Bio-ORACLE is a set of GIS rasters providing geophysical, biotic and environmental data for surface and benthic marine realms. The data are available for global-scale applications at a spatial resolution of 5 arcmin (approximately 9.2 km at the equator).

Linking biodiversity occurrence data to the physical and biotic environment provides a framework to formulate hypotheses about the ecological processes governing spatial and temporal patterns in biodiversity, which can be useful for marine ecosystem management and conservation.

Bio-ORACLE offers a user-friendly solution to accomplish this task by providing 18 global geophysical, biotic and climate layers at a common spatial resolution (5 arcmin) and a uniform landmask.

The data available in Bio-ORACLE are documented in two peer reviewed articles that you should cite: Tyberghein L, Verbruggen H, Pauly K, Troupin C, Mineur F, De Clerck O (2012) Bio-ORACLE: A global environmental dataset for marine species distribution modelling. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 272–281. Assis, J., Tyberghein, L., Bosh, S., Verbruggen, H., Serrão, E. A., & De Clerck, O. (2017). Bio-ORACLE v2.0: Extending marine data layers for bioclimatic modelling. Global Ecology and Biogeography.

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2021-12-17 11:07:56 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=sea_water_ph_reported_on_total_scale standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2021-12-15 05:53:38 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=sea_water_temperature standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=NA geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2022-03-23 20:38:21 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=terrain_characteristics standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=1970-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=1970-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2022-07-26 02:11:22 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=mole_concentration_of_phytoplankton_expressed_as_carbon_in_sea_water standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2022-03-21 22:22:08 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=sea_ice_area_fraction standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2021-12-17 07:26:11 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=mole_concentration_of_dissolved_molecular_oxygen_in_sea_water standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2021-12-15 10:45:43 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=ocean_mixed_layer_thickness standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=ssp370 geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2022-06-08 21:12:41 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=sea_ice_area_fraction standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2090-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Population & Environmental data: latgrad_pop_env.csv

Sample ID, site ID and Environmental data for variables used in lfmm and RDA analysis

id = sample ID

site = site ID

LT_meantemp = long term annual mean temperature, calculated from https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/jplMURSST41.html

LT_rangetemp = Long term annual mean temperature range, calculated from https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/jplMURSST41.html

BO_damean = mean diffuse attenuation, downloaded from Bio-ORACLE v2.0 (Assis et al., 2018)

BO2_curvelmean_bdmax = mean seawater velocity at depth, downloaded from Bio-ORACLE v2.0 (Assis et al., 2018)

SNP datafile: latgrad_bayescan_nodup

Bayescan input file

SNP datafile: latgrad_geno

Snmf input file in geno format, missing values are coded as 9

SNP datafile: latgrad_imputed

SNP input file, imputed with snmf and used for lfmm, RDA and GF analysis

Nutrient data were obtained from the Bio-ORACLE project and represent a long-term composite of data from 2000 to 2014. The map layer represents mean silicate concentration (micromoles per liter) in surface waters of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. Additional data available for download here provide six nutrient concentrations at three different depths within the water column (surface, mean depth, and maximum depth). Data have a common spatial resolution of 5 arc minutes and were assessed using a cross†validation framework against in situ quality†controlled data.

The AIMS Bioresources Library contained almost 20,000 entities, including extracts from over 7,600 samples of marine micro-organisms, frozen material and over 9,000 cryopreserved marine-derived micro-organisms. Biodiscovery is the sourcing of native biological material including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms to identify bioactive compounds genes, enzymes and other proteins that may be used for commercial purposes such as pharmaceuticals and insecticides. AIMS has been involved in biodiscovery for 15 years and has explored Australia's mega-marine biodiversity for attributes with commercial application. The cornerstone of AIMS' biodiscovery effort is its substantial marine Bioresources Library. This collection has been sourced from over 1,500 sites across Australia.

An Oracle database for the AIMS Bioresources Library was developed to contain information of taxonomy, housekeeping (location and nature of samples including taxonomic vouchers, extracts, fractions, pure compounds, frozen cultures), and biodiscovery research history (e.g. screening and structure elucidation results, dispatches to various external parties, etc).

The database includes images most organisms and records the results of an array of bioassay tests which have varied over time with different programs and collaborators, and include anti-cancer, AIDS, anti-biotic and enzyme inhibition assays.

The taxonomic data is available for release as long as the master sample numbers are not used as unique sample identifiers, e.g. OBIS. Requests for selected data release will be considered on a case by case basis as some information is commercial in confidence and may be subject to contract conditions.

