As of December 30, 2024, the major economy with the highest yield on 10-year government bonds was Turkey, with a yield of ***** percent. This is due to the risks investors take when investing in Turkey, notably due to high inflation rates potentially eradicating any profits made when using a foreign currency to investing in securities denominated in Turkish lira. Of the major developed economies, United States had one the highest yield on 10-year government bonds at this time with **** percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at **** percent. How does inflation influence the yields of government bonds? Inflation reduces purchasing power over time. Due to this, investors seek higher returns to offset the anticipated decrease in purchasing power resulting from rapid price rises. In countries with high inflation, government bond yields often incorporate investor expectations and risk premiums, resulting in comparatively higher rates offered by these bonds. Why are government bond rates significant? Government bond rates are an important indicator of financial markets, serving as a benchmark for borrowing costs, interest rates, and investor sentiment. They affect the cost of government borrowing, influence the price of various financial instruments, and serve as a reflection of expectations regarding inflation and economic growth. For instance, in financial analysis and investing, people often use the 10-year U.S. government bond rates as a proxy for the longer-term risk-free rate.

This dataset provides values for 30 YEAR BOND YIELD reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

In January 2020, prior to the onset of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, three of the seven largest economies by GDP had negative yields for two-year government bonds (Japan, Germany and France). With the onset of the pandemic, two-year bond yields in these countries actually rose slightly - in contrast to the other major economies, where yields fell over this period. As of December 2024, yields for two-year government bonds exhibited fluctuations across all countries. Notably, Japan showed a slight upward trend, while China experienced a modest decline.Negative yields assume that investors lack confidence in economic growth, meaning many investments (such as stocks) may lose value. Therefore, it is preferable to take a small loss on government debt that carries almost no risk to the investor, than risk a larger loss on other investments. As both the yen and euro are considered very safe assets, Japanese, German and French bonds were already being held by many investors prior to the pandemic as a hedge against economic downturn. Therefore, with the announcement of fiscal responses to the pandemic by many governments around March 2020, the value of these assets rose as confidence increased (slightly) that the worst case may be avoided. At the same time, yields on bonds with a higher return fell, as investors sought out investments with a higher return that were still considered safe.

In March 2025, the average yield on ten-year government bonds in the United States was 4.27 percent. This was the highest of the selected developed economies considered in this statistic. Except Germany, Luxembourg, and Japan, all countries had a yield higher than three on their government bonds. Bonds and yields – additional information The bond yield indicates the level of return that the investor can expect from a given type of bond. The government of Italy, for instance, offered the investors 3.9 percent yield on ten-year government bonds for borrowing their money in March 2025. In the United States, government needs are also financed by selling various debt instruments such as Treasury bills, notes, bonds and savings bonds to investors. The largest holders of U.S. debt are the Federal Reserve and Government accounts in the United States. The major foreign holders of the United States treasury securities are Japan, Mainland China, and the United Kingdom.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for Euro Area (19 Countries) (IRLTLT01EZQ156N) from Q1 1970 to Q1 2025 about long-term, Euro Area, 10-year, Europe, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, and rate.

This dataset provides values for FOREIGN BOND INVESTMENT reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for Euro Area (19 Countries) from Jan 1970 to May 2025 about long-term, Euro Area, 10-year, Europe, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, and rate.

This dataset provides values for 30 YEAR BOND YIELD reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT BOND 5Y reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

In 2023, the country that issued the highest value of sustainable bonds - either from the government or organizations domiciled in that country - was the United States, with almost 100 billion U.S. dollars of fixed income debt issued. China was second, with nearly ** billion U.S. dollars, then Germany with ** billion U.S. dollars. However, it should be noted that the balance between debt for environmental and social purposes was very different between these countries, with the majority of debt issued by France being for social purposes. If just considering the value of green bonds issued (i.e. bonds issued for environmental projects), the highest issuer in 2023 was China. The European sustainable bond market Overall, Europe is the clear leader in the sustainable bond market, having issued more sustainable bonds than any other region since 2014 (including supranational organizations). Given the sustainable bonds issued over this period were for environmental causes, the European green bond market is highly advanced. Types of sustainable bonds While green bonds are the most common type of sustainable bond, there are also social bonds which raise money for social (rather than environmental) causes. In addition, there is the broader category of sustainable bonds, which are for a combination of both social and environmental causes. The category of what is a social cause is somewhat broad, however, generating some controversy. For example while China does issue a high number of green bonds, they issued a far higher value of social bonds in 2020. Much of this debt was labelled as for dealing with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which meant it could be classified as social bonds. This is controversial, as in many other countries debt raised for this purpose may not have been not categorized as sustainable. Some have also raised questions about whether such bonds can even be considered sustainable in the first place, given some certifications only required ** percent of the money raised to be used for causes directly related to the fight against COVID-19 (such as manufacturing medical devices, building hospitals, or scientific research).

