The largest number of immigrants in Germany were from Ukraine, as of 2023. The top three origin countries were rounded up by Romania and Turkey. Immigrants are defined as having left a country, which may be their home country, to permanently reside in another. Upon arriving, immigrants do not hold the citizenship of the country they move to. Immigration in the EU All three aforementioned countries are members of the European Union, which means their citizens have freedom of movement between EU member states. In practice, this means that citizens of any EU member country may relocate between them to live and work there. Unrestricted by visas or residence permits, the search for university courses, jobs, retirement options, and places to live seems to be defined by an enormous amount of choice. However, even in this freedom of movement scheme, immigration may be hampered by bureaucratic hurdles or financial challenges. Prosperity with a question mark While Germany continues to be an attractive destination for foreigners both in and outside the European Union, as well as asylum applicants, it remains to be seen how current events might influence these patterns, whether the number of immigrants arriving from certain countries will shift. Europe’s largest economy is suffering. Climbing inflation levels in the last few months, as well as remaining difficulties from the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic are affecting global economic development. Ultimately, future immigrants may face the fact of moving from one struggling economy to another.

As of 2024, around **** million people from Turkey were living in Germany. Foreign nationals are those who are not German based on Article 116 Paragraph 1 of the German constitution. These include stateless persons and those with unclear citizenship as well as the population group with a migration background. Individuals with a migration background can either have immigrated into Germany or been born in the country to at least one parent who was born a foreigner.

In 1800, the region of Germany was not a single, unified nation, but a collection of decentralized, independent states, bound together as part of the Holy Roman Empire. This empire was dissolved, however, in 1806, during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in Europe, and the German Confederation was established in 1815. Napoleonic reforms led to the abolition of serfdom, extension of voting rights to property-owners, and an overall increase in living standards. The population grew throughout the remainder of the century, as improvements in sanitation and medicine (namely, mandatory vaccination policies) saw child mortality rates fall in later decades. As Germany industrialized and the economy grew, so too did the argument for nationhood; calls for pan-Germanism (the unification of all German-speaking lands) grew more popular among the lower classes in the mid-1800s, especially following the revolutions of 1948-49. In contrast, industrialization and poor harvests also saw high unemployment in rural regions, which led to waves of mass migration, particularly to the U.S.. In 1886, the Austro-Prussian War united northern Germany under a new Confederation, while the remaining German states (excluding Austria and Switzerland) joined following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871; this established the German Empire, under the Prussian leadership of Emperor Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. 1871 to 1945 - Unification to the Second World War The first decades of unification saw Germany rise to become one of Europe's strongest and most advanced nations, and challenge other world powers on an international scale, establishing colonies in Africa and the Pacific. These endeavors were cut short, however, when the Austro-Hungarian heir apparent was assassinated in Sarajevo; Germany promised a "blank check" of support for Austria's retaliation, who subsequently declared war on Serbia and set the First World War in motion. Viewed as the strongest of the Central Powers, Germany mobilized over 11 million men throughout the war, and its army fought in all theaters. As the war progressed, both the military and civilian populations grew increasingly weakened due to malnutrition, as Germany's resources became stretched. By the war's end in 1918, Germany suffered over 2 million civilian and military deaths due to conflict, and several hundred thousand more during the accompanying influenza pandemic. Mass displacement and the restructuring of Europe's borders through the Treaty of Versailles saw the population drop by several million more.

Reparations and economic mismanagement also financially crippled Germany and led to bitter indignation among many Germans in the interwar period; something that was exploited by Adolf Hitler on his rise to power. Reckless printing of money caused hyperinflation in 1923, when the currency became so worthless that basic items were priced at trillions of Marks; the introduction of the Rentenmark then stabilized the economy before the Great Depression of 1929 sent it back into dramatic decline. When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi government disregarded the Treaty of Versailles' restrictions and Germany rose once more to become an emerging superpower. Hitler's desire for territorial expansion into eastern Europe and the creation of an ethnically-homogenous German empire then led to the invasion of Poland in 1939, which is considered the beginning of the Second World War in Europe. Again, almost every aspect of German life contributed to the war effort, and more than 13 million men were mobilized. After six years of war, and over seven million German deaths, the Axis powers were defeated and Germany was divided into four zones administered by France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the U.S.. Mass displacement, shifting borders, and the relocation of peoples based on ethnicity also greatly affected the population during this time. 1945 to 2020 - Partition and Reunification In the late 1940s, cold war tensions led to two distinct states emerging in Germany; the Soviet-controlled east became the communist German Democratic Republic (DDR), and the three western zones merged to form the democratic Federal Republic of Germany. Additionally, Berlin was split in a similar fashion, although its location deep inside DDR territory created series of problems and opportunities for the those on either side. Life quickly changed depending on which side of the border one lived. Within a decade, rapid economic recovery saw West Germany become western Europe's strongest economy and a key international player. In the east, living standards were much lower, although unemployment was almost non-existent; internationally, East Germany was the strongest economy in the Eastern Bloc (after the USSR), though it eventually fell behind the West by the 1970s. The restriction of movement between the two states also led to labor shortages in t...

