About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the median household income across different racial categories in Brazil. It portrays the median household income of the head of household across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into economic disparities and trends and explore the variations in median houshold income for diverse racial categories.

Key observations

Based on our analysis of the distribution of Brazil population by race & ethnicity, the population is predominantly White. This particular racial category constitutes the majority, accounting for 94% of the total residents in Brazil. Notably, the median household income for White households is $48,925. Interestingly, White is both the largest group and the one with the highest median household income, which stands at $48,925.

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Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2017-2021 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race of the head of household: This column presents the self-identified race of the household head, encompassing all relevant racial categories (excluding ethnicity) applicable in Brazil.
• Median household income: Median household income, adjusting for inflation, presented in 2022-inflation-adjusted dollars

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Brazil median household income by race. You can refer the same here

As of March 2023, around ** percent of online content creators surveyed in Brazil identified as white. Brown and Black digital influencers accounted for ** and ** percent of the respondents, respectively. There were an estimated *** million internet users in Brazil in 2023.

Abstract To understand future changes in community composition due to global changes, the knowledge about community dynamics is of crucial importance. To improve our understanding about processes and patterns involved in maintaining species rich neotropical ecosystems, we provide here a dataset from the one hectare Forest of Seu Nico (FSN) Dynamics Plot from Southeastern Brazil. We report diameter at breast height, basal area and height measurements of 2868 trees and treelets identified during two census spanning over a nine-year period. Furthermore, soil properties and understory light availability of all 100 10 x 10m subplots from the one hectare FSN Dynamics Plot during the second census are given.

The history of modern Brazil begins in the year 1500 when Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived with a small fleet and claimed the land for the Portuguese Empire. With the Treaty of Torsedillas in 1494, Spain and Portugal agreed to split the New World peacefully, thus allowing Portugal to take control of the area with little competition from other European powers. As the Portuguese did not arrive with large numbers, and the indigenous population was overwhelmed with disease, large numbers of African slaves were transported across the Atlantic and forced to harvest or mine Brazil's wealth of natural resources. These slaves were forced to work in sugar, coffee and rubber plantations and gold and diamond mines, which helped fund Portuguese expansion across the globe. In modern history, transatlantic slavery brought more Africans to Brazil than any other country in the world. This combination of European, African and indigenous peoples set the foundation for what has become one of the most ethnically diverse countries across the globe.

Independence and Monarchy By the early eighteenth century, Portugal had established control over most of modern-day Brazil, and the population more than doubled in each half of the 1800s. The capital of the Portuguese empire was moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 (as Napoleon's forces moved closer towards Lisbon), making this the only time in European history where a capital was moved to another continent. The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was established in 1815, and when the Portuguese monarchy and capital returned to Lisbon in 1821, the King's son, Dom Pedro, remained in Brazil as regent. The following year, Dom Pedro declared Brazil's independence, and within three years, most other major powers (including Portugal) recognized the Empire of Brazil as an independent monarchy and formed economic relations with it; this was a much more peaceful transition to independence than many of the ex-Spanish colonies in the Americas. Under the reign of Dom Pedro II, Brazil's political stability remained relatively intact, and the economy grew through its exportation of raw materials and economic alliances with Portugal and Britain. Despite pressure from political opponents, Pedro II abolished slavery in 1850 (as part of a trade agreement with Britain), and Brazil remained a powerful, stable and progressive nation under Pedro II's leadership, in stark contrast to its South American neighbors. The booming economy also attracted millions of migrants from Europe and Asia around the turn of the twentieth century, which has had a profound impact on Brazil's demography and culture to this day.

The New Republic

Despite his popularity, King Pedro II was overthrown in a military coup in 1889, ending his 58 year reign and initiating six decades of political instability and economic difficulties. A series of military coups, failed attempts to restore stability, and the decline of Brazil's overseas influence contributed greatly to a weakened economy in the early 1900s. The 1930s saw the emergence of Getúlio Vargas, who ruled as a fascist dictator for two decades. Despite a growing economy and Brazil's alliance with the Allied Powers in the Second World War, the end of fascism in Europe weakened Vargas' position in Brazil, and he was eventually overthrown by the military, who then re-introduced democracy to Brazil in 1945. Vargas was then elected to power in 1951, and remained popular among the general public, however political opposition to his beliefs and methods led to his suicide in 1954. Further political instability ensued and a brutal, yet prosperous, military dictatorship took control in the 1960s and 1970s, but Brazil gradually returned to a democratic nation in the 1980s. Brazil's economic and political stability fluctuated over the subsequent four decades, and a corruption scandal in the 2010s saw the impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff. Despite all of this economic instability and political turmoil, Brazil is one of the world's largest economies and is sometimes seen as a potential superpower. The World Bank classifies it as a upper-middle income country and it has the largest share of global wealth in Latin America. It is the largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking), and sixth most populous country in the world, with a population of more than 210 million people.

