The initial public offering (IPO) of Saudi Aramco, the Saudi Arabian multinational petroleum and natural gas company, on the Tadawul in December 2019, was the largest public offering globally ever as of December 2024. The IPO of Saudi Aramco raised approximately **** billion U.S. dollars. Why do companies opt for IPOs? An initial public offering (IPO), also known as ‘going public’, is the company’s first stock sale to the public. IPO happens when an initially private company decides to open up to the stock market, taking the first step to become a publicly traded enterprise. Shares are traded in the open market after the initial sales, and any public investor can take part on the trade. In the United States alone, *** companies made their public-market debut in 2023. IPOs are made by different companies for a number of reasons. Smaller sized companies may seek an IPO for access to capital and cheaper credit for further expansion. Other companies that may already be of considerable size, however, may use an initial public offering to other ends. Opening up to the stock market can also facilitate merger and acquisitions, considering stocks can be part of a future deal. Chinese companies feature twice Two Chinese companies featured in the list as of 2024. Alibaba had the second largest after Saudi Aramco, with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) in tenth place. Alibaba is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (as well as the Hong Kong Exchange), making the company’s IPO also the largest one in the U.S. to date. ICBC is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

**************** is a British semiconductor and software design company based in Cambridge, England, which had the largest initial public offering (IPO) worldwide in 2023, worth over **** billion U.S. dollars. The American consumer health company *********** was the protagonist of the second-largest global IPO of the year, a deal worth *** billion U.S. dollars. China had both a total of ***** companies in the list of top ten global IPOs in 2023.

**** was the underwriter of the initial public offering (IPO) of ************ in April 2019. At almost ** billion U.S. dollars, this was the largest all-time IPO globally as of October 2021. This was followed by *******'s 2014 IPO worth just over ** billion U.S. dollars, underwritten by *************. Who were the leading underwriters in the U.S.? Underwriting is the process through which an investment bank (the underwriter) acts as a broker between the issuing company and the investing public to help the issuing company sell its initial set of shares. As of October 2021, the underwriters of the largest IPOs in the United States were ******************************************* – the combined value of their underwritten IPOs reaching almost ** billion U.S. dollars. When taking a company public, investment banks charge underwriting fees, which are the largest single direct cost associated with an IPO. In 2020, the underwriting fees for deals in the U.S. which were valued between *** million and * billion U.S. dollars, amounted to more than * percent of the gross proceeds from the offering. What does the global IPO market look like? Going public is typically a way for private companies to raise capital for expansion, although venture capitalists can also use IPOs as exit strategies. In 2020, ************** had the largest number of traditional IPOs than any other region worldwide. This was followed by the *************, which saw a significant increase in the number of IPOs that year.

In 2024, Lineage Inc, a U.S. based warehouse real estate investment trust (REIT), had the largest IPO worldwide, worth over five billion U.S. dollars. Hyundai Motor India Ltd had the second-largest IPO of 2024, at 3.3 billion U.S dollars.

More initial public offerings (IPOs) occurred in India in 2024 than any other region or country worldwide, with ***. The United States followed, with *** IPOs in that year. The ASEAN countries rounded up the top three, with a combined number of IPOs amounting to ***. Why make an IPO? Private companies have a lot of control over their companies, but their funding sources are limited. While some of these companies have achieved valuations over one billion U.S. dollars, called unicorns, most have trouble finding the cash to grow their business. To open themselves to public investors, they make an initial offering of shares of stock. The largest IPOs are worth billions of U.S. dollars. Timing is everything The timing of an IPO can have a huge impact on its performance, which is as important for investors as it is for the companies themselves. As such, many investors watch to see who is next in line to make an IPO. The right play at the wrong time is the wrong play and might result in a negative return. While underwriters and consultants can mitigate some risk factors, markets are inherently unpredictable. As such, an IPO always carries risk, with hopes of the reward of an infusion of capital.

Context

From GLOBAL 2000

Forbes’ 18th annual ranking of the world’s 2,000 largest public companies illustrates the magnitude of the global shutdowns and serves as a warning for more trouble ahead in the coming months.