Leisure behaviour, friendships, family, feelings and beliefs, identity, the current situation and vocational training of young people. Sibling situation.

Wave 4

1. Youth main questionnaire:

Topics: Leisure behaviour: frequency of different leisure activities (Visiting relatives, cinema, going out, reading, sports club or music club, concert, museum, newspaper reading); hourly expenditure on a typical school day for television, chatting, household work, video or computer games alone and with others.

Friendships: ethnic background of friends; interethnic background of friends; contact with people of selected ethnic origin; migration background; importance of equal education, religion, and ethnic background of the respondent´s own partner for the respondent personally and for his or her parents; boyfriend or girlfriend; details to partner: current activity, type of school attended or highest educational level, ethnic background, denomination, importance of religion for the partner; beginning of the relationship (duration of the relationship); context of getting to know each other (e.g. via friends); partner lives in the same neighbourhood; parents have knowledge of the relationship or have the partner already met; parents already knew each other before start of relationship; family relationships: interest of the family in conversations about the boyfriend or girlfriend; parental interference: request for information about activities and whereabouts at undertakings with the boyfriend or girlfriend, demand for immediate acquaintance of the friend; expected marriage; current boyfriend/girlfriend is first steady relationship; number of previous friends; family rejects relationship expected openness of the family in case of negative attitude towards the friend or to the girlfriend; the family leaves relationship decisions up to the respondent; arranged relationships through the family; demand of the family after termination of the relationship in case of lack of sympathy; preferred marriage age; desired number of children.

Family: migration background of the biological parents; frequency of visits in the country of origin of parents in the last 12 months; employment status of parents in the last 12 months; frequency of pocket money and amount of pocket money.

Feelings and beliefs: life satisfaction (scalometer); discrimination: sympathy scale for selected groups of origin; understanding of gender roles.

Self-assessment of German language skills (speaking, writing); national identity; sense of belonging to another group, and strength of identity; importance of religion to the respondent; self-assessment of the state of health compared to peers; delinquent behavior in the last three months: deliberate destruction of foreign property, stealing, carrying knives or weapon, drunkenness); frequency of hot meal and breakfast; frequency of alcohol consumption, sports, cigarette consumption and drug consumption; body height in centimetres and weight in kilograms; preferred and realistic educational aspiration; expectations for the future in terms of stay in Germany, marriage, children and state of health.

Current situation: school leaving certificate during the last school year; grades in mathematics, German and English in the diploma; overall grade on leaving certificate; current situation; currently visited type of school; branch of cooperative comprehensive school; currently attended class level; frequency of deviant behaviour in school (disputes with teachers, experienced punishment, unauthorized absence from lessons, late arrival); self-efficacy; attitude towards school: importance of good grades.

Vocational training: title of the training occupation (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); duration of training; achievement of an additional educational attainment through the training; nature of this educational attainment; amount of training allowance per month (categorised); job title of the current occupation or job; amount of monthly net income (categorized); type of employment contract; start of employment in this occupation (month and year); job is the first job since leaving school; job title of the first job (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS); active search for a place of training or employment; professional title of the desired profession (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS).

Additionally coded: international respondent ID; national respondent ID; country of data collection; mode of collection; interview date; flag variable (interview date derived from the date of receipt of the contact information); data release version.

Derived Indexes: occupational code according to ISCO (International Standard Classification of Occupations) 1988; SIOPS (Ganzeboom); ISEI (Ganzeboom).

1. Youth siblings questionnaire: total number of siblings; for up to 5 siblings were asked: brother or sister; age; present situation or activity; type of school attended; educational attainment; Job title (ISCO 2008, ISEI, SIOPS).

Additionally coded:...

Judgement on current situation in life and political and economic development of the country in times of economic and social upheaval.