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT BOND 2Y reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT BOND reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Georgia Yield on Government Bonds: 10 Years data was reported at 8.822 % pa in Oct 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.016 % pa for Jul 2018. Georgia Yield on Government Bonds: 10 Years data is updated monthly, averaging 10.464 % pa from Mar 2012 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.478 % pa in Feb 2016 and a record low of 8.822 % pa in Oct 2018. Georgia Yield on Government Bonds: 10 Years data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Finance of Georgia . The data is categorized under Global Database’s Georgia – Table GE.M002: Interest Rates: Money and Government Papers.

This dataset provides values for 2 YEAR NOTE YIELD reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

As of December 2024, the countries with the highest 10-year yields are the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia with 4.68, 4.38 and 4.21 percent, respectively. Of the largest economies by GDP, the United States saw the sharpest fall in absolute terms for 10-year government bond yields due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. From a level of 1.51 percent in January 2020, yields on 10-year government bonds fell to 0.65 percent by April 2020, and had further fallen to 0.53 percent by July 2020 before starting to recover towards the end of the year. Conversely, countries that went into 2020 with already low bond yields like Japan, Germany and France actually saw a small increase in March 2020 - although these already low yields mean that these small changes are significant in relative terms.

Explore Green Bond Issuances by Country, Sovereign Green Bond Issuances, Cumulative Green Bond Issuances, and more on this dataset webpage.

Green Bond Issuances by Country, Sovereign Green Bond Issuances, Cumulative Green Bond Issuances, Cumulative Green Bond Issuances by Type of Currency, Environment, Climate Change, Financial and Physical and Transition Risk Indicators, Green Bonds, Green Bond Issuances (All Countries), US Dollars, Green Bond Issuances by Type of Issuers, Green Bonds Issuances, Green Bonds, Environment, Climate Change, Financial and Physical and Transition Risk Indicators, Green Bonds, Green Bonds Issuances, All, International Organization, State owned entities, Banks, Nonfinancial corporations, Local and state Government, Other financial corporations, Sovereign, Access to Essential Services, Acquisition, Affordable Basic Infrastructure, Capital expenditure/Financing expenses, Carbon reduction through reforestation and avoided deforestation, E-education programs - Education Projects, Economic Development, Funding new technologies to reduce GHS emissions, General Purpose/Acquisition, Pollution Control, Production/Supply of Cannabis, Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources, Wind projects, Capital expenditure, Electric & Public Power, General Purpose/Working Capital, Green Construction/Buildings, Merger or Acquisition, Other, Project Finance, Refinance/Financing expenses, Repay Bank Loan or Bridge Financing, China Municipal Development, Employee stock ownership plan, Environmentally Sustainable Products, Equipment Upgrade/Construction, General Purpose, Industrial Development, Infrastructure, Land Preservation, Other Education, Other Public Service, Repay Intercompany Debt, Solar projects, Sustainable Management of Land Use, Sustainable Water or Wastewater management, The Belt and Road Initiative, Acquiring and distribution of vaccine, Alternative Energy, Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation, Clean Transport, Climate Change Adaptation, Environmental Protection Projects, Other Housing, Other Transportation, Pollution Prevention & Control, Redeem Existing Bonds or Securities, Water & Sewer, Working capital, Circular Economy Adapted/Eco-efficient Products, Production Technologies/Processes, Eligible Green Projects, Energy Efficiency, Financing of Subordinated Loan, Gas, General Purpose/Refinance, Property Expendit (acquisit/development), Renewable Energy Projects, Waste Management, Green bond, Sustainable finance



Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Vietnam

Follow data.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research..Important notesexcluding international organizations type of currency and type of issuers (nonfinancial corporations, other financial corporations, banks, state owned entities, sovereign, state and local governments and international organizations).