The database aimed to: -collate taxonomic and biogeographic details -link taxonomy and biogeography with bioactivity, and facilitate data mining -track the use of samples in their various forms -ensure compliance with contracts and access/benefit sharing agreements and permits -generate reports to regulatory authorities and jurisdictions of origin, on the use of material

A subset of the data has been provided to the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS, http://iobis.org/explore/#/dataset/123l).

Environmental variables in the region of the Kerguelen Plateau compiled from different sources and provided in the ascii raster format. Mean surface and seafloor temperature, salinity and their respective amplitude data are available on the time coverage 1955-2012 and over five decades: 1955 to 1964, 1965 to 1974, 1975 to 1984, 1985 to 1994 and 1995 to 2012. N/A was set as the no data reference. Future projections are provided for several parameters: they were modified after the Bio-ORACLE database (Tyberghein et al. 2012). They are based on three IPCC scenarii (B1, AIB, A2) for years 2100 and 2200 (IPCC, 4th report).

Oracle Corp. - BioCentury Company Profiles for the biopharma industry

Diseases are ubiquitous in natural systems, with broad effects across populations, communities, and ecosystems. However, the drivers of many diseases remain poorly understood, particularly in marine environments, inhibiting effective conservation and management measures. We examined biogeographic patterns of infection in the foundational seagrass Zostera marina by the parasitic protist Labyrinthula zosterae, the causative agent of seagrass wasting disease, across >20° of latitude in two ocean basins. We then identified and characterized relationships among wasting disease prevalence and a suite of host traits and environmental variables. Host characteristics and transmission dynamics explained most of the variance in prevalence across our survey, yet the particular host traits underlying these relationships varied between oceans, with host size and nitrogen content important in the Pacific and host size and density most important in the Atlantic. Temperature was also a key predictor of prevalence, particularly in the Pacific Ocean. The strength and shape of the relationships between prevalence and some predictors differed in our large-scale survey vs previous experimental and site-specific work. These results show that both host characteristics and environment influence host-parasite interactions, and that some such effects scale up predictably, whereas others appear to depend on regional or local context. Methods Study sites: In the summer of 2015, we surveyed 17 discrete, monospecific eelgrass beds across the northern hemisphere, mostly along the coasts of North America (9 in the Atlantic Ocean, 8 in the Pacific Ocean). All of the surveyed sites were in protected, shallow waters (0 - 2 m depth at low tide). Wasting disease survey: At each site, we collected a total of 20 individual vegetative eelgrass shoots at least two meters apart along two 10 meter transects running parallel to shore. We clipped shoots at the base in the field and placed them in individual plastic bags. We timed sampling to target peak wasting disease prevalence based on local knowledge of system dynamics, which resulted in most sites being surveyed in mid-summer near peak eelgrass biomass. Within five hours of collection in the field, we scored the third youngest leaf of each shoot for signs of wasting disease (i.e., lesions). We focused on this leaf because it has been shown to harbor the highest intensity of wasting disease (Bockelmann et al. 2013) and remains sufficiently free of epibionts, making lesions clearly distinguishable. At each site, we used a standardized protocol including published descriptions and photographs of wasting disease to guide scoring (Burdick et al. 1993, Groner et al. 2014, Groner et al. 2016). Leaf lesions typically indicate intense wasting disease infections, and thus we interpret lesion distribution as a reliable reflection of L. zosterae distribution (Dawkins et al. 2018, Brakel et al. 2019). However, leaf lesions could also reflect processes other than parasite abundance. For example, though black and brown lesions are established visual signs of wasting disease, other stressors can also cause lesions, and low levels of L. zosterae parasite may be present in asymptomatic leaves (Bockelmann et al. 2013, Groner et al. 2016). Because we had local experts familiar with the signs of other stressors specific to each site (e.g., UV damage or grazing), we minimized mis-classification between lesions associated with disease and lesions caused by other stressors. We also collected notes and representative photographs of putative wasting disease lesions as necessary to ensure consistency of scoring. Host and environmental surveys: In separate surveys at these same sites in 2014, we collected data on host and environmental factors that could mediate wasting disease prevalence. These data were collected from 20, 1-m2 plots spaced roughly 2 m apart and included eelgrass density (measured as shoots per m2), blade length (measured from the meristem to the tip of the longest leaf), leaf N content (from young leaf material of 5 pooled shoots in each plot run on a CHN analyser), allelic richness (calculated from 5 shoots per plot at 24 DNA microsatellite loci), periphyton (grams of total dried algae, microbes, and detritus present on the leaf surface per grams of dried eelgrass), and mesograzer abundance (number of mesograzers per grams of eelgrass) following methods described in greater detail in Duffy et al. (2015, 2022). Many of these variables are generally consistent at a given site from year to year when sampled in the same season (Douglass et al. 2010, Bertelli et al. 2021), and sometimes consistent across many years (Reynolds et al. 2017). In addition, previous studies have demonstrated that variables measured months prior can be as or more predictive of wasting disease prevalence than those measured coincident with sampling of wasting disease (Groner et al. 2021, Graham et al. 2023). However, we may be underestimating the predictive power of host and environmental factors on wasting disease by sampling them in consecutive years rather than the same year. To quantify temperature and salinity at each site, we extracted estimates of the maximum mean monthly sea surface temperature and minimum mean monthly salinity from the Bio-ORACLE data set for 2000-2014 (Tyberghein et al. 2012, Assis et al. 2018; 9.6-km2 resolution). We chose maximum temperature to capture summer conditions when past epidemics have been observed (Rasmussen 1977, Burdick et al. 1993) and minimum salinity because lower salinities inhibit the parasite (McKone & Tanner 2009). We used the raster package in R (Hijmans 2019) to extract these data from all cells within 10 km of each site, and we averaged these estimates to generate site-level predictors. As a potential complement to these long-term data, we also measured in situ water temperature and salinity simultaneous with the wasting disease survey.