Topics: 1. Common part of the survey for all participating countries: most important problems of the country; intent to emigrate and country of choice; desired occupation for one´s own child; judgement on the work of the president of the country; fears and desires for the future; assessment of current standard of living and comparison with the situation five years ago and expected future development; judgement on the situation of the country in comparison over time; preference for freedom or social security; attitude to admission of undemocratic parties; attitude to freedom of the press; perceived discrimination against women; attitude to division of labor in raising children; judgement on conduct of parliamentary representatives and attitude to democracy in the country (scale); feeling of political effectiveness; internal or external control; achievement orientation; attitude to the national economy; demand for increased environmental protection; desire for foreign support for one´s country; the government as guarantor of equal opportunities and social security; welfare state; necessity of the willingness to compromise in politics; interest in politics at municipal level; diminishing interest in political events; self-assessment as patriot; attitude to securing of peace through military strength; readiness for national defense; necessity of participation of one´s country in world politics; claims to territory in neighboring countries; attitude to restriction on immigration; attitude to use of military for restoration of world order.

Religion and morals: importance of prayer and significance of God in one´s own life; doubt in the existence of God; attitude to prohibition of books critical of society and to sex magazines and films; attitude to freedom of speech even for fascists; assessment of the general trustworthiness of people; AIDS as punishment by God; representation of traditional values in the area of family and marriage; attitude to abortion; clear concepts of Good and Evil; perceived intensification of class differences; assessment of personal things in common with uneducated and persons of another race or ethnic affiliation; satisfaction with one´s own financial situation.

Demography: party membership; union membership; residential status; city size; religiousness.

1. Additional questions in this survey: judgement on political and economic changes; changes in the last few years; particularly positive and negative changes; judgement on the speed of transition to the free market economy; judgement on the influence of the media and selected organizations as well as institutions on the country; assessment of the influence of foreign nations on one´s country; threat to the nation from within or without; occupation outside of one´s home; work satisfaction; satisfaction with employer; attitude to Gorbachev, Bush, Kohl, the Pope, Heinrich Boell, Guenter Grass, Willi Brandt, Wolf Biermann, the UN and the European Community; attitude to the Germans in the eastern part of the country, American soldiers in the Federal Republic, ethnic Germans, Romas, gipsies, Vietnamese, Poles, Soviet emigrants and Turks; attitude to advertising (scale); acceptance of advertising in selected media; desired establishing of prices through demand, production costs or government determination; attitude to use of weapons in countries of the third world; party preference; most reliable alliance partner for one´s own country; countries from which the greatest threat originates; identification as European as well as West German or German; assumed changes of East Germans through life in the communist system; expectation of acts of violence before withdrawal of Soviet troops; judgement on the speed of unification; estimated time required until achievement of equivalent living conditions in both parts of Germany; characterization of the Germans in the other part of Germany; improvement in personal living conditions since unification and expected development in the next few years; judgement on the costs of unification; attitude to moving by ethnic Germans; most important fears; perceived influence of former STASI employees on society; attitude to publication of STASI files; judgement on the effects of social changes on the standard of living, moral concepts, public morals, dealing of people with one another and on the relation of ethnic groups with each other; attitude to export of weapons into third world countries.

Housing and residential status. Residential area and social structure. Mobility and economic situation. Employment. Election decision and participation.

Topics: 1. Housing and housing status: size of the place of residence (degree of urbanisation); location; duration of residence; satisfaction with the place of residence; length of residence in the apartment; number of moves in the last ten years; previous place of residence; residential status of the previous apartment; living space of the previous apartment; reasons for moving; main reason for moving; residential status of the current apartment; one or more households in the house; monthly contribution costs; type of purchase of house/flat; construction of the house/flat by public subsidies; amount of monthly mortgage repayment and interest; amount of monthly ancillary costs; amount of heating costs in the last calendar year; amount of maintenance costs in the last calendar year; monthly burden subsidy received from the state; housing entitlement certificate required; owner of the flat; rent amount; rent including costs for heating and hot water; amount of lump sum for heating and hot water (or. for heating and hot water separately); average costs for heating and hot water and payment period; rent includes modernisation charge; amount of modernisation charge in total or per sqm; type of modernisation measures for which a modernisation charge is paid; adequacy of rental costs; receipt of housing benefit; amount of monthly housing charge; living space; number of rooms; assessment of apartment size; apartment furnishing; apartment equipment meets needs; preferred living standard; year of construction of the house; assessment of the structural condition of the house; satisfaction with the apartment.

1. Residential area and social structure: satisfaction with the immediate residential environment; satisfaction with the environmental conditions at the place of residence; walking distance to selected facilities (e.g. public transport stops, shopping facilities, doctors, kindergarten, primary school, etc.); social structure: social differences in the immediate living environment; relationship with neighbours; satisfaction with the neighbourhood; development of personal living situation; greatest loss after possible relocation (local connection); preferred home; preferred residential area; foreigners in the residential environment; proportion of foreigners in the residential area compared to other residential areas; foreigners who have been living in the residential area or have recently moved in; newly arrived foreigners are predominantly ethnic Germans, refugees or have been living in Germany for some time; relationship between foreigners and Germans in the residential environment; attitude towards the spatial separation of Germans and foreigners; personal contacts with foreigners or Germans in the family, at work, in the neighbourhood or among friends and acquaintances; assessment of assistance for foreigners (simple entry aids, more extensive integration measures or renouncement of such assistance).

