The live births by sex and urban/rural residence feature layer stores data for live births by geographic location and sex from 1948 to present. This dataset is downloadable. These data are collected annually from the National Statistical Offices via the Demographic Yearbook questionnaires on Vital Statistics. The unit of measurement is number of live births. The standard definition of live birth as per the Principles and Recommendations for a Vital Statistics System Revision 3: LIVE BIRTH is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which after such separation breathes or shows any other evidence of life such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached; each product of such a birth is considered live-born. To learn more about data and metadata published as part of the Demographic Yearbook Collection please refer to: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/index.cshtml

France Births Rate: per 100 Womens: Metropolitan: > 40 Yrs data was reported at 0.830 NA in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.800 NA for 2016. France Births Rate: per 100 Womens: Metropolitan: > 40 Yrs data is updated yearly, averaging 0.700 NA from Dec 1946 (Median) to 2017, with 72 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.300 NA in 1948 and a record low of 0.300 NA in 1986. France Births Rate: per 100 Womens: Metropolitan: > 40 Yrs data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.G005: Vital Statistics: Birth Rate.

In 1925, the crude birth rate in South Africa was just under 49 births per thousand people, meaning that almost five percent of the population was born in that year. This figure would follow the country’s trends in fertility, remaining largely unchanged until the 1950s when, following the implementation of apartheid rule in the country in 1948, declines in fertility from the government's family planning programs would lead to the birth rate's rapid decline. Apart from a brief pause in the early-1980s, births rates would decline throughout the second half of the 20th century, falling to just under 24 births per thousand people by 2000. The crude birth rate would see a brief increase in the early 2000s, largely attributed to a diversion of healthcare funding away from contraceptives to funding for treatments for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country, but since then, birth rates have resumed their decline, and in 2020, it is estimated that South Africa had a birth rate just under 21 births for every thousand people.

Among nations of the UK, Northern Ireland had the highest number of live births per 1,000 in 2021, at 11.6, followed by England at 10.5, Wales at 9.3, and Scotland at 8.7. The crude birth has fallen for all nations of the UK when compared with 1971, while Northern Ireland has consistently had the highest number of live births per 1,000 people. Long-term birth trends After reaching a postwar peak of 18.8 births per 1,000 people, the UK's crude birth rate has declined considerably, falling to a low of just 11 births per 1,000 people in 2020. In that year, there were just 681,560 live births, compared with over one million in 1964. Additionally, the average age of mothers in the UK has been steadily increasing since the mid-1970s. In 1975, for example, the average age at which mothers gave birth was 26.4 years, compared with 30.9 in 2021. Millennials overtake Boomers as largest generation Due to the large number of births that happened in the years following the Second World War, the generation born during this time were called Baby Boomers, and until 2020 were the largest generation in the UK. Since that year, the Millennial generation, born between 1981 and 1996 have been the largest generational cohort. In 2022, there were approximately 14.48 million Millennials, 14.14 million Generation X members (born between 1965 and 1980) and around 13.8 million Baby Boomers. Generation Z, the generation immediately after Millennials, numbered approximately 12.9 million in 2022.

Population prognosis birth, death and migration by age. 2002 - 2049 Changed December 13, 2004. Frequency: Discontinued.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