Acknowledgements

Most companies on this year’s Global 2000 list have seen their market values drop considerably since last year, and woeful first-quarter earnings provide a painful insight into the impact of the Great Cessation. The past few months have been especially brutal for the airlines, which saw demand drop lower than after 9/11. American Airlines, for instance, fell from No. 372 on the list to 967th after losing a staggering $2.2 billion in its first quarter.

Not all companies are being negatively affected by the pandemic, however. The biggest players in e-commerce —including Amazon, Alibaba and Walmart—have all experienced growth thanks to the rise in online shopping. All three moved up on this year’s list.

On the financial front, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China remained in the top spot for the eighth straight year with more than $4.3 trillion in assets. China’s “big four” state-owned banks all wound up in this year’s top 10. JPMorgan Chase is the largest U.S. company at No. 3, falling one spot from last year.

In other bright spots, the largest IPO of 2019, Saudi Aramco, debuted at No. 5 on the list, while Zoom and Slack (which both IPOed last year) have also been instant beneficiaries of the new work-from-home realities. Both companies made an inaugural appearance on the Global 2000—virtually overnight.

IPO Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global IPO market size reached USD 248.5 billion in 2024, reflecting a strong resurgence in public offerings after a period of volatility in previous years. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 464.3 billion by 2033. This robust growth is primarily driven by high investor appetite for new listings, ongoing digital transformation across industries, and favorable regulatory environments in key financial hubs. As per our analysis, the IPO market’s expansion is closely tied to macroeconomic stability, the evolution of capital markets, and the increasing participation of both institutional and retail investors.

One of the most significant growth factors for the IPO market is the accelerating pace of innovation and digital transformation across multiple industry verticals. Technology companies, in particular, are leveraging IPOs to access capital for scaling operations, investing in research and development, and expanding into new markets. The proliferation of digital platforms and fintech solutions has lowered barriers to entry for smaller enterprises, enabling a broader array of companies to consider public offerings as a viable growth strategy. Additionally, the growing adoption of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria by investors is prompting companies to enhance transparency and governance, making them more attractive IPO candidates. This convergence of technological advancement and investor preferences is expected to sustain high levels of IPO activity in the coming years.

Another key driver is the increased participation of institutional investors, who are seeking to diversify portfolios and capture early-stage growth opportunities. The global low-interest-rate environment has prompted asset managers, pension funds, and sovereign wealth funds to allocate more capital to equities, including IPOs. This influx of institutional capital provides a stable foundation for new listings, encouraging companies from diverse sectors such as healthcare, energy, and consumer goods to pursue public offerings. Furthermore, regulatory reforms in regions like Asia Pacific and North America have streamlined the IPO process, reduced compliance burdens, and enhanced market transparency, making it more attractive for companies to go public. These reforms have also fostered greater cross-border listings, further expanding the global IPO market.

Retail investor participation has also surged, fueled by the democratization of investing through online trading platforms and mobile apps. This trend has been especially pronounced in emerging markets, where retail investors are increasingly active in IPO subscriptions. The rise of social media and financial influencers has heightened public awareness of IPO opportunities, leading to oversubscription in several high-profile listings. This democratization of access has not only increased the liquidity of IPO markets but also introduced new dynamics in pricing and aftermarket performance. However, it also necessitates enhanced investor education and regulatory oversight to ensure market stability and protect less experienced investors from speculative risks.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific and North America markets continue to dominate global IPO activity, accounting for over 60% of total proceeds in 2024. Asia Pacific, led by China and India, has become a hotbed for technology and consumer goods IPOs, while North America remains the preferred destination for high-growth startups, particularly in the technology and healthcare sectors. Europe has also witnessed a resurgence in IPOs, driven by strong investor demand and supportive monetary policies. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging as promising markets, benefiting from economic reforms and increased foreign direct investment. The regional outlook suggests a broadening of the IPO market, with significant opportunities for both issuers and investors across geographies.