2. Mobility: intention to move; reasons for moving; most important reason for moving; preference for moving (target area); plans for the current apartment within the next two years or changes already carried out in the last two years (new furnish, renovate, modernise, add-on or conversion); classification on a ladder best form of living / worst imaginable apartment (own apartment, in comparison own apartment 5 years ago, best accessible apartment, justly entitled apartment, average apartment of friends and acquaintances, apartment of an average German citizen); assessment of the current personal economic situation.

3. Employment: employment status; job security; length of working distance; longest accepted working distance in minutes; willingness to commute.

4. Election decision and participation: eligibility to vote in the last federal election; participation in the last federal election and election decision (second vote); party preference (Sunday question) or party most likely to be considered.

Demography: sex; age (month of birth and year of birth); highest school leaving certificate or targeted school leaving certificate; age at school leaving certificate; vocational education or training certificate; current or former employment; full-time or part-time employment; current or last professional position; current or last professional activity; marital status; cohab...

Ethnic/Traditional Snacks – Snacks from non-western cultures, usually Asian specialties. Ethnic/Traditional Snacks (Savory Snacks) Market in Germany – Outlook to 2020: Market Size, Growth and Forecast Analytics is a broad level market review of Ethnic/Traditional Snacks market of Germany. The research handbook provides the up-to-date market size data for period 2011-2015 and illustrative forecast to 2020 covering key market aspects like Sales Value and Volume for Ethnic/Traditional Snacks. Sales Values in the handbook are depicted in USD ($) and local currency of Germany and Volumes are represented in M Kilograms. Furthermore, the research handbook details out Sales Value for top brands for the year 2012 to 2015 and overall market sales by Distribution Channel (Hypermarkets & Supermarkets, Convenience Stores, Department Stores, Dollar Stores, Variety Store, Cash & Carries and Warehouse clubs, eRetailers, Food & Drinks specialists, Drug stores & Pharmacies, Health & Beauty Stores, Other general retailers and others) where ever applicable. The research handbook acts as an essential tool for companies active or planning to venture in to Germany's Ethnic/Traditional Snacks (Savory Snacks) market. The comprehensive statistics within the research handbook provides insight into the operating environment of the market and also ensures right business decision making based on historical trends and industry model based forecasting. Note: Certain content / sections in the research handbook may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data. This is an on-demand report and will be delivered within 2 working days (excluding weekends) of the purchase. Read More

Housing and residential status. Residential area and social structure. Mobility and economic situation. Employment. Election decision and participation.

Topics: 1. Housing and housing status: size of the place of residence (degree of urbanisation); location; duration of residence; satisfaction with the place of residence; length of residence in the apartment; number of moves in the last ten years; previous place of residence; residential status of the previous apartment; living space of the previous apartment; reasons for moving; main reason for moving; residential status of the current apartment; one or more households in the house; monthly contribution costs; type of purchase of house/flat; construction of the house/flat by public subsidies; amount of monthly mortgage repayment and interest; amount of monthly ancillary costs; amount of heating costs in the last calendar year; amount of maintenance costs in the last calendar year; monthly burden subsidy received from the state; housing entitlement certificate required; owner of the flat; rent amount; rent including costs for heating and hot water; amount of lump sum for heating and hot water (or. for heating and hot water separately); average costs for heating and hot water and payment period; rent includes modernisation charge; amount of modernisation charge in total or per sqm; type of modernisation measures for which a modernisation charge is paid; adequacy of rental costs; receipt of housing benefit; amount of monthly housing charge; living space; number of rooms; assessment of apartment size; apartment furnishing; apartment equipment meets needs; preferred living standard; year of construction of the house; assessment of the structural condition of the house; satisfaction with the apartment.

1. Residential area and social structure: satisfaction with the immediate residential environment; satisfaction with the environmental conditions at the place of residence; walking distance to selected facilities (e.g. public transport stops, shopping facilities, doctors, kindergarten, primary school, etc.); social structure: social differences in the immediate living environment; relationship with neighbours; satisfaction with the neighbourhood; development of personal living situation; greatest loss after possible relocation (local connection); preferred home; preferred residential area; foreigners in the residential environment; proportion of foreigners in the residential area compared to other residential areas; foreigners who have been living in the residential area or have recently moved in; newly arrived foreigners are predominantly ethnic Germans, refugees or have been living in Germany for some time; relationship between foreigners and Germans in the residential environment; attitude towards the spatial separation of Germans and foreigners; personal contacts with foreigners or Germans in the family, at work, in the neighbourhood or among friends and acquaintances; assessment of assistance for foreigners (simple entry aids, more extensive integration measures or renouncement of such assistance).

