - persons employed in the former GDR according to federal states (1955-1989), - persons employed in the former GDR according to federal states: proportion in per cent (1955-1989), - persons employed in the former GDR according to economic sector and federal states: proportion in per cent (1955-1989).

Representation of the population density/ha based on the block mapping of the State Statistical Office, 1:50,000, as of 1994.