A survey conducted in February 2025 found that the most important issue for ** percent of Americans was inflation and prices. A further ** percent of respondents were most concerned about jobs and the economy.

The Economy was seen as the most important issue facing Germany as of June 2025, selected by 20 percent of people as a problem that month. Immigration was seen by 18 percent of people in Germany as a major issue, and was the second most-common response in the most recent survey. Germany's economic struggles Once the economic powerhouse of Europe, the Germany economy has been struggling for several years, and even shrank in 2023 and 2024. In part, this is due to external factors, such as the War in Ukraine putting an end to Germany's supply of cheap Russian gas, and a more protectionist global trade environment harming Germany's export-driven businesses. On the other hand, there has been a chronic lack of investment in the country, in part due to fiscal restraints built into the German constitution. Collapse of the traffic light coalition The issue of removing these fiscal restraints, in particular the "debt-brake", was the eventual reason that brought down the government of Olaf Scholz in late 2024. In power since the 2021 election, Scholz's government consisted of three political parties, Scholz's own SPD, the German Greens, and the pro-businesses FDP. The contradictions inherent in a three-party coalition eventually rose to the surface in late 2024, when the FDP leadership split with the government over economic policy, causing the collapse of the government. All three parties saw their vote share decline considerably, in the subsequent election in February 2025, with the FDP unable to clear the five percent threshold required to win seats in parliament.

The Politbarometer has been conducted since 1977 on an almost monthly basis by the Research Group for Elections (Forschungsgruppe Wahlen) for the Second German Television (ZDF). Since 1990, this database has also been available for the new German states. The survey focuses on the opinions and attitudes of the voting population in the Federal Republic on current political topics, parties, politicians, and voting behavior. From 1990 to 1995 and from 1999 onward, the Politbarometer surveys were conducted separately in the eastern and western federal states (Politbarometer East and Politbarometer West). The separate monthly surveys of a year are integrated into a cumulative data set that includes all surveys of a year and all variables of the respective year. The Politbarometer short surveys, collected with varying frequency throughout the year, are integrated into the annual cumulation starting from 2003.

The economy was seen by 49 percent of people in the UK as one of the top three issues facing the country in June 2025. The ongoing cost of living crisis afflicting the UK, driven by high inflation, is still one of the main concerns of Britons. Immigration has generally been the second most important issue since the middle of 2024, just ahead of health, which was seen as the third-biggest issue in the most recent month. Labour's popularity continues to sink in 2025 Despite winning the 2024 general election with a strong majority, the new Labour government has had its share of struggles since coming to power. Shortly after taking office, the approval rating for Labour stood at -2 percent, but this fell throughout the second half of 2024, and by January 2025 had sunk to a new low of -47 percent. Although this was still higher than the previous government's last approval rating of -56 percent, it is nevertheless a severe review from the electorate. Among several decisions from the government, arguably the least popular was the government withdrawing winter fuel payments. This state benefit, previously paid to all pensioners, is now only paid to those on low incomes, with millions of pensioners not receiving this payment in winter 2024. Sunak's pledges fail to prevent defeat in 2024 With an election on the horizon, and the Labour Party consistently ahead in the polls, addressing voter concerns directly was one of the best chances the Conservatives had of staying in power in 2023. At the start of that year, Rishi Sunak attempted to do this by setting out his five pledges for the next twelve months; halve inflation, grow the economy, reduce national debt, cut NHS waiting times, and stop small boats. A year later, Sunak had at best only partial success in these aims. Although the inflation rate fell, economic growth was weak and even declined in the last two quarters of 2023, although it did return to growth in early 2024. National debt was only expected to fall in the mid to late 2020s, while the trend of increasing NHS waiting times did not reverse. Small boat crossings were down from 2022, but still higher than in 2021 or 2020. .