2. Mobility: intention to move; reasons for moving; most important reason for moving; preference for moving (target area); plans for the current apartment within the next two years or changes already carried out in the last two years (new furnish, renovate, modernise, add-on or conversion); classification on a ladder best form of living / worst imaginable apartment (own apartment, in comparison own apartment 5 years ago, best accessible apartment, justly entitled apartment, average apartment of friends and acquaintances, apartment of an average German citizen); assessment of the current personal economic situation.

3. Employment: employment status; job security; length of working distance; longest accepted working distance in minutes; willingness to commute.

4. Election decision and participation: eligibility to vote in the last federal election; participation in the last federal election and election decision (second vote); party preference (Sunday question) or party most likely to be considered.

Demography: sex; age (month of birth and year of birth); highest school leaving certificate or targeted school leaving certificate; age at school leaving certificate; vocational education or training certificate; current or former employment; full-time or part-time employment; current or last professional position; current or last professional activity; marital status; cohabitation with a partner; own children; self-classification of class; denomination; closeness to the church; household size; net income of the respondent; number of children in the household and age of these children; number of persons in the household aged 18 years and older; number of persons in the household who contribute to the household income; number of persons employed in the household; household net income; place of residence before 1989; car ownership; German citizenship; telephone...

In 2023, there were around 12 million employed people with a migration background living in Germany. According to the source, a person is considered as having a migration background when they or at least one parent do not have German citizenship by law. This definition includes the following:1. Immigrated and non-immigrated foreigners.2. Immigrated and non-immigrated naturalized citizens.3. Late emigrants.4. Descendants born with German citizenship within the three groups named above.

Snapshot img

Ethnic Wear Market Size 2025-2029

The ethnic wear market size is forecast to increase by USD 45.9 billion, at a CAGR of 8.4% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the expansion of the fashion industry and the increasing popularity of traditional clothing. Ethnic wear, with its unique designs and cultural significance, has gained prominence in the global fashion landscape. This trend is further fueled by the increased online presence of ethnic wear brands through e-commerce, making it more accessible to consumers worldwide. Seasonal demand is another key driver for the market. Traditional clothing holds cultural significance and is often worn during festivals and special occasions. As a result, there is a consistent demand for ethnic wear throughout the year, providing a steady revenue stream for businesses in this sector.
However, challenges persist, including the need for authenticity and cultural sensitivity in design and production. Additionally, competition from mass-market fashion brands offering ethnic-inspired designs presents a significant challenge for ethnic wear brands. Navigating these challenges requires a deep understanding of consumer preferences and cultural nuances, as well as a commitment to authenticity and innovation. Companies that can effectively address these challenges and capitalize on the growing demand for ethnic wear will be well-positioned to succeed in this dynamic market.

What will be the Size of the Ethnic Wear Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, with dynamic market trends shaping the industry's landscape. Traditional techniques, such as block printing and weaving, coexist with modern designs, resulting in a fusion of cultural significance and contemporary fashion. Consumer preferences for lehenga cholis and salwar kameez remain strong, with price points and fabric weight influencing purchasing decisions. Brands position themselves in various sectors, catering to formal, casual, and daily wear markets. Modern designs incorporate traditional techniques, resulting in innovative creations. Quality control is paramount, ensuring garment durability and consumer satisfaction. Ethical sourcing and sustainable practices are gaining importance, with an increasing focus on fair trade and e-commerce platforms.

Consumers seek personal styling options, leading to seasonal collections and diverse target demographics. Textile dyes, thread count, and fiber content vary, with natural and synthetic options available. Digital printing and screen printing techniques add visual interest to garments. Garment care instructions are essential for maintaining the longevity of ethnic wear. Supply chain management and retail channels continue to evolve, with wholesale markets playing a crucial role in distribution. Price points and fabric weight influence consumer choices, with daily wear and casual options often more affordable than formal wear. Modern designs and traditional techniques blend seamlessly, creating a vibrant and ever-changing market landscape.

The market's continuous dynamism reflects the industry's ability to adapt to consumer preferences and cultural influences.

How is this Ethnic Wear Industry segmented?