Type Analysis

At almost ** billion U.S. dollars in deal size, Alibaba’s IPO in 2014, underwritten by Credit Suisse, was the largest initial public offering (IPO) in the United States, followed by Visa's 2008 IPO, underwritten by JP Morgan. How big is Alibaba? The Alibaba Group Holding, a hugely profitable Chinese company operating in the e-commerce sector, debuted on the New York Stock Exchange. This was a critical IPO because it gave private investors a chance to reach into the Chinese market. The company sells trillions of yuan in merchandise each year. For a company that was already handling volume on that magnitude at the time of its IPO, a skilled underwriter like Credit Suisse was crucial for and IPO. Why does an IPO need an underwriter? An IPO is a complicated process. Even a larger firm like Alibaba does not have specialists in the kind of regulations placed on the process, so they are willing to pay significant underwriter fees to ensure a successful IPO. This risk can pay off with high returns if conditions are correct, but a significant number of IPOs also have negative first day returns.

Renewable Energy IPO Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Renewable Energy IPO market size reached USD 21.6 billion in 2024, reflecting robust investor appetite for clean energy ventures amidst global decarbonization efforts. The market is anticipated to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.8% from 2025 to 2033, projecting a total market value of USD 60.2 billion by 2033. The principal growth factor driving this surge is the escalating demand for sustainable energy solutions, underpinned by favorable regulatory frameworks and heightened environmental consciousness across both developed and emerging economies.

One of the most significant growth factors for the Renewable Energy IPO market is the global transition toward decarbonization and net-zero targets. Governments worldwide are enacting stringent climate policies and offering incentives to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy technologies. This regulatory push is encouraging both established energy companies and innovative startups to seek public funding through IPOs, which in turn is attracting a diverse pool of investors. The increasing frequency of climate-related disasters and mounting pressure from stakeholders are compelling companies to invest in renewables, further boosting IPO activity in this sector. Additionally, the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria into investment strategies has led institutional investors to prioritize clean energy assets, thereby increasing the volume and value of renewable energy IPOs.

Another pivotal driver is the rapid technological advancements and cost reductions in renewable energy generation. The cost of solar panels, wind turbines, and associated storage solutions has decreased significantly over the past decade, making renewable projects more economically viable and attractive for public markets. The proliferation of distributed generation and microgrid solutions is enabling smaller companies and technology providers to access capital markets, thereby democratizing renewable energy investments. Furthermore, the rise of digital platforms and fintech innovations is simplifying the IPO process, reducing barriers to entry, and broadening the investor base. As a result, a diverse mix of companies, from utility-scale project developers to technology innovators, are increasingly leveraging IPOs to fuel their growth and scale their operations globally.

Capital market trends are also shaping the landscape of the Renewable Energy IPO market. The growing popularity of green bonds and sustainable finance instruments is providing additional fundraising avenues for renewable energy companies. Public offerings are being complemented by follow-on offerings and hybrid instruments, enabling companies to tap into deeper pools of capital over time. Investor sentiment is buoyed by the long-term growth prospects of renewables, especially as traditional fossil fuel investments face increased regulatory scrutiny and declining returns. Moreover, the rise of retail investing platforms and ESG-focused funds is democratizing access to renewable energy IPOs, allowing a wider range of investors to participate in the sector’s growth story. This confluence of factors is fostering a vibrant, competitive, and rapidly expanding market for renewable energy IPOs.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific market is emerging as a powerhouse in renewable energy IPO activity, driven by aggressive government targets, vast untapped resources, and significant investments in infrastructure. North America and Europe continue to lead in terms of market maturity and technological innovation, with a steady pipeline of IPOs from both established players and emerging disruptors. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while currently smaller in scale, are witnessing accelerated growth due to favorable policy shifts and increasing investor interest. Each region presents unique opportunities and challenges, with local regulatory environments, resource availability, and investor preferences shaping the trajectory of renewable energy IPOs.

Isopropyl Oleate (IPO) Market Outlook

The global Isopropyl Oleate (IPO) market size was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.3 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for high-quality personal care and cosmetic products, coupled with the expansion of pharmaceutical applications.

