Between March 2020 and August 2024, four of the biggest one-day losses on the Nasdaq Composite Index occurred in the first half of 2020. The worst day was March 16, 2020, when the index fell by ***** percent. The ** worst days in terms of losses were spread across 2020 and 2022. This index includes the Big Five tech giants - Apple, Amazon, Alphabet (Google), Meta, and Microsoft - as well as many other technology-focused companies.

Following the announcement of sweeping tariffs on all countries by Donald Trump, ************* became the day with the third-highest point losses for the Dow Jones Industrial Average in history. Worse than the loss experienced on that day were only the losses that occurred following the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Dow Jones Industrial Average posted significant points losses due to the global impact of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. With stocks falling sharply, the Dow recorded its worst single-day points drop ever, plunging ***** points – nearly ** percent – on **************.

View data of the S&P 500, an index of the stocks of 500 leading companies in the US economy, which provides a gauge of the U.S. equity market.

In 2024, ** percent of adults in the United States invested in the stock market. This figure has remained steady over the last few years, and is still below the levels before the Great Recession, when it peaked in 2007 at ** percent. What is the stock market? The stock market can be defined as a group of stock exchanges, where investors can buy shares in a publicly traded company. In more recent years, it is estimated an increasing number of Americans are using neobrokers, making stock trading more accessible to investors. Other investments A significant number of people think stocks and bonds are the safest investments, while others point to real estate, gold, bonds, or a savings account. Since witnessing the significant one-day losses in the stock market during the Financial Crisis, many investors were turning towards these alternatives in hopes for more stability, particularly for investments with longer maturities. This could explain the decrease in this statistic since 2007. Nevertheless, some speculators enjoy chasing the short-run fluctuations, and others see value in choosing particular stocks.

The statistic shows the worst days of the Dow Jones Industrial Average index from 1897 to 2024. The worst day in the history of the index was ****************, when the index value decreased by ***** percent. The largest single day loss in points was on ***********.

In 2025, stock markets in the United States accounted for roughly ** percent of world stocks. The next largest country by stock market share was China, followed by the European Union as a whole. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ are the largest stock exchange operators worldwide. What is a stock exchange? The first modern publicly traded company was the Dutch East Industry Company, which sold shares to the general public to fund expeditions to Asia. Since then, groups of companies have formed exchanges in which brokers and dealers can come together and make transactions in one space. Stock market indices group companies trading on a given exchange, giving an idea of how they evolve in real time. Appeal of stock ownership Over half of adults in the United States are investing money in the stock market. Stocks are an attractive investment because the possible return is higher than offered by other financial instruments.

Japan's main stock market index, the JP225, fell to 39570 points on July 11, 2025, losing 0.19% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 3.66%, though it remains 3.94% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Japan. Japan Stock Market Index (JP225) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Canada's main stock market index, the TSX, fell to 27023 points on July 11, 2025, losing 0.22% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 1.53% and is up 19.18% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Canada. Canada Stock Market Index (TSX) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

United Kingdom's main stock market index, the GB100, fell to 8941 points on July 11, 2025, losing 0.38% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.63% and is up 8.34% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from United Kingdom. United Kingdom Stock Market Index (GB100) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The latest closing stock price for Microsoft as of June 18, 2025 is 480.24. An investor who bought $1,000 worth of Microsoft stock at the IPO in 1986 would have $8,056,718 today, roughly 8,057 times their original investment - a 25.94% compound annual growth rate over 39 years. The all-time high Microsoft stock closing price was 480.24 on June 18, 2025. The Microsoft 52-week high stock price is 481.00, which is 0.2% above the current share price. The Microsoft 52-week low stock price is 344.79, which is 28.2% below the current share price. The average Microsoft stock price for the last 52 weeks is 422.77. For more information on how our historical price data is adjusted see the Stock Price Adjustment Guide.

Between March 4 and March 11, 2020, the S&P 500 index declined by ** percent, descending into a bear market. On March 12, 2020, the S&P 500 plunged *** percent, its steepest one-day fall since 1987. The index began to recover at the start of April and reached a peak in December 2021. As of December 29, 2024, the value of the S&P 500 stood at ******** points. Coronavirus sparks stock market chaos Stock markets plunged in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, with investors fearing its spread would destroy economic growth. Buoyed by figures that suggested cases were leveling off in China, investors were initially optimistic about the virus being contained. However, confidence in the market started to subside as the number of cases increased worldwide. Investors were deterred from buying stocks, and this was reflected in the markets – the values of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq Composite also dived during the height of the crisis. What is a bear market? A bear market occurs when the value of a stock market suffers a prolonged decline of more than 20 percent over a period of at least 2 months. The COVID-19 pandemic caused severe concern and sent stock markets on a steep downward spiral. The S&P 500 achieved a record closing high of ***** on February 19, 2020. However, just over 3 weeks later, the market closed on *****, which represented a decline of around ** percent in only 16 sessions.