The ethnic wear industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Women
  Men
  Kids


Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    Singapore
    South Korea


  South America

    Argentina
    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The women segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Ethnic wear holds significant cultural significance and continues to be a popular choice for women worldwide. In 2024, the women's segment led the market, accounting for the largest revenue share. Factors such as cultural events, festivals, weddings, and other occasions drive demand for ethnic wear. Traditional techniques like block printing, weaving, and embroidery remain essential in creating authentic ethnic wear. However, modern designs, fusion styles, and consumer preferences for comfortable daily wear, formal occasion wear, and casual attire are influencing market trends. E-commerce platforms have emerged as a significant retail channel, enabling easy access to ethnic wear from various regions.

Seasonal collections and personal styling services cater to the evolving consumer preferences. Ethical sourcing and quality cont

Behavior at the polls, questions on the political system, the nationality conflict as well as on media. Topics: Region; nationality; religiousness; direction of development of society; interest in politics; financial situation of personal household in comparison to others; financial situation of personal household in comparison to others; financial situation a year ago and in a year; trust in institutions; stand on leading politicians at home and abroad; politician with the greatest trust; stand on the countries Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Croatia, Italy, China, Hungary, Macedonia, Germany, Romania, Russia, USA, Slovenia, Turkey, Great Britain and to ethnic groups in the current and former Yugoslavia; preferred ethnic composition of Yugoslavia; national pride; Yugoslavia as federation of Serbia and Montenegro; Vance-Owen-Plan; arranging territory claims; necessity of international intervention in the conflict about Bosnia and Herzegovina; deliveries of aid for Bosnia ("Operation Parachute"); support of the struggle of the Serbs outside Yugoslavia; preferred solution of the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina and extent of efforts of the EU, UN, USA and Russia; expected support of the Serbs on the entire territory of the earlier Yugoslavia by the government; fulfillment and length of the UN conditions; voluntariness of migration/emigration; objectivity of foreign media reporting; recognition of the borders; danger of war and potential attackers; danger of a civil war; major sources of information; daily newspaper and magazine most frequently read and most reliable; radio station most frequently listened to; receiving foreign radio broadcasts; trust in television stations; television station most frequently watched; election participation and decision at the last election and in the next election; reasons for voting decision; parties rejected on principle; assessment of the elections as honest; most reliable sources of information regarding the elections; influence of media on voting decision; support of President Milosevic; decision between the policies of Cosic, Milosevic, Bulatovic and Seselj; ideas about territory claims, self-control, anarchy and a strong leader; the rights of the Albanians from Kosovo and Metohija in Yugoslavia; characteristics of Russians, Americans, Rumanians, Germans, Serbs and Montenegrinos; ties with the place of residence, occupation, nationality, religion and country.

The number of German citizens with a second citizenship living in Germany in 2023 was almost three million. The most common dual nationalities were Poland, Turkey, and Russia.

Most estimates place the total number of deaths during the Second World War at around 70-85 million people. Approximately 17 million of these deaths (20-25 percent of the total) were due to crimes against humanity carried out by the Nazi regime in Europe. In comparison to the millions of deaths that took place through conflict, famine, or disease, these 17 million stand out due to the reasoning behind them, along with the systematic nature and scale in which they were carried out. Nazi ideology claimed that the Aryan race (a non-existent ethnic group referring to northern Europeans) was superior to all other ethnicities; this became the justification for German expansion and the extermination of others. During the war, millions of people deemed to be of lesser races were captured and used as slave laborers, with a large share dying of exhaustion, starvation, or individual execution. Murder campaigns were also used for systematic extermination; the most famous of these were the extermination camps, such as at Auschwitz, where roughly 80 percent of the 1.1 million victims were murdered in gas chambers upon arrival at the camp. German death squads in Eastern Europe carried out widespread mass shootings, and up to two million people were killed in this way. In Germany itself, many disabled, homosexual, and "undesirables" were also killed or euthanized as part of a wider eugenics program, which aimed to "purify" German society.

The Holocaust Of all races, the Nazi's viewed Jews as being the most inferior. Conspiracy theories involving Jews go back for centuries in Europe, and they have been repeatedly marginalized throughout history. German fascists used the Jews as scapegoats for the economic struggles during the interwar period. Following Hitler's ascendency to the Chancellorship in 1933, the German authorities began constructing concentration camps for political opponents and so-called undesirables, but the share of Jews being transported to these camps gradually increased in the following years, particularly after Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass) in 1938. In 1939, Germany then invaded Poland, home to Europe's largest Jewish population. German authorities segregated the Jewish population into ghettos, and constructed thousands more concentration and detention camps across Eastern Europe, to which millions of Jews were transported from other territories. By the end of the war, over two thirds of Europe's Jewish population had been killed, and this share is higher still when one excludes the neutral or non-annexed territories.