We conducted a survey of tadpoles and adult anurans in several ponds in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We determined the taxonomic identities of the tadpoles by matching the tadpole DNA barcodes (16S) with the respective barcodes of adults. We provide descriptions and illustrations of the larval morphology of these anurans, including their coloration in life. The tadpoles we collected were screened for symptoms of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection, by visually inspecting the keratinous mouth parts under a dissecting microscope.

This dataset is part of a broader compilation named 'Standardized datasets of Brazilian reef diversity in space and time' created from a research network of reef scientists within several projects and collaborations and finally gathered and published by the ReefSYN group. This dataset, an updated, filtered and curated version of the one used by Morais et al. (2017), includes fish counts and size estimates in 4,570 transects distributed over 137 localities in 20 different locations, spanning from 0° to 27°S (including oceanic islands). This dataset is the foundation of a large network of reef scientists in Brazil, which started as the project SISBIOTAMar and derived into the PELD ILOC and ReefSYN networks.

This statistic shows the median age of the population in Brazil from 1950 to 2100. The median age is the age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population. In 2020, the median age of the Brazilian population was 32.7 years. Brazil as a developing nation The average age of the Brazil’s population has risen from a low of 16.8 years in 1965 to 32.4 years in 2020, a typical change in developing nations, and other demographic parameters support this trend: As of 2014, the share of children under 14 years of age stood at around 23.5 percent, a great improvement from earlier times. Since 2005, the fertility rate has also dropped significantly, but now it is even lower than the natural replacement rate at 1.78 children per woman. Over the same period of time, life expectancy has also risen to 74.4 years of age - higher than the average for developing nations. These changes typically happen as a result of developing countries becoming more modernized and economically diverse. Brazil’s economy had been getting significantly stronger and per capita GDP peaked in 2011 at a much higher value than the regional average for Latin America and the Caribbean. However, the Brazilian economy has reached a difficult point, and GDP per capita is expected to fall to as low as 7,447 U.S. dollars in 2016. As Brazil’s demographics are now similar to other developing countries, the economy has not been able to maintain a similar path to steady growth.

These are supplementary files to the chapter "Diversity and evolution of the flowering plants of the Caatinga Domain" published in "Silva JMCS, Leal IR, Tabarelli M (eds) Caatinga: The largest Tropical Dry Forest Region in South America" by Springer. The data presented here describe in detail the methods and results of the meta-analysis we made on phylogenetic and diversification of evolution of plants in the semiarid Caatinga. The images here bring in full resolution the trees presented in the publication. To analyze biogeographical patterns of plant evolution in Caatinga we compiled published (and a few inedited) phylogenies of plant lineages from the Brazilian semiarid. Due to space limitation in the book chapter, the detailed methods and individual phylogenetic trees for each clade are presented here.

This dataset is part of a broader compilation named 'Standardized datasets of Brazilian reef diversity in space and time' created from a research network of reef scientists within several projects and collaborations and finally gathered and published by the ReefSYN group. Data from the Abrolhos Bank was collected by several collaborators under the coordination of Ronaldo Francini-Filho from 2001 to 2014. The data was obtained with support from Conservation International (CI) and FAPESP between 2001 and 2005, and exclusively by CI from 2006 to 2009, within the Marine Management Areas Science Program. Between 2010-2014, RBFF continued to coordinate the Abrolhos monitoring program within the Abrolhos-SISBIOTA project (under general coordination of Dr. Alex Bastos) (see Francini-Filho & Moura 2008, Francini-Filho et al. 2013, 2019, Roos et al. 2020). This dataset includes samples of five locations and 28 localities nested within locations, but not evenly distributed in space. Depth of sampling varied among localities and ranged between 2 and 15 m.

The literature review was conducted by seeking and analyzing articles published between 2001 and 2020, in virtual databases (Google Scholar, Redalyc, Scielo, ScienceDirect and Scopus) using as descriptors, (Euphorbiaceae), (the names of the genera) found in Brazil according to Flora do Brasil 2020.

This dataset consists of two tables. The first is a presence-absence table that provides an updated list of testate amoebae found in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It includes both historical records and new occurrence data, offering a comprehensive overview of the biogeography of testate amoebae in the region. The second table compiles previous studies on testate amoebae in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with its primary purpose being to document the collection methods used in each research effort. Data collection was conducted in April 2024 using the research databases Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SciELO, with search keywords in both Portuguese and English: "Testate Amoebae," "Thecamoebian," "Zooplankton" combined with "Rio de Janeiro."