This study aimed to provide a more individual, micro-level appreciation of infant mortality data. Previously, the focus of these data had been aggregative, at a fairly high level of aggregation - the country, county registration district. To that end, a team of research students at the Open University has examined vaccination registers at the sub-registration district level for 22 such districts.
In 1853 vaccination was made compulsory and in 1871 legislation was introduced requiring all poor law unions to appoint vaccination officers and to set up a system of registration; this system, with only minor alterations, lasted until 1948. Under the 1871 Act, vaccination officers took over all the functions of the local registrars except for giving parents the statutory notice of compulsory vaccination. The vaccination registrar recorded the following: (i) the registration number in the civil birth register; (ii) date of birth; (iii) place of birth; (iv) name of child; (v) sex; (vi) name of father, or if illegitimate, mother; (vii) occupation of father or if illegitimate, mother; (viii) date of notice to vaccinate given to parent; (ix) date of successful vaccination, postponement or insusceptibility to vaccination; (x) name of medical man who signed the certificate; (xi) date of death of any child who died before vaccination; (xii) reference number in vaccination officer's report book on problem cases. From the monthly information on infant deaths, the vaccination officer compiled an infant death register on children dying under the age of one year.
Medical historians have begun to recognise the historical importance of the compulsory provisions of Victorian vaccination legislation, which entailed the growth of a complex administrative structure necessary for its implementation. This can been seen as a forerunner of the Welfare State, particularly as regards the development of the public health movement.
It is generally agreed that civil registration had reached a high standard of reliability by 1872, and as the vaccination birth registers and infant death registers are copies of the civil registers for the period 1872-1948, they constitute an unrivalled source of information on infant mortality for the period.
Main Topics:

The data consist of transcriptions from a sample of English vaccination registers, at the sub-registration district level, for selected years within the period 1871-1913. The variables differ slightly due to local custom and the transcribing methods employed but broadly, for each district, they consist of number in birth register; date of birth; address; gender; legitimacy; parents' occupation; date of vaccination; date of exception; date of death.

Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

This data collection contains information on juvenile delinquency and adult crime for three birth cohorts born in 1942, 1949, and 1955 in Racine, Wisconsin. These individual-level data are organized into three basic types: police contact data for the three cohorts, interview and contact data for the 1942 and 1949 cohorts, and contact data classified by age for all three cohorts. The police contact data include information on the type and frequency of police contacts by individual as well as the location, date, and number of the first contact. The interview datasets contain information on police contacts and a number of variables measured during personal interviews with the 1942 and 1949 cohorts. The interview variables include retrospective measures of the respondents' attitudes toward the police and a variety of other variables such as socioeconomic status and age at marriage. The age-by-age datasets provide juvenile court and police contact data classified by age.

Population prognosis of birth, mortality and migration by age. 2002-2049 Amended on 13 December 2004. Appearance Frequency: Stop it.

出生率：每百名妇女：大都市的：> 40岁在12-01-2017达0.830NA，相较于12-01-2016的0.800NA有所增长。出生率：每百名妇女：大都市的：> 40岁数据按年更新，12-01-1946至12-01-2017期间平均值为0.700NA，共72份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-1948，达1.300NA，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-1986，为0.300NA。CEIC提供的出生率：每百名妇女：大都市的：> 40岁数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques，数据归类于全球数据库的法国 – 表 FR.G006：人口数据统计：出生率。

Life expectancy at birth and at age 65, by sex, on a three-year average basis.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The purpose of the project was to provide machine-readable economic and social history statistics relating to the whole of Ireland for the period 1821-1971. Further information about the project is available on the QUB Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis website.


Main Topics:

The dataset contains vital statistics of births, marriages and deaths. All the relevant background material is incorporated either in the documentation files or in the scanned images of the tables of contents, prefaces, and notes in the original source. The main vital statistics tables are:

Total number of marriages, births, illegitimate births and deaths grouped by counties and gender.

Total number of deaths grouped by counties, gender and age groups.

Total number of deaths grouped by counties, cause of death, gender and age groups (1952-1971) Republic of Ireland only.

Total number of infant deaths grouped by counties, gender and age groups (1950-1971).

Total number of neonatal deaths grouped by counties and cause of death (1943-1949) Republic of Ireland only.

Total number of marriages grouped by counties, gender and age groups (1948-1971) Northern Ireland only (1957-1971) Republic of Ireland only.

Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

In 2023, the population of the United Kingdom reached 68.3 million, compared with 67.6 million in 2022. The UK population has more than doubled since 1871 when just under 31.5 million lived in the UK and has grown by around 8.2 million since the start of the twenty-first century. For most of the twentieth century, the UK population steadily increased, with two noticeable drops in population occurring during World War One (1914-1918) and in World War Two (1939-1945). Demographic trends in postwar Britain After World War Two, Britain and many other countries in the Western world experienced a 'baby boom,' with a postwar peak of 1.02 million live births in 1947. Although the number of births fell between 1948 and 1955, they increased again between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s, with more than one million people born in 1964. Since 1964, however, the UK birth rate has fallen from 18.8 births per 1,000 people to a low of just 10.2 in 2020. As a result, the UK population has gotten significantly older, with the country's median age increasing from 37.9 years in 2001 to 40.7 years in 2022. What are the most populated areas of the UK? The vast majority of people in the UK live in England, which had a population of 57.7 million people in 2023. By comparison, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland had populations of 5.44 million, 3.13 million, and 1.9 million, respectively. Within England, South East England had the largest population, at over 9.38 million, followed by the UK's vast capital city of London, at 8.8 million. London is far larger than any other UK city in terms of urban agglomeration, with just four other cities; Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Glasgow, boasting populations that exceed one million people.

Aineisto sisältää tietoa syntyneistä ja kuolleista sukupuolittain sekä syntyvyydestä, kuolleisuudesta ja kuolinsyistä Helsingissä vuosina 1811-1998.

Yleinen syntyvyysluku kertoo, kuinka monta elävänä syntynyttä lasta on kunakin vuonna syntynyt 1000 keskiväkiluvun asukasta kohti. Yleinen kuolleisuusluku kertoo, kuinka monta henkilöä on kuollut kunakin vuonna 1000 keskiväkiluvun asukasta kohti.

Imeväiskuolleisuusluku kertoo, kuinka monta henkilöä on kuollut ensimmäisen elinvuoden aikana (0-vuotiaana) 1000 elävänä syntynyttä kohden kunakin vuonna.

Huomioitavaa

1. Viisivuotiskausittaiset tiedot yleisestä syntyvyys- ja kuolleisuusluvusta vuodesta 1826-30 eteenpäin ja vuosittaiset tiedot samoista suhdeluvuista vuodesta 1935 lähtien on laskettu korjattujen väkilukutietojen (viralliset rekisteritiedot eli kirkonkirjat ja siviilirekisteri korjattuna väestölaskentojen tiedoilla) mukaan (Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1954, taulukko 52). Näiden korjattujen väestötietojen ja taulukon alkuosan, vuosien 1811-1934 tietojen luvut voivat poiketa jonkin verran toisistaan, joten lukujen vertailussa tulee noudattaa varovaisuutta.
2. Eri vuosikirjat sisältävät toisistaan poikkeavia lukuja, tällaisissa tapauksissa on käytetty mahdollisuuksien mukaan uusimman vuosikirjan tietoja.
3. Tietoja puuttuu vuosilta 1814 ja 1818, minkä tähden ajanjaksojen 1811-15 ja 1816-20 suhdeluvut on laskettu neljän vuoden lukujen perusteella (tilastollinen vuosikirja 1930, 48).
4. Sarakemuuttujaan Väkivaltaisesti kuolleet eivät sisälly sodassa kuolleet eli vuosilta 1831-32 258 henkilöä, vuosilta 1854-55 610 henkilöä ja vuosilta 1877 22 henkilöä eivätkä sodassa kadonneiksi kuolleiksi julistettuja eli vuodelta 1940 152 henkilöä, vuodelta 1941 12 henkilöä, vuodelta 1942 7 henkilöä, vuosilta 1944 ja 1945 1 henkilö, vuodelta 1946 27 henkilöä, vuodelta 1947 25 henkilöä, vuodelta 1948 27 henkilöä, vuodelta 1949 54 henkilö ja vuodelta 1950 20 henkilöä.
5. Vuoden 1946 tiedot suuren alueliitoksen jälkeen eli tiedot sisältävät esikaupungin (entinen liitosalue).
6. Kuolleet vuoteen 1950 saakka: kaikki kuolleeksi julistetut ml.
7. Vuosilta 1836-1855 kreikkalais-katolisesta seurakunnasta puuttuvat tiedot itsemurhista ja 0-vuotiaiden kuolemista vuosilta 1836-1855 ja tiedot väkivaltaisesti kuolleista puuttuvat kokonaan.
8. 0-vuotiaiden lasten kuolleisuusluvut vaihtelevat hieman lähteen mukaan, esimerkiksi tilastollisessa vuosikirjassa 1905 (taulukko 61) vuosien 1896-1905 tietojen lähteenä ovat terveydenhoitolautakunnan vuosikertomukset, tilastollisessa vuosikirjassa 1910 (taulukko 75) lähteenä ovat papiston väkiluvunmuutostaulut (suuremmat luvut). Tässä taulukossa on lähteenä käytetty terveydenhoitolautakunnan vuosikertomuksia.