Lebensraum Another key aspect of Nazi ideology was that of the Lebensraum (living space). Both the populations of the Soviet Union and United States were heavily concentrated in one side of the country, with vast territories extending to the east and west, respectively. Germany was much smaller and more densely populated, therefore Hitler aspired to extend Germany's territory to the east and create new "living space" for Germany's population and industry to grow. While Hitler may have envied the U.S. in this regard, the USSR was seen as undeserving; Slavs were the largest major group in the east and the Nazis viewed them as inferior, which was again used to justify the annexation of their land and subjugation of their people. As the Germans took Slavic lands in Poland, the USSR, and Yugoslavia, ethnic cleansings (often with the help of local conspirators) became commonplace in the annexed territories. It is also believed that the majority of Soviet prisoners of war (PoWs) died through starvation and disease, and they were not given the same treatment as PoWs on the western front. The Soviet Union lost as many as 27 million people during the war, and 10 million of these were due to Nazi genocide. It is estimated that Poland lost up to six million people, and almost all of these were through genocide.

The number of people with Russian citizenship living in European countries as of January 1, 2023, was by far the highest in Germany. The country's population includes around 260,000 Russian citizens. That was more than double the number of Russian citizens living in Spain. To compare, over 35,400 Russian nationals resided in Czechia.

As recorded by the source, Moroccans ranked as the foreign nationality with more residents in Spain in 2023, closely followed by Romanians. After years of losing its foreign population, Spain’s immigration figures started to pick up in 2015, with the number of people that moved to the Mediterranean country surpassing the number of foreigners that decided to leave.

A matter of balance The net migration rate of Spain changed its course mainly due to the great inflow of foreigners that move to reside in the Mediterranean country. Spain’s immigration flow slowed down after the 2008 financial crisis, albeit the number of foreigners that opted to change their residence saw a significant growth in the last years. In 2022, Colombians ranked first as the foreign nationality that most relocated to Spain, distantly followed by Moroccans and Ukranians.

Spain does not have the highest number of immigrants in Europe In recent years, the European Union confronted a rising number of refugees arriving from the Middle East. Migration figures show that Germany accommodated approximately 15 million foreign-born citizens, ranking it as the country that most hosted immigrants in Europe in 2022. By comparison, Spain’s foreign population stood slightly over seven million, positioning the Western Mediterranean country third on the European list of foreign-born population. Unfortunately, thousands of persons have died ore gone missing trying to reach Spanish territory, as more and more irregular migrants opt to use dangerous maritime routes to arrive at Southern Europe from Africa's coasts.

Parts II and III of the Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany's territorial losses as a result of the First World War. In mainland Europe, Germany's borders shrank, reducing the country's size by approximately 65,000 square kilometers, and roughly 7 million people (13 and 12 percent of their respective totals).The loss of all of this territory also meant that Germany's industrial and agricultural output was drastically affected, particularly iron output, of which Germany lost 48%.

Loss of territory in Europe

In Europe, Germany seceded territory to seven countries in total, including Czechoslovakia, Lithuania and Poland, none of which existed as independent states before the First World War. Poland was given a "route to the sea" that separated Eastern Prussia from the rest of Germany, and this "route" also included Danzig (Gdańsk), which was made a "free city" under the League of Nations' administration. The area of Alsace-Lorraine was annexed by France, who Germany had taken it from in 1870, and the coal-rich area of the Saar (Saarland) was under a French-led League of Nations control. Smaller areas were also ceded to other neighboring nations, which meant that millions of ethnic Germans became minorities overnight. In addition to changing borders, five of Germany's major rivers were made international, and were regulated by international committees, of which German representatives never made a majority.

The end of the Second Reich

Part IV of the Treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of all overseas possessions, and distributed them primarily between Britain and France as League of Nations mandates (along with all former Ottoman territories). This meant that Germany lost vast amounts of land in Africa (over 4.5 million square kilometers; also linking several of Britain's colonies, which now stretched continuously from Egypt to South Africa), as well as all Asian and Pacific colonies (over 250,000 square kilometers), bringing an end to Germany's overseas empire.

At the end of the Revolutionary Period in United States history, the majority of white settlers in the United States of America had English heritage. The Thirteen Colonies, which claimed independence in 1776, was part of the British Empire until this point - English settlers and their descendants made up over 60 percent of the population by 1790. The English were the ethnic majority (among whites) in all states except Pennsylvania, which had a similarly-sized German population, while New York had a sizeable Dutch population as it was a former Dutch colony. The second-largest group was the Irish, where those from both the island's north and south made up a combined 10 percent of the population, followed by the Scottish and Germans at over eight percent each. Outside of the United States, the French and Spanish territories that would later be incorporated into the Union were majority French and Spanish - despite their large size they were relatively sparsely populated. The composition of the U.S. population would change drastically throughout the 19th century due largely to waves of migration from Europe.