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Almeida, Ana C. S., Souza, Facelucia B. C., Menegola, Carla, Vieira, Leandro M. (2017): Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 4290 (2): 281-323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.2.3

This dataset was collected by Guilherme Longo and Natália Roos, and includes the relative benthic cover of reef formations in northeast coast of Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte state) sampled with photoquadrats along transects at different depths.

Mesopelagic fishes play critical ecological roles by sequestering carbon, recycling nutrients, and acting as a key trophic link between primary consumers and higher trophic levels. They are also an important food source for harvestable economically valuable fish stocks and a key link between shallow and deep-sea ecosystems. Despite their relevance, mesopelagic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by direct and indirect human activities while representing some of the largest and least understood environments on Earth. The composition, diversity, and other aspects of the most basic biological features of numerous mesopelagic groups of fishes are still poorly known. Here, we provide the first integrative study of the biodiversity of mesopelagic fishes of the southwestern Tropical Atlantic (SWTA), based on two expeditions in northeastern Brazil in 2015 and 2017. A full list of mesopelagic fishes of the region is provided, including rare species and new records for the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone and the indication of potentially new species in groups such as the Stomiiformes and Beryciformes. Key aspects of the diversity of mesopelagic fishes of the region were also assessed, considering different depth strata and diel periods. At least 200 species, 130 genera, 56 families, and 22 orders of the Teleostei and one shark (Isistius brasiliensis, Dalatiidae, Squaliformes) were recorded, including potentially eight new species (4%) and 50 (25%) new records for Brazilian waters. Five families accounted for 52% of the diversity, 88% of specimens collected, and 66% of the total biomass: Stomiidae (38 spp., 8% of specimens, 21% of biomass), Myctophidae (34 spp., 36%, 24%), Melamphaidae (11 spp., 2%, 7%), Sternoptychidae (9 spp., 26%, 10%), and Gonostomatidae (7 spp., 16%, 4%). During the day, richness and diversity were higher at lower mesopelagic depths (500–1000 m), with contributions of typically bathypelagic species likely associated with seamounts and oceanic islands. At night, richness and diversity increased at epipelagic depths, indicating the diel ascension of several species (e.g., myctophids and sternoptychids) that can endure temperature ranges of up to 25°C. Information on the geographic distribution of several rare species worldwide is also provided.

Data collectionWe followed the PRISMA-EcoEvo methodology (O'Dea et al., 2021). First, we conducted a search for studies on the effects of land use change on ants in Brazil using the Ants of Brazil Project database (Feitosa et al., 2022; Schmidt et al., 2022). We also performed a preliminary search (naïve search) for relevant studies in the “Web of Science databases - Main Collection (Clarivate Analytics)” (www.webofscience.com), “Scopus” (www.scopus.com), and “SciELO.ORG” (www.scielo.org). Initially, we carried out a preliminary search using pertinent keywords related to the topic (Grames et al., 2019). To achieve this, we categorized the keywords into four sections, following the PICO/PECO model (population, intervention/exposure, comparator, outcome; Haddaway et al., 2016). The 'Population' section pertained to the specific population under study (e.g., Ants), the 'Intervention/Exposure' section referred to various exposure or environmental factors (e.g., Land use), the 'Comparator' section related to what the exposure would be compared to (e.g., Biomes), and the 'Outcome' encompassed the measured variables (e.g., Diversity). The naïve search conducted in November 2023. The titles, abstracts, and keywords of these studies were exported, and additional keywords were identified using the 'litsearchr' package (Grames et al., 2019), within the R software (R Core Team, 2021). In the analysis of the new keywords, we included the term 'species composition' as an outcome and performed a subsequent search. In addition to the search using English terms, we also conducted searches in Portuguese and Spanish in the same databases. The new search returned 3,488 studies in Web of Science, 1,573 in Scopus, and 16 in SciELO.ORG. We also included an additional 72 studies from the Ants of Brazil Project, bringing the total to 5,149.Exclusion and inclusion criteriaWe removed duplicate studies and conducted a screening of titles, abstracts, and full articles. Our inclusion criteria focused on studies that specifically assessed the impact of land use changes on ant assemblages in Brazil. We applied exclusion criteria, including: (1) studies conducted outside Brazil; (2) studies unrelated to ant communities or assemblages; (3) studies not addressing the effects of land use changes; (4) studies lacking a comparison between natural habitat and anthropogenic land use. We also excluded non-case studies (e.g., reviews) and studies dealing with anthropogenic disturbances not related to land use categorization (e.g., chronic disturbances like logging or non-timber forest product extraction). Furthermore, we omitted studies focusing on ecological succession (e.g., succession or restoration) and those where it was impossible to separate the impact on ant assemblages from other evaluated organisms (e.g., macrofauna). Out of the initial pool of 5,149 studies, 128 remained for the qualitative review, and 48 were eligible for the meta-analysis.Qualitative reviewFrom the 128 studies, we extracted qualitative data including the study ID (citation), publication year, language, journal, impact factor, biome, sampling season, vegetation type, anthropogenic land use, sampling methods, sampled strata (epigeic, leaf-litter, subterranean, and arboreal), and response variable, such as species richness and abundance. We are counting votes for qualitative data from the studies and assessed whether land use affects species compositions. Species composition refers to the differences in the identity of ant species between natural habitats and anthropogenic land uses, extracted from analyses such as PERMANOVA (Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance) and ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarities).Extracting and calculating effect sizesFor the meta-analysis, we gathered data on the most frequently assessed response variable, including species richness and abundance. Species richness was reported in studies as either observed species richness or estimators (e.g., Chao1, Chao2, Jackknife1, individual-based rarefaction, and sample-based rarefaction). Abundance was reported in studies as number of ant workers and species frequency. For these response variables, we collected mean values, sample size, and dispersion metrics such as variance, standard deviation, standard error, and 95% confidence intervals. We extracted these data from the text, tables, and figures of the studies. When the data was solely presented in figures, we utilized WebPlotDigitizer version 4.6 to extract the mean and dispersion metrics (www.automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer/). We standardized all the dispersion metrics into standard deviation. We also obtained data regarding vegetation type and anthropogenic land uses. Vegetation types were classified into various categories, encompassing forest types such as primary and secondary forests, riparian forests, and woodland savannah, as well as grassland, “restinga”, savannah, “vereda”, mangrove, and “canga”. The anthropogenic land use data were classified into agriculture and pasture categories when these two anthropogenic uses were sampled jointly, annual agriculture (e.g., soybean plantation), perennial agriculture (e.g., coffee plantation), mining, pasture, silviculture (e.g., Eucalyptus spp. plantation), and urbanization.