Hong Kong's main stock market index, the HK50, rose to 24140 points on July 11, 2025, gaining 0.46% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.43% and is up 31.96% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Hong Kong. Hong Kong Stock Market Index (HK50) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Australia's main stock market index, the ASX200, fell to 8580 points on July 11, 2025, losing 0.11% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.18% and is up 7.80% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Australia. Australia Stock Market Index - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

New Zealand's main stock market index, the NZX 50, fell to 12687 points on July 11, 2025, losing 0.58% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.30% and is up 4.55% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from New Zealand. New Zealand Stock Market (NZX 50) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Introduction In the course of researching the common ownership hypothesis, we found a number of issues with the Thomson Reuters (TR) "S34" dataset used by many researchers and frequently accessed via Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS). WRDS has done extensive work to improve the database, working with other researchers that have uncovered problems, specifically fixing a lack of records of BlackRock holdings. However, even with the updated dataset posted in the summer of 2018, we discovered a number of discrepancies when accessing data for constituent firms of the S&P 500 Index. We therefore set out to separately create a dataset of 13(f) holdings from the source documents, which are all public and available electronically from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website. Coverage is good starting in 1999, when electronic filing became mandatory. However, the SEC's Inspector General issued a critical report in 2010 about the information contained in 13(f) filings. The process: We gathered all 13(f) filings from 1999-2017 here. The corpus is over 318,000 filings and occupies ~25GB of space if unzipped. (We do not include the raw filings here as they can be downloaded from EDGAR). We wrote code to parse the filings to extract holding information using regular expressions in Perl. Our target list of holdings was all public firms with a market capitalization of at least $10M. From the header of the file, we first extract the filing date, reporting date, and reporting entity (Central Index Key, or CIK, and CIKNAME). Beginning with the September 30 2013 filing date, all filings were in XML format, which made parsing fairly straightforward, as all values are contained in tags. Prior to that date, the filings are remarkable for the heterogeneity in formatting. Several examples are linked to below. Our approach was to look for any lines containing a CUSIP code that we were interested in, and then attempting to determine the "number of shares" field and the "value" field. To help validate the values we extracted, we downloaded stock price data from CRSP for the filing date, as that allows for a logic check of (price * shares) = value. We do not claim that this will exhaustively extract all holding information. We can provide examples of filings that are formatted in such a way that we are not able to extract the relevant information. In both XML and non-XML filings, we attempt to remove any derivative holdings by looking for phrases such as OPT, CALL, PUT, WARR, etc. We then perform some final data cleaning: in the case of amended filings, we keep an amended level of holdings if the amended report a) occurred within 90 days of the reporting date and b) the initial filing fails our logic check described above. The resulting dataset has around 48M reported holdings (CIK-CUSIP) for all 76 quarters and between 4,000 and 7,000 CUSIPs and between 1,000 and 4,000 investors per quarter. We do not claim that our dataset is perfect; there are undoubtedly errors. As documented elsewhere, there are often errors in the actual source documents as well. However, our method seemed to produce more reliable data in several cases than the TR dataset, as shown in Online Appendix B of the related paper linked above. Included Files Perl Parsing Code (find_holdings_snp.pl). For reference, only needed if you wish to re-parse original filings. Investor holdings for 1999-2017: lightly cleaned. Each CIK-CUSIP-rdate is unique. Over 47M records. The fields are CIK: the central index key assigned by the SEC for this investor. Mapping to names is available below. CUSIP: the identity of the holdings. Consult the SEC's 13(f) listings to identify your CUSIPs of interest. shares: the number of shares reportedly held. Merging in CRSP data on shares outstanding at the CUSIP-Month level allows one to construct \beta. We make no distinction for the sole/shared/none voting discretion fields. If a researcher is interested, we did collect that starting in mid-2013, when filings are in XML format. rdate: reporting date (end of quarter). 8 digit, YYYYMMDD. fdate: filing date. 8 digit, YYYYMMDD. ftype: the form name. Notes: we did not consolidate separate BlackRock entities (or any other possibly related entities). If one wants to do so, use the CIK-CIKname mapping file below. We drop any CUSIP-rdate observation where any investor in that CUSIP reports owning greater than 50% of shares outstanding (even though legitimate cases exist - see, for example, Diamond Offshore and Loews Corporation). We also drop any CUSIP-rdate observation where greater than 120% of shares outstanding are reported to be held by 13(f) investors. Cases where the shares held are listed as zero likely mean the investor filing lists a holding for the firm but that our code could not find the number of shares due to the formatting of the file. We leave these in the data so that any researchers that find a zero know to go back to that source filing to manually gather the holdings for the securities they are interested in. Processed 13f holdings (airlines.parquet, cereal.parquet, out_scrape.parquet). These are used in our related AEJ:Microeconomics paper. The files contain all firms within the airline industry, RTE cereal industry, and all large cap firms (a superset of the S&P 500) respectively. These are a merged version of the scrape_parsed.csv file described above, that include the shares outstanding and percent ownership used to calculate measures of common ownership. These are distributed as brotli compressed Apache Parquet (binary) files. This preserves date information correctly. mgrno: manager number (which is actually CIK in the scraped data) rdate: reporting date ncusip: cusip rrdate: reportaing date in stata format mgrname: manager name shares: shares sole: shares with sole authority shared: shares with shared authority none: shares with no authority isbr/isfi/iss/isba/isvg: is this blackrock, statestreet, vanguard, barclay, fidelity numowners: how many owners prc: price at reporting date shares_out: shares outstanding at reporting date value: reported value in 13(f) beta: shares/shares_out permno: permno Profit weight values (i.e. \kappa) for all firms in the sample. (public_scrape_kappas_XXXX.parquet). Each file represents one year of data and is around 200MB and distributed as a compressed (brotli) parquet file. Fields are simply CUSIP_FROM, CUSIP_TO, KAPPA, QUARTER. Note that these have not been adjusted for multi-class share firms, insider holdings, etc. If looking at a particular market, some additional data cleaning on the investor holdings (above) followed by recomputing profit weights is recommended. For this, we did merge the separate BlackRock entities prior to computing \kappa. CIKmap.csv (~250K observations) Mapping is from CIK-rdate to CIKname. Use this if you want to consolidate holdings across reporting entities or explore the identities of reporting firms. In the case of amended filings that use different names than original ones, we keep the earliest name. Example of Parsing Challenge Prior to the XML era, filings were far from uniform, which creates a notable challenge for parsing them for holdings. In the examples directory we include several example text files of raw 13f filings. Example 1 is a "well behaved" filing, with CUSIP, followed by value, followed by number of shares, as recommended by the SEC. Example 2 shows a case where the ordering is changed: CUSIP, then shares, then value. The column headers show "item 5" coming before "item 4". Example 3 shows a case of a fixed width table, which in principle could be parsed very easily using the tags at the top, although not all filings consistently use these tags. Example 4 shows a case with a fixed width table, with no tag for the CUSIP column. Also, notice that if the firm holds more than 10M shares of a firm, that number occupies the entire width of the column and there is no longer a column separator (i.e. Cisco Systems on line 374). Example 5 shows a comma-separated table format. Example 6 shows a case of changing the column ordering, but also adding an (unrequired) column for share price. Example 7 shows a case where the table is split across subsequent pages, and so the CUSIP appears on a different line than the number of shares.