This dataset comprises data on all articles in the new field of historical political economy (HPE) published in from 2010 to 2021 in eight top journals in political science: the American Journal of Political Science, the American Political Science Review, the British Journal of Political Science, Comparative Political Studies, Comparative Politics, the Journal of Politics, the Quarterly Journal of Political Science, and World Politics. We define political economy as work that either uses formal theory or empirically tests falsifiable arguments using quantitative methods. We classify work that uses the tools of political economy as HPE if it substantially or exclusively examines politics prior to 1945: the end of the Second World War, the onset of the Cold War, the moment when the Bretton Woods system came into effect, and the start of decolonization in Africa and Asia. We make an exception for China, where important institutional changes occurred after the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949 and the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. The dataset includes full citation, time period, region and country of study, topic, and keywords. We also code each article as one of three types: work that seeks to understand the past for its own sake, work that uses history as a way to understand the present, and work that uses history as a setting to investigate important theoretical issues.

The main themes of this survey were social welfare policy, taxation, political lobbying and influence, policies of the future government, candidate choice in the forthcoming parliamentary elections, and options for lengthening working lives in Finland. First, the respondents were asked whether they agreed with a number of statements relating to political decision-making, climate change, political parties, politics, economic and fiscal policy, Finnish economy, working life, NATO membership, welfare, entrepreneurship, national identity, etc. Opinions were charted on which tax rates (income tax, corporate tax, excise duty on alcoholic beverages, value-added tax rates etc) could be increased, kept at the same level or lowered. The respondents were also asked how they would rank Finland compared to other countries regarding a number of issues. The issues mentioned included, for instance, how well the political system, democracy and society on the whole work; material and mental well-being; the quality of education, social security and public services; Finland's image; economic competitiveness; equality; safety; income differences; amount of corruption. The next set of questions probed views on how much certain bodies/operators (trade unions, employer organisations, public authorities, big businesses, the media, market forces, the EU, the EMU, lobby groups, voters etc) influenced political decisions in Finland and whether their influence was too great, appropriate or too low. Opinions were charted on what should be the focus areas for the future government (e.g. economy, employment, national debt, poverty, education, crime prevention, business environment, immigration). One theme pertained to the forthcoming parliamentary elections. The respondents were asked how important certain aspects were for their candidate choice. The aspects mentioned included, for instance, the candidate image, party, charisma, expertise, values, image given on the Internet or in the social media, the candidate's gender, age, honesty, verbal skills. Opinions were charted on what would be good methods for lenghtening people's working lives (e.g. restricting access to early retirement, raising retirement age, abolishing conscription, measures to shorten unemployment periods, immigration, restricting access to unemployment benefits etc). The survey also investigated attitudes to Finland's EU membership, change of currency to euro, and whether the EMU membership was a benefit or disadvantage to Finland in the economic situation at that time. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age group, basic and vocational education, size and type of the municipality of residence, industry of employment, region, economic activity and occupational status, trade union membership, self-perceived social class and the candidate of which political party R would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that time.

This statistic shows the results of a 2012 survey in the United States regarding the most important problems in the current U.S. economy. The respondents were sorted by political party. In 2012, 27 percent of democrats, 38 percent of republicans and 30 percent of independent voters stated that the economy in general was the most crucial problem for the United States.

In a 2024 survey on the most pressing issues in German politics, around 26 percent of respondents named immigration and dealing with refugees as one of the most relevant issues, that German society and politics were facing at the moment. Around 21 percent of people said it was the war in Ukraine and relations with Russia, making it the second most pressing issue, followed by the economy in third place.

Techsalerator's News Events Data for Greece: A Comprehensive Overview

Techsalerator's News Events Data for Greece is an essential resource for businesses, researchers, and media organizations. This dataset aggregates information on significant news events across Greece, drawing from diverse media sources such as news outlets, online publications, and social platforms. It offers valuable insights for those looking to track trends, analyze public sentiment, or monitor industry-specific developments.

Key Data Fields - Event Date: Captures the exact date of the news event, crucial for analysts monitoring trends over time or businesses responding to market shifts. - Event Title: A brief headline describing the event, allowing users to quickly categorize and assess news content based on relevance. - Source: Identifies the news outlet or platform where the event was reported, helping users track credible sources and assess the reach and influence of the event. - Location: Provides geographic information on where the event took place within Greece, valuable for regional analysis or localized marketing efforts. - Event Description: A detailed summary of the event, outlining key developments, participants, and potential impact. Researchers and businesses use this to understand the context and implications of the event.