One of the primary growth factors driving the IPO market is the burgeoning cosmetic and personal care industry. As consumer awareness regarding the benefits of high-quality skin and hair care products rises, there is a growing demand for ingredients like Isopropyl Oleate, known for its emollient properties. This trend is particularly prominent in emerging markets where disposable incomes are increasing, and consumers are becoming more inclined towards premium personal care products. Furthermore, the shift towards natural and organic ingredients in cosmetics has also bolstered the demand for Isopropyl Oleate.

Another significant growth driver is the expanding pharmaceutical sector. Isopropyl Oleate is widely utilized in pharmaceutical formulations due to its excellent solvency properties and its ability to enhance the absorption of active ingredients through the skin. With the development of more sophisticated drug delivery systems and the increasing prevalence of topical medications, the demand for IPO in the pharmaceutical industry is expected to see a substantial rise. Additionally, the ongoing research and development activities aimed at exploring new therapeutic applications of Isopropyl Oleate further contribute to market growth.

The industrial applications of Isopropyl Oleate are also contributing to its market expansion. Industries such as lubricants and metalworking fluids are increasingly incorporating IPO due to its beneficial properties such as biodegradability, lubricity, and excellent spreading capabilities. As environmental regulations become stricter, industries are looking for more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional chemicals, providing a positive outlook for the IPO market in industrial applications.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth during the forecast period. Driven by rapid industrialization, economic development, and increased consumer spending on personal care and pharmaceutical products, the demand for Isopropyl Oleate in this region is on the rise. The presence of a large number of manufacturing units and the availability of raw materials at lower costs also contribute to the growth prospects in this region. North America and Europe are also significant markets, driven by advanced pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and strong emphasis on research and development activities.

Product Type Analysis

The Isopropyl Oleate market is segmented into three primary product types: Pharmaceutical Grade, Cosmetic Grade, and Industrial Grade. Each of these product types caters to different end-use industries and has distinct characteristics and quality requirements. Pharmaceutical Grade Isopropyl Oleate is characterized by its high purity and stringent quality standards, making it suitable for use in sensitive pharmaceutical applications. This segment is expected to witness significant growth due to the increasing demand for topical medications and transdermal drug delivery systems.

Cosmetic Grade Isopropyl Oleate is widely used in the formulation of skin and hair care products. Its emollient properties make it an ideal ingredient for moisturizers, lotions, creams, and hair conditioners. The demand for cosmetic grade IPO is driven by the rising consumer inclination towards premium and natural cosmetic products. Additionally, the trend of clean beauty and the use of plant-derived ingredients in cosmetics are further propelling the growth of this segment.

Industrial Grade Isopropyl Oleate finds applications in various industrial processes such as lubricants, metalworking fluids, and plasticizers. Due to its biodegradability and excellent lubricity, it is considered an eco-friendly alternative to conventional industrial chemicals. The industrial grade segment is expected to grow steadily, supported by the increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly industrial solutions.

Report Scope

Between January and December 2024, the India was the leading stock market worldwide in terms of IPO proceeds, with new listing on the National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange raising nearly ** billion U.S. dollars. The Nasdaq was second in the list, with IPO proceeds reaching **** billion U.S. dollars.

Market Size and Dynamics: The global IPO Readiness Service market is projected to witness significant growth over the forecast period, reaching a value of USD XX million by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period. The market growth is primarily driven by the increasing number of companies seeking to raise capital through initial public offerings (IPOs) and the stringent regulatory requirements for IPOs. Additionally, the growing awareness of the importance of IPO readiness services, which help companies prepare for the complex process of going public, is further fueling market expansion. Competitive Landscape and Regional Trends: The IPO Readiness Service market is dominated by established players such as Protiviti, CFGI, EY, PwC, and Armanino. These companies offer comprehensive services covering financial reporting and audit readiness, operational readiness, strategic and market readiness, and other related areas. The market is further fragmented with a large number of regional and local players. North America and Europe account for the largest share of the global market, followed by Asia Pacific. However, emerging economies in the Middle East & Africa and Latin America are expected to provide significant growth opportunities in the future due to the increasing number of companies seeking to enter public markets.

Agrovision Corp. is exploring a June IPO amidst a booming global berry market, aiming to leverage its competitive position and significant market demand.

