In 2019 there were ********* migrants from the United Kingdom in Australia. The next largest migrant groups were people from China and New Zealand at over ******* migrants each. More recently Australian migration figures are showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific and reduced numbers of European-born migrants.

Migrants from the United Kingdom have long been Australia’s primary immigrant group and in 2023 there were roughly 960 thousand English-born people living in Australia. India and China held second and third place respectively with regard to Australia’s foreign-born population. The relative dominance of Asian countries in the list of top ten foreign-born residents of Australia represents a significant shift in Australia’s immigration patterns over the past few decades. Where European-born migrants had previously overshadowed other migrant groups, Australian migration figures are now showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific. A history of migration Australia is often referred to as an ‘immigrant nation’, alongside the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Before the Second World War, migrants to Australia were almost exclusively from the UK, however after 1945, Australia’s immigration policy was broadened to attract economic migrants and temporary skilled migrants. These policy changes saw and increase in immigrants particularly from Greece and Italy. Today, Australia maintains its status as an ‘’Immigrant nation’’, with almost 30 percent of the population born overseas and around 50 percent of the population having both that were born overseas. Australian visas The Australian immigration program has two main categories of visa, permanent and temporary. The permanent visa category offers three primary pathways: skilled, family and humanitarian. The skilled visa category is by far the most common, with more than a million permanent migrants living in Australia on this visa category at the last Australian census in 2021. Of the temporary visa categories, the higher education visa is the most popular, exceeding 180 thousand arrivals in 2023.

In 2023, approximately 3.4 million residents of foreign nationality were registered in Japan, making up below three percent of the population. The total number of foreign residents increased by almost 1.3 million in the last decade. Development of immigration to JapanExcept for a large minority of people of Korean descent who have lived in Japan since the first half of the twentieth century, immigration of people from other countries did not become an issue in Japan until the 1980s when the economy required more labor. A revision of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act in 1990 allowed people of Japanese descent, so-called nikkeijin, to enter the country and work without restrictions. The nikkeijin who entered Japan in the years that followed mainly came from Brazil and other South American countries. Chinese immigration increased as well throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. A breakdown of foreign residents by major nationalities shows that Chinese immigrants overtook Koreans as the largest minority group in 2007. People from Vietnam were the strongest growing minority in the 2010s. Recent immigration reformDue to its demographic changes, Japan has a relatively low unemployment rate. As a consequence, a large share of companies reports labor shortages. The temporary immigration of foreign workers is considered one of the possible solutions to this problem, next to the increasing labor market participation of women and the elderly. In December 2018, the Japanese parliament passed a major immigration reform that became enacted in April 2019. The reform allowed lower- and semi-skilled workers to enter the country and work in one of 14 different industries suffering from a lack of labor. The vast majority of participants are not allowed to bring their family members and are expected to return to their respective countries after their terms in Japan end.

For the Longitudinal Survey of Immigration to Australia, two pilot studies, collectively known as the Prototype Survey, were undertaken with the purpose to research the experiences, concerns and needs of recently migrated peoples to Australia. Respondents, and in some cases their spouses, were asked questions on the migration process (i.e. had they migrated before, why they chose Australia, had they been sponsored to come out to Australia); occupation status, assets, income, and type of dwelling before and after migration; expectations and opinions of living in Australia; social activities; their ability to speak english and details about classes taken to learn English; the type and source of information requested before migration (ie, job prospects, recognition of qualifications); return visits to their home country; citizenship; the household budget; financial help received and given; changes in residence; unemployment and health. Background variables included age, sex, marital status, citizenship status; country of birth; date of arrival in Australia; occupation status, and highest qualification.

Since the late 20th century, China-born population has emerged as the third largest source of permanent immigrants to Australia. This study aims to explore the dynamics of heritage bilingualism of twenty-five 1.5-generation Chinese-Australian adolescents and young adults, a cohort that is often overlooked in migration studies. Through family questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, field observations, and linguistic samples, the study explores how the age at migration influences language attitudes, proficiency performance, cultural identity, and socialization patterns among three age-of-migration cohorts. While the study confirms a common trend of language erosion across all age cohorts, it distinctively delineates the varying degrees of language attrition specifically associated with the age at migration. Meanwhile, the research spotlights exceptional cases of maintained heritage language fluency, underscoring how family strategies, child agency, educational policies, and literary engagement are crucial in combating language erosion and fostering heritage language proficiency. The finding underscores the importance of understanding the unique linguistic journeys across age-of-migration groups to better support their language development and maintenance. It provides valuable insights for families, educators, and policymakers working to sustain minority languages within a dominant English-speaking environment.