Top 5 News Categories in Greece - Politics: Major news coverage on government decisions, political movements, elections, and policy changes affecting the national landscape. - Economy: Focuses on Greece’s economic indicators, inflation rates, international trade, and corporate activities influencing business and finance sectors. - Social Issues: News events covering protests, public health, education, and other societal concerns driving public discourse. - Sports: Highlights events in football, basketball, and other popular sports, often drawing widespread attention and engagement across the country. - Technology and Innovation: Reports on tech developments, startups, and innovations in Greece’s growing tech ecosystem, featuring companies like Vodafone Greece and up-and-coming startups.

Top 5 News Sources in Greece - Kathimerini: A major newspaper providing in-depth coverage of politics, economy, and social issues. - Ta Nea: A prominent source for news related to politics, business, and cultural events across Greece. - Mega Channel: A leading TV network offering real-time updates on current affairs, sports, and entertainment. - Protagon: A well-regarded online news platform known for its investigative journalism and analysis of political and social issues. - Ethnos: A key newspaper providing extensive coverage of national politics, economy, and public affairs.

Accessing Techsalerator’s News Events Data for Greece To access Techsalerator’s News Events Data for Greece, please contact info@techsalerator.com with your specific needs. We will provide a customized quote based on the data fields and records you require, with delivery available within 24 hours. Ongoing access options can also be discussed.

Included Data Fields - Event Date - Event Title - Source - Location - Event Description - Event Category (Politics, Economy, Sports, etc.) - Participants (if applicable) - Event Impact (Social, Economic, etc.)

Techsalerator’s dataset is an invaluable tool for tracking significant events in Greece. It aids in making informed decisions, whether for business strategy, market analysis, or academic research, offering a clear picture of the country’s news landscape.