This dataset presents an extensive record of daily historical stock prices for Tesla, Inc. (TSLA), one of the world’s most innovative and closely watched electric vehicle and clean energy companies. The data was sourced from Yahoo Finance, a widely used and trusted provider of financial market data, and covers a significant period spanning from Tesla’s initial public offering (IPO) to the most recent date available at the time of extraction.

The dataset includes critical trading metrics for each market day, such as the opening price, highest and lowest prices of the day, closing price, adjusted closing price (accounting for dividends and splits), and total trading volume. This rich dataset supports a variety of use cases, including financial market analysis, investment research, time series forecasting, development and backtesting of trading algorithms, and educational projects in data science and finance.

Dataset Features

• Date: The calendar date for each trading session (in YYYY-MM-DD format)
• Open: The opening price of TSLA shares at the start of the trading day
• High: The highest price reached during the trading session
• Low: The lowest price reached during the trading session
• Close: The last price at which the stock traded during the day
• Adj Close: The closing price adjusted for corporate actions (splits, dividends, etc.)
• Volume: The total number of TSLA shares traded on that day

Source and Collection Details

• Source: Yahoo Finance - Tesla (TSLA) Historical Data
• Collection Method: Data was downloaded using Yahoo Finance's CSV export feature for accuracy and completeness.
• Time Range: Covers from Tesla’s IPO (June 2010) to the most recent available trading day.
• Data Integrity: Minimal cleaning was performed—dates were standardized, and any duplicate or empty rows were removed; all values remain as originally reported by Yahoo Finance.

Example Use Cases

• Stock Price Prediction: Train and test time series models (ARIMA, LSTM, Prophet, etc.) to forecast Tesla’s stock prices.
• Algorithmic Trading: Backtest and evaluate trading strategies using historical price and volume data.
• Market Trend Analysis: Analyze price trends, volatility, and return rates over different periods.
• Event Study: Investigate the impact of major announcements (e.g., product launches, earnings releases) on TSLA stock price.
• Educational Projects: Use as a hands-on resource for learning finance, statistics, or machine learning.

License & Acknowledgments

• Intended Use: This dataset is provided for academic, research, and personal projects. For commercial or investment use, please verify data accuracy and consult Yahoo Finance’s terms of use.
• Acknowledgment: Data sourced from Yahoo Finance. All trademarks and copyrights belong to their respective owners.

This statistic shows the largest global stock exchanges globally as of March 2025, ranked by the value of electronic order book share trading. In that time, the NYSE Stock Market was the largest stock exchange worldwide, with the value of EOB shares traded amounting to *** trillion U.S. dollars. Stock exchanges — additional information Stock exchanges are an important part of the free market economic system and are the most important component of the stock market. A stock exchange provides the setting in which stockbrokers, sellers, buyers, and traders can be brought together to take part in the sale of shares, bonds, derivatives and other securities. The core function of a stock exchange is to enable the fair and orderly trading, as well as the provision of price information, of any securities being traded on that exchange. Originally the exchanges were physical places (in some world locations the goods are still traded over-the-counter) but with time, they took the shape of an electronic platform. In order that company shares may be bought, traded and sold on a stock exchange, the company is required to have undergone an initial public offering process (IPO) on that particular exchange. The initial public offering of Alibaba Group Holding, a Chinese company operating in the e-commerce sector, on the New York Stock Exchange in September 2014, was the largest listing in the United States since 1996. The IPO of Alibaba Group Holding raised approximately ***** billion U.S. dollars.

Eve Energy, the fifth-largest EV battery producer in China, plans a Hong Kong IPO to enhance its global presence, following the trend of Chinese smart-mobility firms expanding internationally.

Tracking United HealthCare Stock Performance Since IPO

Dataset Description

This dataset provides historical stock data for UnitedHealth Group (UHG), one of the largest healthcare and insurance companies in the world. It covers stock prices, market capitalization, and trading volumes from the company's IPO to the present. As a Fortune 500 company with a significant market presence, analyzing UHG's stock performance can provide valuable insights into healthcare market trends, investment opportunities, and economic indicators.