As of 2022, ** percent of the Brazilian population believed that immigrants choose Brazil because it is a welcoming country. Ease of entry into Brazil was reported by ** percent as the second most important reason. Only ** percent believe that immigrants choose Brazil for its culture and diversity.

GIS resultsContains a mix of shapefiles and georeferenced TIFF files of the results shown in the paper's figures.Jenkins_et_al_2015_GIS_results.zip

TABLE 3 Estimates of mean evolutionary divergence (p -distances) between sequence pairs within and among species and lineages within H. thomasi, based on the Cytb gene. n.c. ― not computable

Biodiversity serves as a proxy for numerous ecosystem services that can be realized through forest restoration, benefitting both people and the environment. We investigated the magnitude of biodiversity recovery incompleteness (i.e., the recovery gap) in forest restoration within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, hereafter referred to as the Atlantic Forest. We conducted meta-analysis to analyze how species richness and species abundance of soil microorganisms, invertebrates and vascular plants, as well as the vegetation structure, recover across major gradients in environmental conditions and human-caused disturbances. Our study shows that forest restoration in the Atlantic Forest faces a notable biodiversity gap in species richness across both passive and active restoration areas. However, the vegetation structure could potentially reach reference levels within 25 to 50 years. Forest type influenced the recovery of species abundance in active restoration areas, with dense forests display..., Literature search and data gathering We searched the peer-reviewed literature available on Web of Science (SCI-E, SSCI, and ESCI), Scopus, CAB Direct, and SciELO. We also used Google Scholar as a search engine. Data was first collected on August 26th, 2020 (Supplementary Material S1). We employed the following search string to gather relevant literature: (restor* or recreat* or rehabilitat* or reforest* or afforest* or recover* or regenerat* or remediat* or revege*) AND (forest*) AND (Brazil* or Brasil*) AND (biodiversity or diversity) (see Supplementary Material S1). The searching and screening procedures closely resemble those employed by Romanelli et al. (2022). Only primary research meeting the following inclusion criteria was considered for full-text analysis. Eligible studies had to be conducted in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with interventions classified as either active (e.g., tree planting or seeding) or passive (minimal human intervention in forest regeneration) restoration..., , # Assessing the recovery gap in forest restoration within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k6djh9wj4

Description of the data and file structure

The data was collected through a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature to evaluate biodiversity outcomes in restored areas of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Studies were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, focusing on active and passive forest restoration efforts. The research analyzed quantitative biodiversity indicators, such as species richness, species abundance, and vegetation structure, comparing restored sites to reference forests. Data extraction and processing involved using metaDigitise for figure-based data retrieval and Revtools for duplicate removal. Missing data represented as N/A.

Files and variables

File: Data_Abundance.csv

Description:Â Data collected for species abundance

Variables

• ID: Article ID
• Authors
• ...,

This dataset contains the georeferenced records used in the manuscript "An overview of Asteraceae in the Brazilian Caatinga: species diversity, distribution, collection history and endemic species conservation".