This dataset covers ballots 457-58, 460-68 spanning January-February, April-December 1982 (March exists but is missing from the dataset). The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 457-1 - January This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly political issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country and abroad. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as physically abused children, married women who work and changes in standard of living. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: allowing paid maternity leave; approval of Broadbent as NDP leader; approval of Clark as leader of the Conservative party; approval of Trudeau as Prime Minister; being involved with charities; the best political party to handle energy, unemployment; energy and to unify Canada; Canada-UK relations; changing the standard of living; children who are physically abused; married women who work; talking about politics with friends; and US-Canada relations. Basic demographic variables are also included. 458-1-2 - February This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly political issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as the changing standard of living, inflation and unemployment. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the approval of Broadbent as NDP leader; the approval of Clark as leader of the Conservative party; the approval of Trudeau as Prime Minister; the biggest threat to Canada's future; confidence in the United States problem solving; the dangers of pollution; the importance of Canadian owned industries and resources; increasing the standard of living; the main causes of unemployment; opposing price controls; the political party that would be best for the economy; reducing inflation; reducing unemployment and who would make the best Prime Minister. Basic demographic variables are also included. 460-1-a - April This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly social issues. The questions ask opinions about the ideal number of children to have and the quality of education. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as municipal council spending and regional differences. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the amount of power that the USSR has; community opinion of the teaching profession; the effects of regional differences in Canada; having the government share the cost of child care; how interesting work is; ideal number of children to have; involving unions in politics; learning languages in school; municipal council spending; the quality of education today, compared to the past; successfulness of family life; and wives who work. Basic demographic variables are also included. 461-1 - May This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly political issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as common Sunday activities; Falkland Island and smoking. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: attending church; common Sunday activities; the country with legitimate claims to Falkland island; deciding to have a nuclear war, rather than living under Communist rule; Falkland island dispute; influence of religion on everyday life; opinions about Broadbent as NDP leader; opinions about Clark as leader of the Conservative party; opinions about housing; opinions about the Canadian Immigration policy; opinions about Trudeau as the Liberal leader; opinions of the Canadian Constitution; political preferences; reasons for quitting smoking; smoking cigarettes; viewing religious broadcasts; who dominates the household; and with drawling Argentina's troops from Falkland island. Basic demographic variables are also included. 462-1 - June This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as energy shortages, inflation and swimming ability. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the approval of Broadbent as NDP leader; the approval of Clark as leader of the Conservative party; the approval of Trudeau as Prime Minister; chances of an energy shortage; chances of finding a new job if fired; the energy crisis in Canada; the government's handling of the economy; learning how to swim; the most important problem facing Canada; preferred political leader; the amount recession in the future; reducing unemployment; rising prices and income; success of controlling inflation; swimming ability; taking a job of less pay or lower status; trying to curb inflation; and using a small boat. Basic demographic variables are also included. 463-1 - July This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on political and social issues. Opinions on topics such as the direction Canada is going in, rising interest rates, and voting behaviour were discussed. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: biggest threat to Canada; business conditions; Canadian defense; direction the country is going in; disarmament; government wage and price control; interest rates; NATO; nuclear War risk; sympathy for Arabs and Israelis; US investment in Canada; voting behaviour. Basic demographic variables are also included. 463-2 - July This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on political and social issues. Opinions on topics such as MacEachen's budget and the federal election were discussed. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: Macheachen's budget; the federal election; families financial issues. Basic demographic variables are also included. 464-1 - August This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about economic policy and the possibility a new election, as well as other important political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such attending night school; the importance of religion and unemployment. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: allowing civil servants to strike; attending night school; the best political party for the economy; calling an election prior to the end of the year; the closeness of student-teacher relations; confidence in the government's handling of inflation; confidence in the government's handling of unemployment; courses taken in night school; honesty and ethic standards of professions; how important religion is; the main causes of unemployment; opinions about children having a different religion then their parents; the productivity of Canadian workers; putting limits on wage increases; the quality of education today, compared to the past; urgent problems facing Canada; and who would make the best Prime Minister. Basic demographic variables are also included. 465-1 - September This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about economic policy and the possibility a new election, as well as other important political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such attending night school; the importance of religion and unemployment. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Basic demographic variables are also included. 465-4 - September This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about economic policy and the possibility a new election, as well as other important political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such attending night school; the importance of religion and unemployment. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Basic demographic variables are also included. 466-3 - October This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predictions for 1983 and the chance of war. The questions ask opinions about whether or not 1983 will be better then 1982, as well as other predictions on world peace and striking unions. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as the chances of a world war. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the chances of a world war breaking out and predictions for 1983. Basic demographic variables are also included. 467-1 - November This

Voting behavior, political system and economic reforms. Topics: Unemployment in the past year and length of unemployment; unemployment benefit; partial unemployment; irregular salary; employer status; preferred money use; cover of the cost of living by basic salary; second job; queuing and amount of time; main sources of income; handling with money; renouncing from necessary things; living standard; economic situation of the socialist economy in 1989, of the current economic system and of the Russian´s economy in 1998 (scale); present economic situation of the family in comparison to that 5 years ago; expected economic situation within 5 years; responsibility for the economic problems of the country (scale); speed of economic reforms; most important tasks of the government this year; present fears; acceptance of the governmental system in the country; solution of political problems (scale); assessment of the communist regime, the current system and the political system to be expected in 1999; changes of the governmental system since Perestroika regarding liberty, free settling, political influence, personal liberty, interests in politics, fairness of government and religious freedom; preferred type of state for Russia (scale); trust in institutions; danger of the national safety by other countries; parliament dissolving and ban of parties; political participation; party preference; party affiliation; earlier membership in the communist party; voting in the Parliament Elections 1993 and party voted for; reasons for not voting; relationship between President and Parliament; voting in the Constitution project; new constitution ensures justice and unity; relationship between President and deputies; voting intention in the Presidential Elections; resignation of Yeltsin and Chernomirdin; repetition of the events of September/October 1993; preferred development of military production; national pride; destruction of nuclear weapons; in case of a war fight for the country; opinion about CIS; influence on the citizens´ financial situation; preferred relationship to the former Soviet Republics; Russia´s help for other CIS-states; opinion about the EU; think as an European citizen; Russia as a member of the EU; work in a western country; privatization of large companies (scale); use of the voucher; satisfaction with investment fund share; probability of the privatization of your place of work; effects of the privatization on job security, payment, influencing control and product quality; number of children; size of household; nationality; stay abroad; religiousness.