Dataset Features

• Date – The trading date for the stock data.
• Open Price – Stock price at market open.
• Close Price – Stock price at market close.
• High – Highest stock price during the trading day.
• Low – Lowest stock price during the trading day.
• Volume – The number of shares traded on that day.
• Market Cap – The total market capitalization of UnitedHealth Group.

Dataset Distribution

• Data Volume: Number of records depends on trading days from IPO to present.
• Format: CSV, Excel, or other structured data formats.
• Update Frequency: Weekly.

Usage

This dataset is useful for:

• Stock Market Analysis – Analyzing historical stock price trends.
• Financial Forecasting – Predicting future stock price movements using machine learning.
• Investment Research – Assessing UnitedHealth Group’s stock as part of a portfolio.
• Market Trends – Understanding broader trends in the healthcare insurance sector.

Coverage

• Geographic Coverage: United States (NYSE).
• Time Range: From IPO to present.
• Economic Indicators: Healthcare sector, insurance market trends.

License

CC0 (Public Domain) – This dataset is freely available for public and commercial use.

Who Can Use This Dataset?

• Investors & Traders – To analyze market trends and make informed decisions.
• Economists & Researchers – To study healthcare market impacts.
• Data Scientists – To develop predictive stock models.

This statistic shows the largest global Chinese company IPOs in 2019. That year, the IPO of Alibaba Group Holdings Ltd. at the Hong Kong stock exchange had amounted to about ** billion yuan.

Corporate law firms have enjoyed revenue growth as strong corporate profit stimulated demand for almost all of the industry's services. The largest boon to corporate lawyers came in 2021 as the number of IPOs reached an all-time high. As drafting IPOs is one of the industry's largest revenue streams, this jump brought a surge in revenue. This revenue was especially helpful to make up for a dip the year before as COVID-19-related government assistance allowed struggling businesses to delay filing for bankruptcy, lessening demand for corporate lawyers. Despite some atypical volatility, industry-wide revenue is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 1.0% over the past five years and to total $165.4 billion in 2024, when revenue will rise an estimated 1.4%.Strong corporate profit is the most important factor to the industry's success. Corporate profit skyrocketed following initial pandemic trough as prices, spending and production capacities all rose to meet pent-up demand. This new capital enabled major companies to acquire smaller competitors, leading to a surge in revenue for lawyers specializing in incorporation. With more flexibility in their margins, corporations were also able to invest more in research and development projects. This, in turn, boosted demand for corporate law firms to help protect intellectual property. While wages have been on the rise, revenue growth has helped law firms absorb these costs and keep profit high, especially for the nation's top firms.Looking forward, corporate lawyers are expected to enjoy steady growth over the next five years. Corporate profit is expected to rise toward the end of the period as interest rates decline. The rollout of the 15.0% minimum corporate tax will encourage major companies to seek consulting services from corporate lawyers in order to comply while remaining efficient. Much of this demand will be met by in-house legal departments, though, which experts anticipate to become more prevalent. The range of corporate law firms' cyclical and countercyclical services will continue to make the industry especially resilient, and revenue is forecast to climb at a CAGR of 1.4% over the five years through 2029 to total $177.3 billion.

Saudi Aramco offered 1.5% of its company (equivalent to 3 billion shares out of total 200 billion share) to investors on December 10, 2019 at SAR32 (US$8.53) per share. The share price increased in the following week. Closed price on Saudi Arabia's Tadawul exchange was SAR38.00 (US$10.13) per share on December 16, 2019, resulting in market value slightly above US$2 trillion and making Aramco as the world’s most valuable company.
Saudi Aramco outperforms all other major integrated oil and gas companies on key performance indicators of production, reserves, lifting costs and net income owing to its abundant hydrocarbon reserves with majority of them laying in operationally favourable onshore and shallow water offshore locations. In 2018 the upstream segment contributed over 99% of Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT). The Company has planned major expansions of the country’s main offshore fields that forecast to comprise about 60% of the upstream capital expenditure from 2019-22. The Company is more globally diversified in its downstream sector, investing in existing and upcoming refinery and petrochemical projects in Asia and the US in addition to expansion of its domestic capacities. Read More