For the Longitudinal Survey of Immigration to Australia, two pilot studies, collectively known as the Prototype Survey, were undertaken with the purpose to research the experiences, concerns and needs of recently migrated peoples to Australia. Respondents, and in some cases their spouses, were asked questions on the migration process (i.e. had they migrated before, why they chose Australia, had they been sponsored to come out to Australia); occupation status, assets, income, and type of dwelling before and after migration; expectations and opinions of living in Australia; social activities; their ability to speak english and details about classes taken to learn English; the type and source of information requested before migration (ie, job prospects, recognition of qualifications); return visits to their home country; citizenship; the household budget; financial help received and given; changes in residence; unemployment and health. Background variables included age, sex, marital status, citizenship status; country of birth; date of arrival in Australia; occupation status, and highest qualification.

This study incorporates statistics pertaining to industrial location and employers of respondents surveyed in the Issues in Multicultural Australia, 1988 survey (SSDA No 534-540, Office of Multicultural Affairs, 1988). Data from the Issues in Multicultural Australia, 1988 survey are included in this dataset. Industry variables include industry code; gross wage and salaries; severance payments; payroll tax; contributions to super; workers compensation; major labour costs; new fixed cap expenditures; location counts; management units; enterprise concentration ratios; establishment concentration ratios; wages concentration ratios; turnover concentration ratios; value added concentration ratios and turnover concentration ratios. Enterprise variables include number of enterprises and employees; turnover; expenses; rent, leasing and hiring revenue; insurance and compensation premiums; interest and royalties paid; and fixed capital expenditure. Company and annual report data variables include annual sales; number of employees; imports and exports; type of company; operating revenue and profits and total assets. Employment variables include number of union members employed and number of full-time and part-time employees. Variables from the Issues in Multicultural Australia, 1988 include country of birth and parents' country of birth, father's occupation and educational level; language - English language ability, languages spoken, use of own language, ethnicity - identification with ethnic groups, government aid to such groups, religious observance; education - school leaving age, qualifications obtained, recognition of overseas qualifications, transition to employment; current job - job status, occupation, industry, trade union membership, gross income, problems looking for work; spouse - country of birth, education and qualifications, occupation and industry, income and income sources; immigration - attitudes to immigration policy, opportunities for immigrants, social distance from various ethnic groups, and attitudes to authority; family and social networks - numbers of children, siblings in Australia, numbers of close friends in Australia, neighbours; citizenship - citizenship status, participation in political matters and interest in politics; trust in government; and multiculturalism - views on what multiculturalism means, and its importance to Australian society.

UK residents by broad country of birth and citizenship groups, broken down by UK country, local authority, unitary authority, metropolitan and London boroughs, and counties. Estimates from the Annual Population Survey.

Proportion d'immigrants et résidents non permanents parmi la population d'âge scolaire (de 5 à 24 ans), Canada, provinces et territoires, dans les régions métropolitaines de recensement (RMR) et hors de celles-ci. Ce tableau est présenté dans Section A : Portrait de la population d’âge scolaire : Diversité culturelle du Programme d’indicateurs pancanadiens de l’éducation (PIPCE). Le PIPCE tire de l’information d’un large éventail de sources de données pour fournir des renseignements sur la population d’âge scolaire, l’éducation primaire, secondaire et postsecondaire, les transitions et les résultats sur le marché du travail, fournissant des indicateurs pour l’ensemble du Canada, les provinces et les territoires, ainsi que certaines comparaisons internationales au fil du temps. Le PIPCE est une initiative en cours du Conseil des statistiques canadiennes de l’éducation, le fruit d’un partenariat entre le Conseil des ministres de l’Éducation (Canada) et Statistique Canada.