The Issue Competition Comparative Project (ICCP) is a comparative research project about party competition. The aim is to analyze party competition through an issue competition perspective, i.e. by conceptualizing political parties and leaders as rational, vote-maximizing political entrepreneurs that strategically exploit available issue opportunities in a context where voters are available across ideological boundaries. The first ICCP data collection round has covered six West European countries (Netherlands, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Italy) that held general elections in 2017 and 2018. The electoral campaign of political parties and party leaders was studied by monitoring, collecting, and analysing their activity on Twitter in the four month preceding the election date. For each party in the 6 ICCP countries, the monitoring activity was carried out on the public profile of the party and on the public profile of the main frontrunners/leaders of the party.

1. Survey Dataset Topics: interest in politics; vote intention; rating of current economic situation; expected economic situation in 12 months; propensity to vote different political parties; party identification; strength of party identification; party closeness to different parties; party that is credible for achieving different policy goals; respondent assigns a high, average or low priority to the policy goal; position to positional issues (self-placement on a 1-6 scale, with values 1-3 corresponding to one goal, and values 4-6 corresponding to the rival goal); shared policy goals (valence issues); left-right self-placement; approvement or disapprovement of the government’s record to date; candidate traits (knowledgeable about politics, strong, honest, and careful) were applicable.

Demography: sex; age (year of birth, age class); church attendance; education; city size; profession; sector; self-assessment of social class; living standard.

Additionally coded: respondent ID, weigthing factor.

1. Twitter Dataset

Topics: study (country and year); abbreviation of party; Issue ID (within country); issue type (Positional or Valence); dimension (cultural or economic); Issue (short description); rival goal (on the issue) assigned to classical left-wing orientation; rival goal (on the issue) assigned to classical right-wing orientation; right-wing positional goal; systematic issue salience; absolute count of tweets the party dedicated to the issue; total number of issue-related party tweets; total number of party tweets dedicated to positional issues; total number of party tweets dedicated to valence issues; proportion of party tweets the party dedicated to the issue, over the total of issue-related tweets; orientation (left/right) of the goal with a higher issue yield for the party; party size in survey sample; whole sample and within party: goal support for positional issues; whole sample and within party: party credibility on goal; (credibility weighted) Issue Yield for goal; Issue Yield cross-party ranking.

This special topic poll, conducted October 19-22, 2006, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the current presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked whether they approved of the way George W. Bush was handling his job as president, whether they approved of the way Congress and their own representative in Congress was handling their job, and to rate the condition of the national economy. Registered voters were asked whether they followed the congressional elections, whether they were likely to vote, and which candidate they would vote for if the election were being held that day. Registered voters who had already voted absentee were asked which candidate they voted for, how enthusiastic they were about their vote, and whether their vote was more for one political party, or more against the other political party. Opinions were solicited on what was the most important issue in congressional elections, whether things in the country were generally going in the right direction, whether their reason for voting for a candidate for Congress included showing support for George W. Bush, which political party they trusted to do a better job handling issues such as the situation in Iraq and the economy, and whether they thought a change of control from the Republicans to the Democrats would be a good thing. Information was collected on whether respondents had been contacted by any organization working in support of a candidate for Congress and which political party they were asked to vote for, whether the 2006 congressional elections were more important to the country than past elections, and whether the war with Iraq was worth fighting. Additional questions asked how much Congress should be blamed for problems relating to the war with Iraq, how much credit Congress should get for preventing terrorist attacks, whether respondents felt optimistic about the situation in Iraq, and if the United States had the same kind of involvement in the war with Iraq as it did the Vietnam war. Demographic variables include sex, age, religion, race, education level, household income, labor union membership, voter registration and participation history, political party affiliation, political philosophy, employment status, marital status, and type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural).

