Bioinformatics analysis has become an integral part of research in biology. However, installation and use of scientific software can be difficult and often requires technical expert knowledge. Reasons are dependencies on certain operating systems or required third-party libraries, missing graphical user interfaces and documentation, or nonstandard input and output formats. In order to make bioinformatics software easily accessible to researchers, we here present a web-based platform. The Center for Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT) Bioinformatics Toolbox provides web-based access to a collection of bioinformatics tools developed for systems biology, protein sequence annotation, and expression data analysis. Currently, the collection encompasses software for conversion and processing of community standards SBML and BioPAX, transcription factor analysis, and analysis of microarray data from transcriptomics and proteomics studies. All tools are hosted on a customized Galaxy instance and run on a dedicated computation cluster. Users only need a web browser and an active internet connection in order to benefit from this service. The web platform is designed to facilitate the usage of the bioinformatics tools for researchers without advanced technical background. Users can combine tools for complex analyses or use predefined, customizable workflows. All results are stored persistently and reproducible. For each tool, we provide documentation, tutorials, and example data to maximize usability. The ZBIT Bioinformatics Toolbox is freely available at https://webservices.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/.

Abstract Public databases are essential to the development of multi-omics resources. The amount of data created by biological technologies needs a systematic and organized form of storage, that can quickly be accessed, and managed. This is the objective of a biological database. Here, we present an overview of human databases with web applications. The databases and tools allow the search of biological sequences, genes and genomes, gene expression patterns, epigenetic variation, protein-protein interactions, variant frequency, regulatory elements, and comparative analysis between human and model organisms. Our goal is to provide an opportunity for exploring large datasets and analyzing the data for users with little or no programming skills. Public user-friendly web-based databases facilitate data mining and the search for information applicable to healthcare professionals. Besides, biological databases are essential to improve biomedical search sensitivity and efficiency and merge multiple datasets needed to share data and build global initiatives for the diagnosis, prognosis, and discovery of new treatments for genetic diseases. To show the databases at work, we present a a case study using ACE2 as example of a gene to be investigated. The analysis and the complete list of databases is available in the following website .

PROSITE is a database of protein families and domains. It consists of biologically significant sites, patterns and profiles that help to reliably identify to which known protein family a new sequence belongs. PROSITE is based at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Geneva, Switzerland.

The organizations that contribute to the longevity of 67 long-lived molecular biology databases published in Nucleic Acids Research (NAR) between 1991-2016 were identified to address two research questions 1) which organizations fund these databases? and 2) which organizations maintain these databases? Funders were determined by examining funding acknowledgements in each database's most recent NAR Database Issue update article published (prior to 2017) and organizations operating the databases were determine through review of database websites.

Bioinformatics resource system including web server and web service for functional annotation and enrichment analyses of gene lists. Consists of comprehensive knowledgebase and set of functional analysis tools. Includes gene centered database integrating heterogeneous gene annotation resources to facilitate high throughput gene functional analysis.

The Bioinformatics Cloud Platform market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing volume of biological data generated through next-generation sequencing and other high-throughput technologies. Researchers and pharmaceutical companies are increasingly relying on cloud-based solutions for data storage, analysis, and collaboration due to their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced computational power. The market, estimated at $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $10 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key trends including the rising adoption of cloud computing in life sciences, the development of sophisticated bioinformatics tools and algorithms accessible via cloud platforms, and the increasing need for collaborative research initiatives. The Software as a Service (SaaS) segment currently holds the largest market share, reflecting the preference for readily available and user-friendly applications. Key players such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform are actively expanding their bioinformatics offerings, driving competition and innovation within the market. The pharmaceutical and academic & research segments are major contributors to market demand, benefiting from the enhanced speed and efficiency offered by cloud-based solutions for drug discovery and genomic research. However, market growth is not without its challenges. Data security and privacy concerns remain significant restraints, particularly when dealing with sensitive patient information. High upfront investment costs for cloud infrastructure and the need for specialized expertise to effectively utilize these platforms can also impede wider adoption. Furthermore, integration challenges with legacy on-premise systems can pose a barrier to migration to cloud-based bioinformatics solutions. To overcome these hurdles, providers are focusing on enhanced security measures, user-friendly interfaces, and cost-effective pricing models to encourage broader market penetration. The future success of the Bioinformatics Cloud Platform market depends on addressing these challenges while continuing to innovate and improve the functionality and accessibility of these crucial tools for life science research and development.