Lähteet

1. Lasten kuolleisuus 1896-1905: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1905 (taulukko 62). Alkuperäisenä lähteenä terveydenhoitolautakunnan vuosikertomukset.
2. Lasten kuolleisuus 1891-1910: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1910 (taulukko 75). Alkuperäisenä lähteenä papiston väkiluvunmuutostaulut.
3. Syntyneet ja kuolleet 1811-1928: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1930 (taulukko 47). Vertailujen perusteella lähteenä papiston väkiluvunmuutostaulut.
4. Syntyneet ja kuolleet 1826-1939: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1940 (taulukko 45). Alkuperäinen lähde papiston väkiluvunmuutostaulut.
5. Syntyneet ja kuolleet 1826-1948: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1950 (taulukko 44). Alkuperäinen lähde papiston väkiluvunmuutostaulut.
6. Syntyneet ja kuolleet 1826-1952: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1954 (taulukko 52). Alkuperäinen lähde papiston väkiluvunmuutostaulut.
7. Syntyneet ja kuolleet 1826-1961: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1962 (taulukko 51). Alkuperäinen lähde papiston väkiluvunmuutostaulut.
8. Syntyneet ja kuolleet 1826-1971: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1972 (taulukko 14)
9. Syntyvyys- ja kuolleisuuslukuja 1951-80, syntyneet 1831-1980, kuolleet 1831-1980: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1981 (taulukot 3.1, 3.4, 3.7).
10. Syntyvyys- ja kuolleisuuslukuja 1960-98, syntyneet ja kuolleet 1901-98: Tilastollinen vuosikirja 1999 (taulukot 2.18, 2.22, 2.23).
11. Ensimmäisellä ikävuodellaan kuolleet v. 1961-1975: Väestönmuutokset Helsingissä vuosina 1961-1975, Helsingin kaupungin tilastokeskuksen tilastoja A, 1979, Helsinki, taulukko 47.
12. Kuolleisuus- ja syntyvyyslukuja 1960-97 (lähteenä henkikirjat ja Tilastokeskus sekä vuosina 1986-93 Helsingin väestötietojärjestelmä) , syntyneet 1901-97 (Lähde: Tilastokeskus ja vuosina 1986-93 Helsingin väestötietojärjestelmä), kuolleet 1901-97 (Lähde: Tilastokeskus ja vuosina 1986-93 Helsingin väestötietojärjestelmä): tilastollinen vuosikirja 1998 (taulukot 2.18, 2.22 ja 2.23).

HUOM: Tilastoja käytettäessä tulee kiinnittää huomiota eri vuosien vertailtavuuteen.

Tilastokeskuksen ohjevideot Px-Web-tietokannan käyttöön: http://stat.fi/tup/tilastotietokannat/kayttoohjeet.html