Techsalerator's News Events Data for Maldives: A Comprehensive Overview

Techsalerator's News Events Data for Maldives offers a powerful resource for businesses, researchers, and media organizations. This dataset compiles information on significant news events across the Maldives, pulling from a wide range of media sources, including news outlets, online publications, and social platforms. It provides valuable insights for those looking to track trends, analyze public sentiment, or monitor industry-specific developments.

Key Data Fields - Event Date: Captures the exact date of the news event. This is crucial for analysts who need to monitor trends over time or for businesses responding to market shifts. - Event Title: A brief headline describing the event. This allows users to quickly categorize and assess news content based on relevance to their interests. - Source: Identifies the news outlet or platform where the event was reported. This helps users track credible sources and assess the reach and influence of the event. - Location: Provides geographic information, indicating where the event took place within the Maldives. This is especially valuable for regional analysis or localized marketing efforts. - Event Description: A detailed summary of the event, outlining key developments, participants, and potential impact. Researchers and businesses use this to understand the context and implications of the event.

Top 5 News Categories in Maldives - Politics: Major news coverage on government decisions, political movements, elections, and policy changes that affect the national landscape. - Economy: Focuses on Maldives’ economic indicators, tourism trends, international trade, and corporate activities influencing business and finance sectors. - Social Issues: News events covering public health, education, and other societal concerns that drive public discourse. - Sports: Highlights events in local and international sports, often drawing widespread attention and engagement across the country. - Technology and Innovation: Reports on tech developments, startups, and innovations in Maldives’ growing tech ecosystem, featuring emerging companies and advancements.

Top 5 News Sources in Maldives - Haveeru Online: A prominent news outlet providing comprehensive coverage of national politics, economy, and social issues. - Miadhu Daily: A major online news platform known for its timely updates on breaking news, politics, and current affairs. - Sun Online: A widely-read news source offering insights into local politics, economic developments, and societal trends. - Maldives Independent: A significant news source covering a broad spectrum of topics, including politics, economy, and social issues. - The Edition: The national news agency delivering updates on significant events, public health, and sports across the Maldives.

Accessing Techsalerator’s News Events Data for Maldives To access Techsalerator’s News Events Data for Maldives, please contact info@techsalerator.com with your specific needs. We will provide a customized quote based on the data fields and records you require, with delivery available within 24 hours. Ongoing access options can also be discussed.

Included Data Fields - Event Date - Event Title - Source - Location - Event Description - Event Category (Politics, Economy, Sports, etc.) - Participants (if applicable) - Event Impact (Social, Economic, etc.)

Techsalerator’s dataset is an invaluable tool for keeping track of significant events in the Maldives. It aids in making informed decisions, whether for business strategy, market analysis, or academic research, providing a clear picture of the country’s news landscape.

We constructed a data set containing the share of land under protection for the 792 municipalities in the Amazon states for each year between 1997 and 2010. The project exploits spatial and temporal variation in the availability of land with title that is contestable by private actors to explore the relationship between (in)secure property rights and civil conflict in the Brazilian Amazon. During this period, the share of Amazon land under some sort of protection increased markedly, from 16% to 44%, providing substantial cross‐sectional and time‐series variation in the availability of contestable land. We also use high resolution land cover data to estimate forest cover and estimate the relationship between contestability of land, forest cover and conflict.