Among countries with the highest number of overseas Chinese on each continent, the largest Chinese diaspora community is living in Indonesia, numbering more than ten million people. Most of these people are descendants from migrants born in China, who have moved to Indonesia a long time ago. On the contrary, a large part of overseas Chinese living in Canada and Australia have arrived in these countries only during the last two decades. China as an emigration country Many Chinese people have emigrated from their home country in search of better living conditions and educational chances. The increasing number of Chinese emigrants has benefited from loosened migration policies. On the one hand, the attitude of the Chinese government towards emigration has changed significantly. Overseas Chinese are considered to be strong supporters for the overall strength of Chinese culture and international influence. On the other hand, migration policies in the United States and Canada are changing with time, expanding migration opportunities for non-European immigrants. As a result, China has become one of the world’s largest emigration countries as well as the country with the highest outflows of high net worth individuals. However, the mass emigration is causing a severe loss of homegrown talents and assets. The problem of talent and wealth outflow has raised pressing questions to the Chinese government, and a solution to this issue is yet to be determined. Popular destinations among Chinese emigrants Over the last decades, English speaking developed countries have been popular destinations for Chinese emigrants. In 2022 alone, the number of people from China naturalized as U.S. citizens had amounted to over 27,000 people, while nearly 68,000 had obtained legal permanent resident status as “green card” recipients. Among other popular immigration destinations for Chinese riches are Canada, Australia, Europe, and Singapore.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

Beginning in January 1999, this project started by gathering basic information on immigration, through-migration and employment patterns in selected European countries (Britain, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Hungary, Romania and Russia). Subsequently, exploratory research in Fujian province was carried out, including a survey conducted in Mingxi village, the summarised results of which are included in this data collection. During the second phase of the research from September 1999 until April 2001, the project focused on three countries in Europe (Britain, Hungary and Italy) selected on the basis of the exploratory research of the first phase. Interviews were conducted with persons of Fujianese origin living in these countries, the transcripts of which form the bulk of the data collection. Some interviews were also conducted with persons resident in Germany and the USA.

Britain, Hungary and Italy occupy a prominent place on the Fujianese map of Europe. Britain, with the oldest and largest of the Chinese communities, became the destination of choice to many Fujianese in the 1990s. Its close links with other Anglophone countries that are major destinations for Fujianese migrants, such as the US and Australia, also ensured its popularity. Hungary, a gateway into southern and western Europe, occupies a pivotal place in the exploration of eastern Europe by Chinese migrants. Especially in the wake of the fall of the Soviet bloc in 1989-1990. Italy became the main Chinese destination country in southern Europe in the 1980s, also attracting many Fujianese in the 1990s. Its current transition to a much more restrictive 'northern European' immigration regime provides a template for developments elsewhere in what, to Chinese migrants, is the European periphery in the future.



Main Topics:

Topics covered in the interviews include: personal and family background, migrations within China, time and direction of migration(s) and decision making, development of occupation and/or entrepreneurship after migration, economic situation over time, employment patterns, distribution of family members abroad and family migration strategies, contacts with family members and friends abroad, boundaries of social space and identity, remittances to family at home and evaluation of the impact of migration.

Reading notes collected by the researchers are also included in the data collection, which cover relevant documents, newspapers and secondary literature. They form a useful background to the project and provide further information on Fujianese immigration issues.

Résumé

Le projet de recherche MAFE est une initiative de grande ampleur dont l'objectif est d'étudier les migrations entre l'Afrique subsaharienne et l'Europe. - Attention, la documentation des enquêtes MAFE est en langue anglaise. -

Le projet MAFE est une initiative de recherche majeure axée sur les migrations entre l'Afrique subsaharienne et l'Europe. Il regroupe dix centres de recherche européens et africains travaillant sur les migrations internationales.

Veuillez consulter le site officiel de MAFE pour plus de détails: http://www.mafeproject.com/

The MAFE project is a major research initiative focused on migration between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. It brings together ten European and African research centres working on international migration.

In the early XXIth Century, international migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe has generated increasing public and policy attention. The flotilla of boats bringing would-be migrants to the Canary Islands, and attempts to reach Spanish territory in Ceuta and Mellila have drawn a rapid response from Europe in the form of new policy measures. Yet the scope, nature and likely development of Sub-Saharan African migration to Europe remained poorly understood, and, as a result, European polices may be ineffective. A major cause of this lack of understanding was the absence of comprehensive data on the causes of migration and circulation between Africa and Europe.

The MAFE project aimed at overcoming this lack of understanding by collecting unique data on the characteristics and behavior of migrants from Sub-Saharan countries to Europe. The key notion underpinning the project was that migration must not only be seen as a one-way flow from Africa to Europe. The argument was that return migration, circulation and transnational practices are significant and must be understood in order to design better migration policy.

