Code:

Packet_Features_Generator.py & Features.py

To run this code:

pkt_features.py [-h] -i TXTFILE [-x X] [-y Y] [-z Z] [-ml] [-s S] -j

-h, --help show this help message and exit -i TXTFILE input text file -x X Add first X number of total packets as features. -y Y Add first Y number of negative packets as features. -z Z Add first Z number of positive packets as features. -ml Output to text file all websites in the format of websiteNumber1,feature1,feature2,... -s S Generate samples using size s. -j

Purpose:

Turns a text file containing lists of incomeing and outgoing network packet sizes into separate website objects with associative features.

Uses Features.py to calcualte the features.

startMachineLearning.sh & machineLearning.py

To run this code:

bash startMachineLearning.sh

This code then runs machineLearning.py in a tmux session with the nessisary file paths and flags

Options (to be edited within this file):

--evaluate-only to test 5 fold cross validation accuracy

--test-scaling-normalization to test 6 different combinations of scalers and normalizers

Note: once the best combination is determined, it should be added to the data_preprocessing function in machineLearning.py for future use

--grid-search to test the best grid search hyperparameters - note: the possible hyperparameters must be added to train_model under 'if not evaluateOnly:' - once best hyperparameters are determined, add them to train_model under 'if evaluateOnly:'

Purpose:

Using the .ml file generated by Packet_Features_Generator.py & Features.py, this program trains a RandomForest Classifier on the provided data and provides results using cross validation. These results include the best scaling and normailzation options for each data set as well as the best grid search hyperparameters based on the provided ranges.

Data

Encrypted network traffic was collected on an isolated computer visiting different Wikipedia and New York Times articles, different Google search queres (collected in the form of their autocomplete results and their results page), and different actions taken on a Virtual Reality head set.

Data for this experiment was stored and analyzed in the form of a txt file for each experiment which contains:

First number is a classification number to denote what website, query, or vr action is taking place.

The remaining numbers in each line denote:

The size of a packet,

and the direction it is traveling.

negative numbers denote incoming packets

positive numbers denote outgoing packets

Figure 4 Data

This data uses specific lines from the Virtual Reality.txt file.

The action 'LongText Search' refers to a user searching for "Saint Basils Cathedral" with text in the Wander app.

The action 'ShortText Search' refers to a user searching for "Mexico" with text in the Wander app.

The .xlsx and .csv file are identical

Each file includes (from right to left):

The origional packet data,

each line of data organized from smallest to largest packet size in order to calculate the mean and standard deviation of each packet capture,

and the final Cumulative Distrubution Function (CDF) caluclation that generated the Figure 4 Graph.

The Japanese review site my-best.com had the highest bounce rate among the most visited retail websites in Japan in July 2024. Operated by mybest, Inc. and part of LY Corporation, the website had a bounce of nearly ** percent, while ranking as the ****** most visited retail website in the same month.

What is a high quality website? Over the years the whole SEO industry is talking about the need of producing high quality content and top experts came up with the clever quote ‘Content is king’, meaning that content is the success factor of any website. While this is true, does it mean that a website with good content is also a high quality website? The answer is NO. Good content is not enough. It is one of the factors (the most important) that separates low from high quality sites but good content alone does not complete the puzzle of what is considered by Google as a high quality website. Now you can get the high quality on high quality sites like Nytimes, Forbes etc. You can also buy Zeenews.india guest Post at a reasonable price from the best guest post service. What is SEO SEO is short for ‘Search Engine Optimization’. It refers to the process of increasing a websites traffic flow by optimizing several aspects of a website; such as your on-page SEO, technical SEO & off-site SEO,. Your SEO strategy should ideally be planned around your content strategy. For this you will require three elements, 1.) keywords, 2.) links and 3.) substance to piece your content strategy together. Guest Post on High quality sites can improve your SEO ranking. To improve ranking and boost ranking, buy Guest Post on Zeenews.india from the high quality guest post service. Characteristics of a high quality website A high quality website has the following characteristics: Unique content Content is unique both within the website itself (i.e. each page has unique content and not similar to other pages), but also compared to other websites. Demonstrate Expertise Content is produced by experts based on research and or experience. If for example the subject is health related, then the advice should be provided by qualified authors who can professionally give advice for the particular subject. Unbiased content Content is detail and describes both sides of a story and is not promoting a single product, idea or service. Accessibility A high quality website has versions for non PC users as well. It is important that mobile and tablet users can access the website without any usability issues. Usability Can the user navigate the website easily; is the website user friendly? Attention to detail Content is easy to read with images (if applicable) and free of spelling and grammar mistakes. Does it seem that the owner cares on what is published on the website or is it for the purpose of having content in order to run ads? SEO Optimized Optimizing a web site for search engines has many benefits but it is important not to overdo it. A good quality web site needs to have non-optimized content as well. This is my opinion and although some people may disagree it is a fact that over-optimization can sometimes generate the opposite results. The reason is that algorithms can sometimes interpret over-optimization as an attempt to game the system and they may take measures to prevent this from happening. Balance between content and ads It is not something bad for a website to have ads or promotions but these should not distract the users from finding the information they need. Speed A high quality website loads fast. A fast website will rank higher and create more conventions, sales and loyal readers. Social Social media changed our lives, the way we communicate but also the way we assess quality. It is expected for a good product to have good reviews, Facebook likes and Tweets. Before you make a decision to buy or not, you may examine these social factors as well. Likewise, It is also expected for a good website to be socially accepted and recognized i.e. have Facebook followers, RSS subscribers etc. User Engagement and Interaction Do users spend enough time on the site and read more than one pages before they leave? Do they interact with the content by adding comments, making suggestions, getting into conversations etc.? Better than the competition When you take a specific keyword, is your website better than your competitors? Does it deserve one of the top positions if judged without bias?