CAGE will aim to build on initial success while offering some important innovations. The overarching theme will continue to be 'succeeding in the global economy' and the Centre will be organised into research themes each with an 'organizing question': Theme 1: What Explains Comparative Long-Run Growth Performance?; Theme 2: How do Culture and Institutions Help to Explain Development and Divergence in a Globalizing World?; Theme 3: How Can the Measurement of Wellbeing be Improved and What are the Implications for Policy?; Theme 4: What are the Implications of Globalization and Global Crises for Policymaking and for Economic and Political Outcomes in Western Democracies? During phase 1, research in Theme 1 made excellent progress in establishing a detailed quantitative picture of the dimensions of long-run economic growth over the last 800 years in Europe and Asia and the analysis will now be extended to cover Africa, and move from measuring real GDP per capita to accounting for the sources of growth in terms of factor inputs and their productivity. Research will also analyse the reasons for success and failure over the long-run at a more fundamental level with investigations covering pre-industrial to post-industrial times looking at the roles of geography, institutions, trade costs, and human capital and knowledge as well as economic policy. Some of this will be forward-looking considering reforms that may be need to sustain catch-up growth in the BRICs and in post-crisis Europe. Theme 2 will continue to examine the political economy of institutional change and to investigate other aspects of supply-side policy relevant to enterprise performance in developing countries. Research will now be expanded and slightly re-orientated to address the role of trust and, in particular, to consider how trust can be nurtured. This will enable further investigation into why reform programmes such as those based on Washington-Consensus principles have not worked well besides permitting insights into the roots of underdevelopment. Theme 3 will further develop the evidence base for its innovative approach to the analysis of poverty with a programme of field experiments and will continue to augment the evidence base on the determinants of wellbeing and the policy implications thereof. It will elaborate the ways in which poverty via cognitive impairment leads to unfortunate decision-making, to examining implications of adaptation to well-being shocks and to the role that cognitive biases and genetics play in wellbeing outcomes. Theme 4 will build on the work begun after the appointment of a Professor of Quantitative Political Science as a key investment to further the work of CAGE. This research has examined the implications of tax competition for capital mobility and viability of welfare state policies in OECD countries as globalization has intensified. The research highlights differing exposure to globalization threats. During phase 2, research on these issues will be deepened and extended using formal analysis and econometrics to investigate issues which are deeply political in that they involve contentious policy choices and are conditioned by political institutions. The topics to be studied include the implications of globalization and economic crises for voter preferences and for redistribution and welfare spending in different types of advanced economy, and much more detailed investigation of the dimensions of the responses available to co-ordinated and liberal market economies. In conclusion, the distinctive feature of CAGE is that it crosses divides within economics broadly defined and explores issues traditionally regarded as at the boundaries of economics. CAGE research and policy advice is sensitive to context and based on an empirical approach that does not arbitrarily impose the priors of neoclassical economics. Finally, CAGE is able to bring an informed historical perspective to current policy issues.

This study is part of a quadrennial series designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the general public on matters related to foreign policy, and to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision-makers must operate. This public opinion study of the United States focused on respondents' opinions of the United States' leadership role in the world and the challenges the country faces domestically and internationally. The survey covered the following international topics: relations with other countries, role in foreign affairs, possible threats to vital interests in the next ten years, foreign policy goals, benefits or drawbacks of globalization, situations that might justify the use of United States troops in other parts of the world, the number and location of United States military bases overseas, respondent feelings toward people of other countries, opinions on the influence of other countries in the world and how much influence those countries should have, whether there should be a global regulating body to prevent economic instability, international trade, United States participation in potential treaties, the United States' role in the United Nations and NATO, respondent opinions on international institutions and regulating bodies such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the World Health Organization, whether the United States will continue to be the world's leading power in the next 50 years, democracy in the Middle East and South Korea, the role of the United Nations Security Council, which side the United States should take in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, what measures should be taken to deal with Iran's nuclear program, the military effort in Afghanistan, opinions on efforts to combat terrorism and the use of torture to extract information from prisoners, whether the respondent favors or opposes the government selling military equipment to other nations and using nuclear weapons in various circumstances, the economic development of China, and the conflict between North and South Korea. Domestic issues included economic prospects for American children when they become adults, funding for government programs, the fairness of the current distribution of income in the United States, the role of government, whether the government can be trusted to do what is right, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, United States' dependence on foreign energy sources, drilling for oil and natural gas off the coast of the United States, and relations with Mexico including such issues as the ongoing drug war, as well as immigration and immigration reform. Demographic and other background information included age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, left-right political self-placement, political affiliation, employment status, highest level of education, and religious preference. Also included are household size and composition, whether the respondent is head of household, household income, housing type, ownership status of living quarters, household Internet access, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status, and region and state of residence.