The CATH-Gene3D database describes protein families and domain architectures in complete genomes. Protein families are formed using a Markov clustering algorithm, followed by multi-linkage clustering according to sequence identity. Mapping of predicted structure and sequence domains is undertaken using hidden Markov models libraries representing CATH and Pfam domains. CATH-Gene3D is based at University College, London, UK.

The global gene expression software market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach $125.5 million in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.5% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the increasing prevalence of genomic research and personalized medicine necessitates advanced analytical tools for interpreting complex gene expression data. Secondly, the growing adoption of cloud-based solutions offers scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness, driving market penetration, especially among smaller research organizations and hospitals with limited IT infrastructure. Thirdly, continuous technological advancements in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics are leading to the development of more sophisticated and user-friendly gene expression software, further accelerating market adoption. The market is segmented by software type (web-based and cloud-based) and application (hospitals and health systems, research organizations, and others). Major players like Agilent Technologies, QIAGEN, Illumina, and others are driving innovation and competition within this dynamic landscape. The market's growth is geographically diverse, with North America currently holding a significant share due to established research infrastructure and early adoption of advanced technologies. However, rapidly developing economies in Asia Pacific, particularly China and India, are poised to exhibit strong growth in the coming years, driven by increasing investments in healthcare research and infrastructure development. Europe is another significant market, fueled by substantial government funding for genomics research and a thriving biotechnology sector. While data privacy regulations and the complexity of gene expression analysis pose some challenges, the overall market outlook remains positive, driven by the inherent value of gene expression analysis in various fields, ranging from drug discovery to disease diagnosis.

Database of curated links to molecular resources, tools and databases selected on the basis of recommendations from bioinformatics experts in the field. This resource relies on input from its community of bioinformatics users for suggestions. Starting in 2003, it has also started listing all links contained in the NAR Webserver issue. The different types of information available in this portal: * Computer Related: This category contains links to resources relating to programming languages often used in bioinformatics. Other tools of the trade, such as web development and database resources, are also included here. * Sequence Comparison: Tools and resources for the comparison of sequences including sequence similarity searching, alignment tools, and general comparative genomics resources. * DNA: This category contains links to useful resources for DNA sequence analyses such as tools for comparative sequence analysis and sequence assembly. Links to programs for sequence manipulation, primer design, and sequence retrieval and submission are also listed here. * Education: Links to information about the techniques, materials, people, places, and events of the greater bioinformatics community. Included are current news headlines, literature sources, educational material and links to bioinformatics courses and workshops. * Expression: Links to tools for predicting the expression, alternative splicing, and regulation of a gene sequence are found here. This section also contains links to databases, methods, and analysis tools for protein expression, SAGE, EST, and microarray data. * Human Genome: This section contains links to draft annotations of the human genome in addition to resources for sequence polymorphisms and genomics. Also included are links related to ethical discussions surrounding the study of the human genome. * Literature: Links to resources related to published literature, including tools to search for articles and through literature abstracts. Additional text mining resources, open access resources, and literature goldmines are also listed. * Model Organisms: Included in this category are links to resources for various model organisms ranging from mammals to microbes. These include databases and tools for genome scale analyses. * Other Molecules: Bioinformatics tools related to molecules other than DNA, RNA, and protein. This category will include resources for the bioinformatics of small molecules as well as for other biopolymers including carbohydrates and metabolites. * Protein: This category contains links to useful resources for protein sequence and structure analyses. Resources for phylogenetic analyses, prediction of protein features, and analyses of interactions are also found here. * RNA: Resources include links to sequence retrieval programs, structure prediction and visualization tools, motif search programs, and information on various functional RNAs.

SMART (a Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool) allows the identification and annotation of genetically mobile domains and the analysis of domain architectures. SMART is based at EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany.