Sri Lanka's main stock market index, the ASPI, rose to 18541 points on July 11, 2025, gaining 2.09% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 4.98% and is up 56.55% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Stock Market (CSE All Share) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Throughout the 1920s, prices on the U.S. stock exchange rose exponentially, however, by the end of the decade, uncontrolled growth and a stock market propped up by speculation and borrowed money proved unsustainable, resulting in the Wall Street Crash of October 1929. This set a chain of events in motion that led to economic collapse - banks demanded repayment of debts, the property market crashed, and people stopped spending as unemployment rose. Within a year the country was in the midst of an economic depression, and the economy continued on a downward trend until late-1932.

It was during this time where Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was elected president, and he assumed office in March 1933 - through a series of economic reforms and New Deal policies, the economy began to recover. Stock prices fluctuated at more sustainable levels over the next decades, and developments were in line with overall economic development, rather than the uncontrolled growth seen in the 1920s. Overall, it took over 25 years for the Dow Jones value to reach its pre-Crash peak.

Vietnam's main stock market index, the VN, rose to 1458 points on July 11, 2025, gaining 0.84% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 10.19% and is up 13.82% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Vietnam. Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Stock Index - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

As of March 2025, Google represented 79.1 percent of the global online search engine market on desktop devices. Despite being much ahead of its competitors, this represents the lowest share ever recorded by the search engine in these devices for over two decades. Meanwhile, its long-time competitor Bing accounted for 12.21 percent, as tools like Yahoo and Yandex held shares of over 2.9 percent each. Google and the global search market Ever since the introduction of Google Search in 1997, the company has dominated the search engine market, while the shares of all other tools has been rather lopsided. The majority of Google revenues are generated through advertising. Its parent corporation, Alphabet, was one of the biggest internet companies worldwide as of 2024, with a market capitalization of 2.02 trillion U.S. dollars. The company has also expanded its services to mail, productivity tools, enterprise products, mobile devices, and other ventures. As a result, Google earned one of the highest tech company revenues in 2024 with roughly 348.16 billion U.S. dollars. Search engine usage in different countries Google is the most frequently used search engine worldwide. But in some countries, its alternatives are leading or competing with it to some extent. As of the last quarter of 2023, more than 63 percent of internet users in Russia used Yandex, whereas Google users represented little over 33 percent. Meanwhile, Baidu was the most used search engine in China, despite a strong decrease in the percentage of internet users in the country accessing it. In other countries, like Japan and Mexico, people tend to use Yahoo along with Google. By the end of 2024, nearly half of the respondents in Japan said that they had used Yahoo in the past four weeks. In the same year, over 21 percent of users in Mexico said they used Yahoo.

Malaysia's main stock market index, the FKLCI, fell to 1536 points on July 11, 2025, losing 0.03% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 0.62%, though it remains 5.13% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Malaysia. Malaysia Stock Market (FBM KLCI) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.