The footnotes in the table are represented in brackets. The first footnote does not appear in the table.Footnotes: 1 For the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) estimates, the global non-response rate (GNR) is used as an indicator of data quality. This indicator combines complete non-response (household) and partial non-response (question) into a single rate. The value of the GNR is presented to users. A smaller GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and as a result, lower risk of inaccuracy. The threshold used for estimates' suppression is a GNR of 50% or more. For more information, please refer to the National Household Survey User Guide, 2011.2 Includes persons who are stateless.3 Includes persons who are stateless.4 The official name of Bolivia is Plurinational State of Bolivia.5 The official name of Venezuela is Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.6 Includes countries such as Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Greenland; Saint Barthélemy; Saint Martin (French part); and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.7 The official name of Moldova is Republic of Moldova.8 The official name of United Kingdom is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland (excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and British Overseas Territories).9 The official name of Kosovo is Republic of Kosovo.10 Known as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in the United Nations and other international bodies.11 Includes countries such as Åland Islands; Andorra; Holy See (Vatican City State); Liechtenstein; San Marino; and Svalbard and Jan Mayen Island.12 The official name of Tanzania is United Republic of Tanzania.13 The official name of Libya is Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.14 Includes countries such as Mayotte; Saint Helena; Sao Tome and Principe; and Western Sahara.15 The official name of Iran is Islamic Republic of Iran.16 The official name of Syria is Syrian Arab Republic.17 West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Declaration of Principles, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1993. Palestine refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.18 China excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.19 The official name of North Korea is Democratic People's Republic of Korea.20 The official name of South Korea is Republic of Korea.21 The official name of Laos is Lao People's Democratic Republic.22 The official name of Viet Nam is Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.23 Includes countries such as British Indian Ocean Territory; Maldives; and Timor-Leste.24 Includes countries such as American Samoa; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Cook Islands; Guam; Kiribati; Marshall Islands; Micronesia, Federated States of; Nauru; Niue; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Pitcairn; Solomon Islands; Tokelau; Tuvalu; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Vanuatu; and Wallis and Futuna.

Myanmar life expectancy for 2025 is 68.14, a 0.26% increase from 2024.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Myanmar life expectancy for 2024 was <strong>67.96</strong>, a <strong>1.6% increase</strong> from 2023.</li>
<li>Myanmar life expectancy for 2023 was <strong>66.89</strong>, a <strong>0.58% increase</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>Myanmar life expectancy for 2022 was <strong>66.51</strong>, a <strong>1.45% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
</ul>Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

14-an_os-y-menos_-1981-y-posterior 15-an_os_-1980 15-an_os_-1981 16-an_os_-1979 16-an_os_-1980 17-an_os_-1978 17-an_os_-1979 18-an_os_-1977 18-an_os_-1978 19-an_os_-1976 19-an_os_-1977 20-an_os_-1975 20-an_os_-1976 21-an_os_-1974 21-an_os_-1975 22-an_os_-1973 22-an_os_-1974 23-an_os_-1972 23-an_os_-1973 24-an_os_-1971 24-an_os_-1972 25-an_os_-1970 25-an_os_-1971 26-an_os_-1969 26-an_os_-1970 27-an_os_-1968 27-an_os_-1969 28-an_os_-1967 28-an_os_-1968 29-an_os_-1966 29-an_os_-1967 30-an_os_-1965 30-an_os_-1966 31-an_os_-1964 31-an_os_-1965 32-an_os_-1963 32-an_os_-1964 33-an_os_-1962 33-an_os_-1963 34-an_os_-1961 34-an_os_-1962 35-an_os_-1960 35-an_os_-1961 36-an_os_-1959 36-an_os_-1960 37-an_os_-1958 37-an_os_-1959 38-an_os_-1957 38-an_os_-1958 39-an_os_-1956 39-an_os_-1957 40-an_os_-1955 40-an_os_-1956 41-an_os_-1954 41-an_os_-1955 42-an_os_-1953 42-an_os_-1954 43-an_os_-1952 43-an_os_-1953 44-an_os_-1951 44-an_os_-1952 45-an_os_-1950 45-an_os_-1951 46-an_os_-1949 46-an_os_-1950 47-an_os_-1948 47-an_os_-1949 48-an_os_-1947 48-an_os_-1948 49-an_os_-1946 49-an_os_-1947 50-an_os_-1946 50-y-ma_s_-1945-y-anterior an_os-cumplidos-de-la-madre-an_o-de-nacimiento births-marriages-and-deaths comunidad-auto_noma cuarto de_cimo-y-ma_s demografi_a-y-poblacio_n demography-and-population estadi_sticas extranjero mnp-estadi_stica-de-nacimientos mnpn nacimientos-matrimonios-y-defunciones noveno octavo orden-de-nacimiento primero quinto se_ptimo segundo sexto statistics tercero todos todos-los-an_os vital-statistics_-births