As of December 30, 2024, 14 economies reported a negative value for their ten year minus two year government bond yield spread: Ukraine with a negative spread of 1,370 percent; Turkey, with a negative spread of 1332 percent; Nigeria with -350 percent; and Russia with -273 percent. At this time, almost all long-term debt for major economies was generating positive yields, with only the most stable European countries seeing smaller values. Why is an inverted yield curve important? Often called an inverted yield curve or negative yield curve, a situation where short term debt has a higher yield than long term debt is considered a main indicator of an impending recession. Essentially, this situation reflects an underlying belief among a majority of investors that short term interest rates are about to fall, with the lowering of interest rates being the orthodox fiscal response to a recession. Therefore, investors purchase safe government debt at today's higher interest rate, driving down the yield on long term debt. In the United States, an inverted yield curve for an extended period preceded (almost) all recent recessions. The exception to this is the economic downturn caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic – however, the U.S. ten minus two year spread still came very close to negative territory in mid-2019. Bond yields and the coronavirus pandemic The onset of the coronavirus saw stock markets around the world crash in March 2020. This had an effect on bond markets, with the yield of both long term government debt and short term government debt falling dramatically at this time – reaching negative territory in many countries. With stock values collapsing, many investors placed their money in government debt – which guarantees both a regular interest payment and stable underlying value - in contrast to falling share prices. This led to many investors paying an amount for bonds on the market that was higher than the overall return for the duration of the bond (which is what is signified by a negative yield). However, the calculus is that the small loss taken on stable bonds is less that the losses likely to occur on the market. Moreover, if conditions continue to deteriorate, the bonds may be sold on at an even higher price, partly offsetting the losses from the negative yield.

ESG debt instruments, including green bonds, social bonds, sustainability bonds, and sustainability-linked bonds, are fixed-income securities designed to sustain or improve the condition of the environment or society or governance practices. Green Bonds are fixed income instruments where the proceeds will be exclusively directed to finance or re-finance, in part or in full, new and/or existing green projects. Social bonds have use of proceeds that are dedicated to projects with positive social outcomes. Sustainability bonds have a mix of green and social use of proceeds. Sustainability linked bonds (SLB) are financial instruments where financial and structural characteristics are linked to achieving performance objectives that improve the condition of the environment or society. SLBs are not use-of proceed bonds. They typically include key performance indicators which are structurally connected to the issuer’s goal achievement. Sources: LSEG. Accessed on 2025-02-24; IMF staff calculations. Category: Climate Finance Data series:  The following data series are available by debt instruments: ESG Bond Issuances ESG Bond Outstanding ESG Bond Issuances by Type of Issuers ESG Bond Issuances by Country Cumulative ESG Bond Issuances by Type of Currency Cumulative Green Bond Issuances by Use of Proceeds Cumulative Social Bond Issuances by Use of Proceeds Cumulative Sustainability Bond Issuances by Use of Proceeds Sovereign Green Bond Issuances Metadata:  The source dataset is based on LSEG (formerly Refinitiv), which contain bond-by-bond issuances for Green Bonds, Social Bonds, Sustainability Bonds, and Sustainability-Linked Bonds starting from 2006 to 2024. Bonds by type encompass investment grade, high-yield, and not-rated bonds, commercial papers, certificates of deposit, and sukuks. By issuer type, bonds encompass government, corporate, agency, non-US munis, and other gov/supra bonds. Methodology:  The data are aggregated by country of incorporations, use of proceeds, type of currency and type of issuers (nonfinancial corporations, other financial corporations, banks, state owned entities, sovereign, state and local governments and international organizations). Sovereign green bonds are green bonds issued by central governments and central banks. Compilation of the indicator is based on the methodology used by London Stock Exchange Group, and divergences may be observed when compared to data from other providers.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to May 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Government Bond Yields: Long Term: Month Avg: EU 27 excl UK data was reported at 3.570 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.320 % for Feb 2025. Government Bond Yields: Long Term: Month Avg: EU 27 excl UK data is updated monthly, averaging 3.500 % from Jan 2001 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 291 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.610 % in Jul 2001 and a record low of 0.060 % in Dec 2020. Government Bond Yields: Long Term: Month Avg: EU 27 excl UK data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Eurostat. The data is categorized under Global Database’s European Union – Table EU.M019: Eurostat: Long Term Government Bond Yield: Monthly Average: By Countries.