The MAFE project focused on migration flows between Europe (Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK) and Senegal, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana, which together accounted for over a quarter of all African migration to the EU at the time of the survey. In each of these "migration systems", the survey was designed to document four key areas: - Patterns of migration : *the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants, *the routes of migration from Africa to Europe, and *the patterns of return migration and circulation. - Determinants of migration: looking at departure, but also return and circulation and taking into account the whole set of possible destinations. - Migration and Development: MAFE documents some of the socio-economic changes driven by international migration, looking as often as possible at both ends of the Afro-European migration system, at the individual level. - Migrations and Families: the data collected by the MAFE project can be used to study all sorts of interactions between family formation and international migration. Although the survey was primarily designed to study international migration, it can also be used to study other phenomena, especially in Africa: domestic mobility, labor market participation, family formation, etc. Comparable data was collected in both 3 sending and 6 destination countries, i.e. in sub-Saharan Africa and in Europe. The data are longitudinal - including retrospective migration, education, work and family histories for individuals - and multi-level - (with data collected at the individual and household levels, in addition of macro-contextual data).

Please consult the official MAFE website for further details : http://www.mafeproject.com/

Geographic coverage

Six pays européens et trois pays africains ont participé aux enquêtes MAFE. La collecte de données a été effectuée dans les pays d'origine en Afrique et dans les pays de destination en Europe, afin de constituer des échantillons transnationaux. Pour MAFE Sénégal, des données ont été recueillies au Sénégal (partie africaine) et en France, en Italie et en Espagne (partie européenne).

Six European countries and three African countries participated in the MAFE surveys. Data collection was carried out in both sending countries in Africa and destination countries in Europe, in order to constitute transnational samples. For MAFE Senegal, data was collected in Senegal (African part) and France, Italy and Spain (European part).

Analysis unit

Ménages et individus

Univers

Au Sénégal : Ménages : ménages sélectionnés au hasard dans la liste actualisée des ménages dans les unités d'échantillonnage primaires sélectionnées. Deux strates ont été distinguées: les ménages avec des migrants et ceux qui n'ont pas de migrants. Individus : personnes âgées de 25 à 75 ans au moment de l'enquête, nées au Sénégal et ayant / ou ayant eu la citoyenneté sénégalaise. Cette limite d'âge inférieure a été établie pour obtenir des antécédents informatifs. En n'incluant pas les répondants de moins de 25 ans, les ressources ont été utilisées plus efficacement. Le critère du lieu de naissance a été utilisé pour exclure les personnes nées de leur pays d'origine afin d'exclure les migrants de deuxième génération en Europe et d'augmenter l'homogénéité de l'échantillon. Jusqu'à deux migrants de retour et partenaires de migrants, et une autre personne admissible au hasard. Les migrants de retour étaient admissibles si leur premier départ était supérieur à 18 ans ou plus.

En Europe : Dans tous les pays européens, les enquêtes ont été effectuées chez les hommes et les femmes âgés de 25 ans et plus au moment des enquêtes et de 18 ans et plus lorsqu'ils ont quitté l'Afrique pour la première fois depuis au moins un an. Pour MAFE Sénégal, seuls les migrants du Sénégal ont été interviewés. C'était un moyen de renforcer l'homogénéité de l'échantillon en excluant les personnes de la génération 1.5 qui sont souvent des migrants «passifs».

En théorie, les personnes interrogées doivent être représentatives de l'ensemble de la population avec ces caractéristiques dans la région de départ et dans les pays de destination. L'échantillon est composé de mâles et de femelles. En Europe, malgré un déséquilibre démographique entre les sexes, l'objectif était d'inclure 50% des hommes et 50% des femmes afin d'autoriser les analyses de genre.

SENEGAL Household: Households selected randomly from the updated list of households in the selected primary sampling units. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants. Individual: People aged 25-75 at the time of the survey, born in Senegal and who have/had Senegalese citizenship. This lower age limit was set in order to obtain informative life histories. By not including respondents younger than 25, the resources were used more effectively. The place of birth criterion was used to exclude people who were born out of their country of origin in order to exclude second generation migrants in Europe and to increase the homogeneity of sample. Up to two return migrants and partners of migrants, and one randomly selected other eligible person. Return migrants were eligible if their first departure was above at 18 or over.

EUROPE In all the European countries, the surveys were conducted among males and females who were aged 25 and over at the time of the surveys, and who were 18 or over when they had left Africa for the first time for at least one year. For MAFE Senegal, only migrants from Senegal were interviewed. This was a way to reinforce the homogeneity of the sample by excluding people of the 1.5 generation who are often "passive" migrants.