The volumes in this series comprise admission and discharge registers for Brush Farm Home at Eastwood. Details recorded include date of admission, name, age (date of birth from March 1967 onwards), religion, from whom received and address, admission remarks (e.g. birth date or IQ [Intelligence Quotient]), date of discharge, to whom discharged and address, how placed, and discharge remarks (e.g. holiday leave). There is an index in the front of the second volume, covering residents admitted after 1966.

The registers contain a number of sequences. Each sequence begins by listing residents still in the home who were admitted prior to that date. New admissions follow until a new sequence is commenced. The format consists of double page entries arranged chronologically by admission date, with one page recording admissions to the facility and the facing page recording discharges. Each line provides the details of an individual resident, so their admission and discharge details are on the same line.

The first volume was commenced in April 1944 (but records admissions dating back to 1922) and new sequences were subsequently started in September 1946, May 1948, July 1950, February 1956 and March 1959. The second volume was commenced in August 1966 and runs through to October 1987 in a single sequence.

Although the home generally only catered for girls under the age of eighteen (and boys younger than ten from January 1977) the registers show that two residents admitted in the early years of the facility (1922 and 1923), one at the age of 24 when admitted, appear to have lived in the home until their deaths in the 1980s.

This series also covers the years during which the Admission register (3 October 1978-20 August 1980) and Discharge registers (4 November 1976-17 August 1980) were kept. Not all residents listed in the Admission register are listed in the Admission and discharge register. Some of those not listed in the Admission and discharge register are recorded in the Admission register as overnight stays.

In 2021, the infant mortality rate in the United Kingdom was four deaths one year per 1,000 live births, one of the lowest infant mortality rate in this period. Infant mortality has fallen considerably since 1900, when there were 150 infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

In 1844, Romania had a population of just 3.6 million people. During the early entries in this data, Romania's borders were very different and much smaller than today, and control of this area often switched hands between the Austrian, Ottoman and Russian empires. The populations during this time are based on estimates made for incomplete census data, and they show that the population grows from 3.6 million in 1844, doubling to 7.2 million in 1912, part of this growth is due to a high natural birth rate during this period, but also partly due to the changing of Romania's borders and annexation of new lands. During this time Romania gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Russo-Turkish War in 1878, and experienced a period of increased stability and progress.

Between 1912 and 1930 the population of Romania grew by over 10 million people. The main reason for this is the huge territories gained by Romania in the aftermath of the First World War. During the war Romania remained neutral for the first two years, after which it joined the allies; however, it was very quickly defeated and overrun by the Central Powers, and in total it lost over 600 thousand people as a direct result of the war. With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires after the war, Romania gained almost double it's territory, which caused the population to soar to 18.1 million in 1930. The population then decreases by 1941 and again by 1948, as Romania seceded territory to neighboring countries and lost approximately half a million people during the Second World War. From 1948 onwards the population begins to grow again, reaching it's peak at 23.5 million people in 1990.

Like many other Eastern European countries, there was very limited freedom of movement from Romania during the Cold War, and communist rule was difficult for the Romanian people. The Romanian Revolution in 1989 ended communist rule in the country, Romania transitioned to a free-market society and movement from the country was allowed. Since then the population has fallen each year as more and more Romanians move abroad in search of work and opportunities. The population is expected to fall to 19.2 million in 2020, which is over 4 million fewer people than it had in 1990.

Life expectancy in the United Kingdom was below 39 years in the year 1765, and over the course of the next two and a half centuries, it is expected to have increased by more than double, to 81.1 by the year 2020. Although life expectancy has generally increased throughout the UK's history, there were several times where the rate deviated from its previous trajectory. These changes were the result of smallpox epidemics in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, new sanitary and medical advancements throughout time (such as compulsory vaccination), and the First world War and Spanish Flu epidemic in the 1910s.