Transcriptomic information (spatiotemporal gene expression profile data) on the postnatal cerebellar development of mice (C57B/6J & ICR). It is a tool for mining cerebellar genes and gene expression, and provides a portal to relevant bioinformatics links. The mouse cerebellar circuit develops through a series of cellular and morphological events, including neuronal proliferation and migration, axonogenesis, dendritogenesis, and synaptogenesis, all within three weeks after birth, and each event is controlled by a specific gene group whose expression profile must be encoded in the genome. To elucidate the genetic basis of cerebellar circuit development, CDT-DB analyzes spatiotemporal gene expression by using in situ hybridization (ISH) for cellular resolution and by using fluorescence differential display and microarrays (GeneChip) for developmental time series resolution. The CDT-DB not only provides a cross-search function for large amounts of experimental data (ISH brain images, GeneChip graph, RT-PCR gel images), but also includes a portal function by which all registered genes have been provided with hyperlinks to websites of many relevant bioinformatics regarding gene ontology, genome, proteins, pathways, cell functions, and publications. Thus, the CDT-DB is a useful tool for mining potentially important genes based on characteristic expression profiles in particular cell types or during a particular time window in developing mouse brains.

We used the human genome reference sequence in its GRCh38.p13 version in order to have a reliable source of data in which to carry out our experiments. We chose this version because it is the most recent one available in Ensemble at the moment. However, the DNA sequence by itself is not enough, the specific TSS position of each transcript is needed. In this section, we explain the steps followed to generate the final dataset. These steps are: raw data gathering, positive instances processing, negative instances generation and data splitting by chromosomes.

First, we need an interface in order to download the raw data, which is composed by every transcript sequence in the human genome. We used Ensembl release 104 (Howe et al., 2020) and its utility BioMart (Smedley et al., 2009), which allows us to get large amounts of data easily. It also enables us to select a wide variety of interesting fields, including the transcription start and end sites. After filtering instances that present null values in any relevant field, this combination of the sequence and its flanks will form our raw dataset. Once the sequences are available, we find the TSS position (given by Ensembl) and the 2 following bases to treat it as a codon. After that, 700 bases before this codon and 300 bases after it are concatenated, getting the final sequence of 1003 nucleotides that is going to be used in our models. These specific window values have been used in (Bhandari et al., 2021) and we have kept them as we find it interesting for comparison purposes. One of the most sensitive parts of this dataset is the generation of negative instances. We cannot get this kind of data in a straightforward manner, so we need to generate it synthetically. In order to get examples of negative instances, i.e. sequences that do not represent a transcript start site, we select random DNA positions inside the transcripts that do not correspond to a TSS. Once we have selected the specific position, we get 700 bases ahead and 300 bases after it as we did with the positive instances.

Regarding the positive to negative ratio, in a similar problem, but studying TIS instead of TSS (Zhang135
et al., 2017), a ratio of 10 negative instances to each positive one was found optimal. Following this136
idea, we select 10 random positions from the transcript sequence of each positive codon and label them137
as negative instances. After this process, we end up with 1,122,113 instances: 102,488 positive and 1,019,625 negative sequences. In order to validate and test our models, we need to split this dataset into three parts: train, validation and test. We have decided to make this differentiation by chromosomes, as it is done in (Perez-Rodriguez et al., 2020). Thus, we use chromosome 16 as validation because it is a good example of a chromosome with average characteristics. Then we selected samples from chromosomes 1, 3, 13, 19 and 21 to be part of the test set and used the rest of them to train our models. Every step of this process can be replicated using the scripts available in https://github.com/JoseBarbero/EnsemblTSSPrediction.

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on 8/12/13. An expanded version of the Alternative Splicing Annotation Project (ASAP) database with a new interface and integration of comparative features using UCSC BLASTZ multiple alignments. It supports 9 vertebrate species, 4 insects, and nematodes, and provides with extensive alternative splicing analysis and their splicing variants. As for human alternative splicing data, newly added EST libraries were classified and included into previous tissue and cancer classification, and lists of tissue and cancer (normal) specific alternatively spliced genes are re-calculated and updated. They have created a novel orthologous exon and intron databases and their splice variants based on multiple alignment among several species. These orthologous exon and intron database can give more comprehensive homologous gene information than protein similarity based method. Furthermore, splice junction and exon identity among species can be valuable resources to elucidate species-specific genes. ASAP II database can be easily integrated with pygr (unpublished, the Python Graph Database Framework for Bioinformatics) and its powerful features such as graph query, multi-genome alignment query and etc. ASAP II can be searched by several different criteria such as gene symbol, gene name and ID (UniGene, GenBank etc.). The web interface provides 7 different kinds of views: (I) user query, UniGene annotation, orthologous genes and genome browsers; (II) genome alignment; (III) exons and orthologous exons; (IV) introns and orthologous introns; (V) alternative splicing; (IV) isoform and protein sequences; (VII) tissue and cancer vs. normal specificity. ASAP II shows genome alignments of isoforms, exons, and introns in UCSC-like genome browser. All alternative splicing relationships with supporting evidence information, types of alternative splicing patterns, and inclusion rate for skipped exons are listed in separate tables. Users can also search human data for tissue- and cancer-specific splice forms at the bottom of the gene summary page. The p-values for tissue-specificity as log-odds (LOD) scores, and highlight the results for LOD >= 3 and at least 3 EST sequences are all also reported.