The majority of immigrants moving to Sweden in 2023 were Swedes returning to Sweden. Nearly 10,600 Swedes returned to their home country in 2023. The remaining top five countries of origin were India, Poland, Germany, and Syria. In total, 95,000 people immigrated to Sweden in 2023.

Syrians largest immigrant group

Of Sweden's foreign-born population, Syrians made up the largest group. Following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, many people left the country in search of a better life in Europe, some of which landed in Sweden. In 2022, Sweden hosted the world's 7th largest group of Syrian refugees.

Immigration drives population increase in Sweden

Over the past decade, Sweden has seen a positive migration rate, with more people immigrating to the country than people leaving. This is one of the main reasons why the country's population has been increasing steadily over recent years.

The majority of immigrants in Poland in 2023 were from Ukraine (40,000), a decrease of 14 percent compared to the previous year. Immigration to Poland for different reasons In 2022, nearly 14,000 people immigrated to Poland for permanent residence, of which most came from Ukraine, the UK, and Germany, respectively. Furthermore, the majority of immigrants for temporary stay in Poland in 2022 were from Ukraine (46,000 immigrants), a decrease of 1.5 percent compared to the previous year. In 2023, most Ukrainian citizens chose Poland as a place for economic emigration. The main reason for that choice was geographical and cultural proximity. Nearly every second respondent valued the low language barrier, and for every third person, the motivation was earnings. Poles attitudes toward Russia’s war with Ukraine In 2022, most Poles had a negative attitude toward Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Poles’ biggest concerns about the Russia-Ukraine war were the military threats from Russia and the impact of the war on the condition of the Polish economy. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Poles proved their support for Ukrainians. One of the most common forms of support for refugees fleeing the Russia-Ukraine war to Poland was to provide blankets, food, and hygiene items. Four out of 10 Poles donated money to a charity fundraiser and volunteered in organizations.

In the past four centuries, the population of the United States has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 331 million people in 2020. The pre-colonization populations of the indigenous peoples of the Americas have proven difficult for historians to estimate, as their numbers decreased rapidly following the introduction of European diseases (namely smallpox, plague and influenza). Native Americans were also omitted from most censuses conducted before the twentieth century, therefore the actual population of what we now know as the United States would have been much higher than the official census data from before 1800, but it is unclear by how much. Population growth in the colonies throughout the eighteenth century has primarily been attributed to migration from the British Isles and the Transatlantic slave trade; however it is also difficult to assert the ethnic-makeup of the population in these years as accurate migration records were not kept until after the 1820s, at which point the importation of slaves had also been illegalized. Nineteenth century In the year 1800, it is estimated that the population across the present-day United States was around six million people, with the population in the 16 admitted states numbering at 5.3 million. Migration to the United States began to happen on a large scale in the mid-nineteenth century, with the first major waves coming from Ireland, Britain and Germany. In some aspects, this wave of mass migration balanced out the demographic impacts of the American Civil War, which was the deadliest war in U.S. history with approximately 620 thousand fatalities between 1861 and 1865. The civil war also resulted in the emancipation of around four million slaves across the south; many of whose ancestors would take part in the Great Northern Migration in the early 1900s, which saw around six million black Americans migrate away from the south in one of the largest demographic shifts in U.S. history. By the end of the nineteenth century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily throughout the past 120 years, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. In the past century, the U.S. established itself as a global superpower, with the world's largest economy (by nominal GDP) and most powerful military. Involvement in foreign wars has resulted in over 620,000 further U.S. fatalities since the Civil War, and migration fell drastically during the World Wars and Great Depression; however the population continuously grew in these years as the total fertility rate remained above two births per woman, and life expectancy increased (except during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918).

Since the Second World War, Latin America has replaced Europe as the most common point of origin for migrants, with Hispanic populations growing rapidly across the south and border states. Because of this, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites, which has been the most dominant ethnicity in the U.S. since records began, has dropped more rapidly in recent decades. Ethnic minorities also have a much higher birth rate than non-Hispanic whites, further contributing to this decline, and the share of non-Hispanic whites is expected to fall below fifty percent of the U.S. population by the mid-2000s. In 2020, the United States has the third-largest population in the world (after China and India), and the population is expected to reach four hundred million in the 2050s.