Bolivia General Government: Expenditure: Current: Current Transfers: Private Fiscal Certificated Issue data was reported at 1,178.956 BOB mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 999.692 BOB mn for 2022. Bolivia General Government: Expenditure: Current: Current Transfers: Private Fiscal Certificated Issue data is updated yearly, averaging 771.081 BOB mn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,454.532 BOB mn in 2016 and a record low of 0.000 BOB mn in 1990. Bolivia General Government: Expenditure: Current: Current Transfers: Private Fiscal Certificated Issue data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Economics and Public Finance. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bolivia – Table BO.F001: General Government Revenue and Expenditure.

The German Internet Panel (GIP) is an infrastructure project. The GIP serves to collect data about individual attitudes and preferences which are relevant for political and economic decision-making processes.

The questionnaire contains numerous experimental variations in the survey instruments. For further information, please refer to the study documentation.

Topics: Political efficacy (understanding and assessing political issues well, politicians strive to maintain close contact with the population, participation in discussions on political issues, contact between politicians and citizens); political interest; importance of environmental issues/ gender issues; self-characterisation (Big 5: trusting, little artistic interest, tend to criticize others, active imagination); life satisfaction; performance motivation (enjoy competing with others, satisfaction through better performance compared to others, strive to be better than others, make more effort when competing with others, strive to be one of the best in one´s own field of work); work motivation: intrinsic work motivation (working independently, using one´s own talents and skills, tasks that require a sense of responsibility, realising one´s own ideas); extrinsic work motivation (high income, good opportunities for advancement, clear career prospects).

EU: voting decision in the 2019 elections to the European Parliament; opinion on European unification; classification of the views of parties on European unification (CDU/CSU, SPD, Die Linke, Bündnis 90/ Die Grünen, FDP, AfD); classification of the views of the European Parliament on European unification; left-right classification of the European Parliament; advocacy of abolition of the EU if most people do not agree with EU decisions; satisfaction with the achievements of the EU; agreement on various statements: bad for the German economy/cultural life in Germany is undermined when people come from other countries to live here (nativism); good understanding and assessment of important EU policy issues or Politicians in the EU care about what people think (internal/external political efficacy).

Experiment to collect additional information using a JavaScript: Consent to automatic recording of keystrokes and mouse clicks/ of GPS data in addition to the survey data; main reason for giving consent or refusing consent to automatic recording; technical understanding: understanding of keystrokes and mouse clicks/ of GPS data/ automatic recording of additional information by a JavaScript.

Survey length (general and online) (in minutes); ideal length and maximum length of a survey (general and online) in which the respondent would participate (in minutes); recall policy interest; repeat policy interest response; security recall policy interest.

Demography: sex; age (year of birth, categorized); highest educational degree; highest professional qualification; marital status; household size; employment status; German citizenship; frequency of private Internet usage; federal state.

Additionally coded: respondent ID; household ID, GIP; person ID (within the household); year of recruitment (2012, 2014, and 2018); interview date; current online status; assignment to experimental groups.

Questionnaire evaluation (interesting, varied, relevant, long, difficult, too personal); assessment of the survey as a whole; respondent made further comments on the questionnaire.

Bolivia General Government: Expenditure: Current: Current Transfers: Public Fiscal Certificated Issue data was reported at 6,635.797 BOB mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,351.672 BOB mn for 2022. Bolivia General Government: Expenditure: Current: Current Transfers: Public Fiscal Certificated Issue data is updated yearly, averaging 444.974 BOB mn from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,635.797 BOB mn in 2023 and a record low of 0.000 BOB mn in 1990. Bolivia General Government: Expenditure: Current: Current Transfers: Public Fiscal Certificated Issue data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Economics and Public Finance. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bolivia – Table BO.F001: General Government Revenue and Expenditure.

This statistic depicts the top issues for young voters in the 2018 United States midterm election. During the survey, ** percent of voters between the ages of ** and ** reported that economic issues were important to them in the 2018 midterm elections, followed by ** percent who reported that security issues were important to them.