The dataset contains the training and test sets of protein binding sites with DNA, RNA, peptide, protein, ATP, HEM, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+. Each protein is associated with 3 lines indicating the protein name (PDB accession code and chain), sequence and residue labels (0 for non-binding and 1 for binding), respectively. The ESMFold-predicted structures are also provided.

Statistics of species and their genomic sequences in Prometheus.

The National Arboretum's National Species Knowledge Information System provides information on each item and detailed information on biological information resources, and an operation to search the list of biological-related sites is provided. The information includes biological classification items such as plants, insects, and mushrooms, as well as site names and site URLs.

Data resource catalog that collates metadata on bioinformatics Web-based data resources including databases, ontologies, taxonomies and catalogues. An entry includes information such as resource identifier(s), name, description and URL. ''''Query'''' lines are defined for each resource that describe what type(s) of data are available, in what format, how (by what identifier) the data can be retrieved and from where (URL). DRCAT was developed to provide more extensive data integration for EMBOSS, but it has many applications beyond EMBOSS. DRCAT entries (including ''''Query'''' lines) are annotated with terms from the EDAM ontology of common bioinformatics concepts.

This dataset contains the three datasets used in LABind. For each dataset, we have saved the corresponding FASTA sequence files, the associated labels (0 for non-binding and 1 for binding), and the corresponding PDB files.

SUPERFAMILY is a library of profile hidden Markov models that represent all proteins of known structure. The library is based on the SCOP classification of proteins: each model corresponds to a SCOP domain and aims to represent the entire SCOP superfamily that the domain belongs to. SUPERFAMILY is based at the University of Bristol, UK.

The global Genetic Data Analysis Software market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market size of $348.5 million in 2025. While the provided CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) is missing, considering the rapid advancements in genomics and the increasing adoption of precision medicine, a conservative estimate of the CAGR for the forecast period (2025-2033) would be around 15%. This growth is fueled by several key drivers. The rising prevalence of genetic disorders necessitates sophisticated software for analysis and interpretation. Furthermore, the decreasing cost of genomic sequencing is making large-scale genetic studies more feasible, leading to a greater demand for robust and efficient analysis tools. The market is segmented by deployment (web-based and cloud-based) and application (hospitals and health systems, research organizations, and others). Cloud-based solutions are gaining traction due to their scalability and accessibility, while hospitals and health systems represent a significant portion of the market share due to their increasing focus on personalized medicine. Major players like Agilent Technologies, Illumina, and QIAGEN Digital Insights are driving innovation through continuous product development and strategic partnerships. Technological advancements such as artificial intelligence and machine learning are enhancing the capabilities of these software solutions, leading to improved accuracy and faster analysis times. The integration of these advanced analytics with electronic health records (EHRs) is another significant trend further propelling market expansion. The market's growth trajectory is influenced by several factors. The increasing availability of high-throughput sequencing technologies continues to generate massive amounts of genomic data, further stimulating demand for advanced analytics. However, the complexity of genomic data analysis and the need for skilled professionals can act as a restraint, alongside data privacy and security concerns. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the Genetic Data Analysis Software market remains highly positive, driven by the continuous advancements in genomics research, the expanding applications of genomic information in healthcare, and the increasing investments in precision medicine initiatives globally. The market is expected to witness considerable expansion across all geographical regions, with North America and Europe maintaining a significant market share due to their well-established healthcare infrastructure and advanced research capabilities.