In 2023, most of the global website traffic was still generated by humans but bot traffic is constantly growing. Fraudulent traffic through bad bot actors accounted for 32 percent of global web traffic in the most recently measured period, representing an increase of 1.8 percent from the previous year. Sophistication of Bad Bots on the rise The complexity of malicious bot activity has dramatically increased in recent years. Advanced bad bots have doubled in prevalence over the past two years, indicating a surge in the sophistication of cyber threats. Simultaneously, simple bad bots saw a 6 percent increase compared to the previous year, suggesting a shift in the landscape of automated threats. Meanwhile, areas like entertainment, and law & government face the highest amount of advanced bad bots, with more than 78 percent of their bot traffic affected by evasive applications. Good and bad bots across industries The impact of bot traffic varies across different sectors. Bad bots accounted for over 57.2 percent of the gaming segment's web traffic. Meanwhile, almost half of the online traffic for telecom and ISPs was moved by malicious applications. However, not all bot traffic is considered bad. Some of these applications help index websites for search engines or monitor website performance, assisting users throughout their online search. Therefore, areas like entertainment, food and groceries, and financial services experienced notable levels of good bot traffic, demonstrating the diverse applications of benign automated systems across different sectors.

In November 2024, WhatsApp.com was the most engaging website worldwide, with users spending approximately 31 minutes and 17 seconds per visit on the website. YouTube.com was second in user engagement, with an average visit duration of 22 minutes and 24 minutes and 15 seconds. X.com, which ranks as the tenth most visited website worldwide, reported an average session length of 15 minutes and 26 seconds.

Imagine you click an ad on Facebook for a spiffy set of binoculars. The ad claims they are perfect for bird watchers like yourself. The link sends you to a product page on an ecommerce website. You see the same binoculars but no mention of birds. It seems like a great device, but you wonder […]

Compliance with proposed requirements for Indian websites, n (%).

Total visits to bestbuy.com peaked in November 2023 at 330 million before declining to about 123 million in April 2024. While this figure measures the site's global traffic, the consumer electronics retailer operates primarily in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

With approximately ***** million visits in April 2024, French online marketplace leboncoin.fr was the most consulted recommerce website in France. Other prominent web stores that consumers used to buy and sell second-hand or reconditioned items included the Lithuanian fashion marketplace Vinted.fr, which recorded **** million visits that same month, and ebay.fr who was the only secondhand marketplace in France to experience an increase in monthly visits in April 2024 compared to the same month in the previous year.

In March 2024, Amazon.com had approximately 2.2 billion combined web visits, up from 2.1 billion visits in February. In the fourth quarter of 2024, Amazon’s net income amounted to approximately 20 billion U.S. dollars. Online retail in the United States Online retail in the United States is constantly growing. In the third quarter of 2023, e-commerce sales accounted for 15.6 percent of retail sales in the United States. During that quarter, U.S. retail e-commerce sales amounted to over 284 billion U.S. dollars. Amazon is the leading online store in the country, in terms of e-commerce net sales. Amazon.com generated around 130 billion U.S. dollars in online sales in 2022. Walmart ranked as the second-biggest online store, with revenues of 52 billion U.S. dollars. The king of Black Friday In 2023, Amazon ranked as U.S. shoppers' favorite place to go shopping during Black Friday, even surpassing in-store purchasing. Nearly six out of ten consumers chose Amazon as the number one place to go find the best Black Friday deals. Similar findings can be observed in the United Kingdom (UK), where Amazon is also ranked as the preferred Black Friday destination.