Bio-ORACLE es un conjunto de rasters que proporciona datos geofísicos, bióticos y ambientales para los reinos marinos de superficie y bentónicos. Estos datos están disponibles para aplicaciones a escala global con una resolución espacial de 5 minutos de arco (aproximadamente 9.2 km en el ecuador). En total, incluye 23 variables macroecológicas que representan dimensiones ambientales que influyen en la distribución de organismos marinos en aguas someras. El enfoque para recopilar datos consistió en la compilación de datos oceanográficos procesados previamente y medidos in situ, que fueron obtenidos de forma remota. Los análisis se limitaron a variables relevantes a nivel macroecológico y con cobertura global.El proceso de procesamiento de datos de Bio-ORACLE constó de los siguientes pasos:Adquisición de datos (WOD09 y Ocean Color Web)En el caso de los datos de WOD09, generación de raster mediante interpolación con DIVA.Conversión de raster a un formato conveniente: ESRI ascii.Cálculo de métricas (por ejemplo, rasters con valores promedio, mínimos y máximos).Aplicación de una máscara uniforme de tierra.Recorte de rasters a la latitud 70°N - 70°S.La capa de temperatura superficial del mar (°C) se generó a partir de datos recopilados con una resolución espacial original de 5 minutos de arco (equivalente a 9.2 kilómetros) utilizando el sensor Aqua-MODIS. Estos datos se basan en climatologías mensuales recopiladas en un rango temporal que abarca desde 2002 hasta 2009.Además, esta capa fue remuestreada para aumentar la resolución espacial de los datos nativos de Bio-ORACLE, que tenían una resolución de 9.2 km, aproximadamente, a unos 400 metros, para que coincidiera con el conjunto de datos de batimetría de alta resolución disponible para la región. Esto se logró mediante la interpolación de los valores originales extraídos hasta sus centroides utilizando la técnica de Spline (Tensión) y restringiendo la interpolación a áreas marinas, considerando la integración de la costa mexicana (con islas) y la ZEE de los países vecinos al norte (EE. UU.) y al sur (Belice, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador y Nicaragua).

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2021-12-16 00:22:10 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=mole_concentration_of_chlorophyll_in_sea_water standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2021-12-14 19:42:29 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=sea_water_salinity standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=File created: 2022-05-03 13:22:24 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=cloud_area_fraction standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975

Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.3,hdf5=1.10.4 cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Uses attributes recommended by https://cfconventions.org Conventions=CF-1.5 Easternmost_Easting=179.975 experiment=Baseline geospatial_lat_max=89.975 geospatial_lat_min=-89.975 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=179.975 geospatial_lon_min=-179.975 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.049999999999999996 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_GeoTransform=-180 0.05 0 90 0 -0.05 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=CRS definition grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 grid_mapping_spatial_ref=GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]] history=Tue Nov 19 10:09:40 2024: ncrename -v PAR_mean_max,par_mean_max -v PAR_mean_ltmax,par_mean_ltmax -v PAR_mean_mean,par_mean_mean -v PAR_mean_ltmin,par_mean_ltmin -v PAR_mean_min,par_mean_min -v PAR_mean_range,par_mean_range climatologydecadedepthsurf.nc File created: 2024-02-13 03:22:30 infoUrl=https://www.bio-oracle.org institution=Bio-Oracle consortium: https://www.bio-oracle.org NCO=netCDF Operators version 5.0.6 (Homepage = http://nco.sf.net, Code = https://github.com/nco/nco) Northernmost_Northing=89.975 references=https://www.bio-oracle.org source=Bio-Oracle version V3.0 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.975 standard_name=surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiance_in_sea_water standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_end=2010-01-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-179.975