In theory, surveyed individuals must be representative of the whole population with these characteristics in the departure region and in the destination countries. The sample is composed of males and females. In Europe, in spite of a gender demographic disequilibrium, the objective was to include 50% of males and 50% of females in order to allow gender analyses.

Frequency of data collection

SENEGAL In Senegal, data collection activities started in November 2007 (selection of survey sites in Dakar and listing of households in the selected sites). They ended in September 2008 (data entry and data cleaning). Overall, 11 months were necessary to carry out all the activities related to data collection, and fieldwork lasted a little less than 6 months. Data collection was organized in two separate stages: the household survey was first conducted, and the biographic survey started after the household survey had been completed. The data collected in the household survey was used to prepare a sampling frame of individuals for the biographic survey; quick data entry of part of the questionnaires of the household survey was thus necessary before starting data collection for the biographic survey. Although this approach had advantages, it also lengthened the data collection process. This approach was not used for surveys in Ghana and DR Congo, where both surveys were conducted simultaneously.

EUROPE In France, Italy and Spain the surveys were conducted in 2008, before the start of the EU funded project. Data collection activities lasted approximately 6 months. Note: A second round was carried in Spain in 2010. About 400 Senegalese migrants were interviewed using exactly the same questionnaire. The data will be released in the future. For more information, contact: pau.baizan@upf.edu

Sampling procedure

SENEGAL

A three-stage stratified random sample was used. At the first stage, primary sampling units (census

Humans have been living on the continent of Australia (name derived from "Terra Australis"; Latin for "the southern land") for approximately 65,000 years, however population growth was relatively slow until the nineteenth century. Europeans had made some contact with Australia as early as 1606, however there was no significant attempt at settlement until the late eighteenth century. By 1800, the population of Australia was approximately 350,000 people, and the majority of these were Indigenous Australians. As colonization progressed the number of ethnic Europeans increased while the Australian Aboriginal population was decimated through conflict, smallpox and other diseases, with some communities being exterminated completely, such as Aboriginal Tasmanians. Mass migration from Britain and China After the loss of its American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire looked to other parts of the globe to expand its sphere of influence. In Australia, the first colonies were established in Sydney, Tasmania and Western Australia. Many of these were penal colonies which became home to approximately 164,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As the decades progressed, expansion into the interior intensified, and the entire country was claimed by Britain in 1826. Inland colonization led to further conflict between European settlers and indigenous Australians, which cost the lives of thousands of natives. Inward expansion also saw the discovery of many natural resources, and most notably led to the gold rushes of the 1850s, which attracted substantial numbers of Chinese migrants to Australia. This mass migration from non-European countries eventually led to some restrictive policies being introduced, culminating with the White Australia Policy of 1901, which cemented ethnic-European dominance in Australian politics and society. These policies were not retracted until the second half of the 1900s. Independent Australia Australia changed its status to a British dominion in 1901, and eventually became independent in 1931. Despite this, Australia has remained a part of the British Commonwealth, and Australian forces (ANZAC) fought with the British and their Allies in both World Wars, and were instrumental in campaigns such as Gallipoli in WWI, and the South West Pacific Theater in WWII. The aftermath of both wars had a significant impact on the Australian population, with approximately 90 thousand deaths in both world wars combined, as well as 15 thousand deaths as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic following WWI, although Australia experienced a significant baby boom following the Second World War. In the past fifty years, Australia has promoted immigration from all over the world, and now has one of the strongest economies and highest living standards in the world, with a population that has grown to over 25 million people in 2020.

In 2023, ** percent of those surveyed in Australia who were born overseas experienced discrimination based on skin color, ethic origin, or religion in the preceding 12 months. ** percent of respondents believed that racism was a fairly or very big problem in Australia in 2023.

In financial year 2023, it is estimated that almost 93 thousand more Indians migrated to Australia than emigrated, This marked the highest net overseas migration from India within the measured period.

Money transfers to other countries outside the United Kingdom were nearly ** times higher in 2021 than money received. Remittances refer to cross-border payments to family or friends and are often associated with migrant workers sending money back home to friends or relatives back in their communities of origin. It is estimated that about *** in ***** people worldwide are involved with remittances - substantially impacting payment behavior in, especially, Asia and Latin America. For the United Kingdom, the top five recipient countries for remittances in 2021 included India, Pakistan, Nigeria, France, and Germany. The UK's five main sources for remittances were Australia, the United States, Canada, Spain, and Ireland.