In December 2024, the news website with the most monthly visits in the United States was nytimes.com, with a total of 463.07 million monthly visits in that month. In second place was cnn.com with close to 357 million visits, followed by foxnews.com with just over a quater of a million. Online news consumption in the U.S. Americans get their news in a variety of ways, but social media is an increasingly popular option. A survey on social media news consumption revealed that 55 percent of Twitter users regularly used the site for news, and Facebook and Reddit were also popular for news among their users. Interestingly though, social media is the least trusted news sources in the United States. News and trust Trust in news sources has become increasingly important to the American news consumer amidst the spread of fake news, and the public are more vocal about whether or not they have faith in a source to report news correctly. Ongoing discussions about the credibility, accuracy and bias of news networks, anchors, TV show hosts, and news media professionals mean that those looking to keep up to date tend to be more cautious than ever before. In general, news audiences are skeptical. In 2020, just nine percent of respondents to a survey investigating the perceived objectivity of the mass media reported having a great deal of trust in the media to report news fully, accurately, and fairly.

In December 2023, shoppersdrugmart.ca was the most-visited beauty and cosmetics site in Canada. That month, shoppersdrugmart.ca recorded a bounce rate of roughly ***** percent. Out of the ten most visited beauty websites in Canada, fragrancebuy.ca had the best bounce rate of ***** percent. The bounce rate measures how many visitors enter a site, then leave, or "bounce", without exploring other pages.

In 2024, Facebook was the leading social media platform in most of the Southeast Asian countries in terms of traffic generation to other websites, with the highest share in Timor-Leste at around 97 percent. YouTube, X (Twitter), Instagram, and Pinterest were other platforms that had significant social media traffic shares in Southeast Asian markets that year. Social media advertising and web traffic referrals Traffic referrals from social media are crucial in social media advertising. Links shared on platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter help direct potential customers to a brand’s website or landing page. This increases exposure, website visits, and conversions, such as sales or leads, which are key benefits of social media marketing according to marketers. Traffic referrals also serve as an important tool for advertisers to measure the effectiveness of their campaigns. Furthermore, by analyzing which platforms and content generate the most traffic, businesses can refine their strategies to focus on the highest-performing channels. Social media advertising – a multibillion-dollar business Revenue from social media advertising has continued to rise rapidly. This growth was driven by the ability to track user behavior, refine ad targeting, and deliver highly personalized content. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok generate billions of dollars of ad revenue annually. The owner of Facebook and Instagram, Meta Platforms’s annual advertising revenue exceeded 160 billion U.S. dollars in 2024. Countries such as China, Japan, and Australia are among the largest social media advertising markets in the Asia-Pacific region, with China’s projected social media ad spend reaching nearly 97 billion U.S. dollars in 2025.

Nearly 32 million Russians visited the travel website Tutu.ru in August 2023. The service allowed customers to book tickets or accommodation and served as a platform for reviews. The second most popular travel and tourism website was Rzd.ru, the page of Russian Railways.

In March 2024, nih.gov was the leading health website in the United Kingdom. During the measured period, the health website accounted for over 6. percent of desktop traffic in the health subcategory. Nhs.uk, the National Health Service, the publicly funded healthcare system in England, was ranked second with a 4.89 percent market share.

Bild.de is the most visited news portal in Germany. The online version of the German tabloid daily newspaper Bild Zeitung recently raked in 552 million online and mobile visits. Spiegel and Bild Bild.de was also among the most visited websites in Germany overall. The word “Bild” itself means “picture”, “image” or “view”. While one of the best-known online newspaper versions in German-speaking countries clearly has its established place among online news consumers, non-tabloid media is also in demand on the internet, even if it is being outrun in visitor rankings. T-Online's news website came in second. Initially known to users as an email provider, it saw growing brand awareness among consumers in recent years. Online news: a challenging industry Just as the print media market is facing a number of challenges, the market of online news is becoming fiercely competitive by the hour. Digitalization and the rise of information consumption on mobile devices contribute massively to this, and subsequently so do changing habits and even demands from media consumers. Additional factors influencing visitor traffic for online news media are general user trust in media, desired consumption time, attention spans, and a news website being mobile-friendly or not.

Among the presented websites, Beboo.ru was the most popular dating website in Russia by traffic. In October 2024, it counted over 8.4 million visits. To compare, Mamba.ru had traffic of nearly 4.5 million visits. Mamba, launched in Russia in 2003, which now operates in over 50 countries and presents itself as an international dating service, according to its app description in Apple App Store.

As of November 2024, pornhub.com held the leading adult content and pornographic website for global uses, as it averaged around 5.25 billion monthly visits. Xvideos ranked second, with 3.47 billion monthly visits. While adult content makes up one of the largest chunks of the global internet traffic, search engine Google and social video platform YouTube ranked as the most visited platforms at the end of 2024, with 136 and 72.8 billion visits monthly.