The benchmark interest rate in Brazil was last recorded at 15 percent. This dataset provides - Brazil Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Key information about Brazil Policy Rate

• Brazil cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: SELIC) was set at 13.25 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 13.25 % pa in the previous Jan 2025.
• Brazil Policy Rate averaged 12.25 % pa and is updated monthly, available from Mar 1999 to Feb 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 42.00 % pa in Mar 1999 and a record low of 2.00 % pa in Feb 2021.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate (TJLP): Per Annum) was reported at 7.97 % pa in Jan 2025.
• Brazil Exchange Rate against USD averaged 4.85 (USD/BRL) in Jun 2023.
• Its Real Effective Exchange Rate was 81.41 in Nov 2024.

Brazil's inflation rate and central bank interest rate have experienced significant fluctuations from 2018 to 2025, reflecting broader global economic trends. The country's inflation peaked at ***** percent in April 2020, followed by a gradual decline and subsequent rise, while the central bank adjusted its Selic rate in response to these economic dynamics. This pattern of volatility and monetary policy adjustments mirrors similar experiences in other major economies during the same period. Global context of inflation and interest rates Brazil's economic indicators align with the global trend of rising inflation and subsequent central bank responses observed in many countries. Like Brazil, other major economies such as the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-2023 to combat inflationary pressures. However, a coordinated shift began in mid-2024, with many central banks initiating rate cuts. This global trend is reflected in Brazil's monetary policy decisions, as the country began reducing its Selic rate in August 2023 after maintaining it at ***** percent for several months. From the middle of 2024, however, the Brazilian central bank implemented several interest rate hikes, setting the rate at ** percent in June 2025. Comparison with other economies While Brazil's inflation rate reached **** percent in July 2025, other major economies exhibited varying levels of inflationary pressure. For instance, China consistently reported the lowest inflation rate among developed economies, while Russia maintained an exceptionally high inflation rate during the same period. The United Kingdom, which experienced similar volatility in its inflation rate, saw it peak at *** percent in October 2022 before moderating to *** percent by the end of 2024. These comparisons highlight the diverse economic conditions and policy responses across different countries, with Brazil's experience falling somewhere in the middle of this spectrum.

Overview with Chart & Report: BCB Interest Rate Decision is adopted by the Monetary Policy Committee Copom. After determining the interest rate, the Central Bank purchases and sells federal government bonds on a daily basis, in

In July 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In the first half of 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 18 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at 0 percent in July 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 8.8 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Inflation Rate in Brazil decreased to 5.13 percent in August from 5.23 percent in July of 2025. This dataset provides - Brazil Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This work is meant to show the relevance of the role of money in explaining regional disparities. Points out that before the currency and the banks are incorporated theories of regional development, had two views on regional development, founded on a convergence of unequal growth and divergence in another, where the rates would become increasingly unequal. The literature on the regional economy have given little attention to financial variables and their role in regional development. In this context, the currency has received secondary treatment in the analysis of the regional economy, perhaps in the belief of some theorists in the neutrality of money in the long run, or others who have relied on the assumption of perfect interregional mobility of capital. However, this perspective has been changing in recent years, particularly in post-Keynesian agenda. Thus, we intend to examine the behavior of the public regarding the preference for liquidity in the face of regional characteristics and the financial instability and therefore demonstrate their relevance to explain the differences in regional economic development. To analyze the decision to demand money was used educational and behavioral aspects. The hypothesis that there is a financial concentration in regions with a lower liquidity preference was ratified. For this, the study was developed base d on the analysis of units of the Brazilian federation. The database of the Central Bank, and Datasus allowed the use of the formula suggested by the literature pertinent to the theme.

Brazil BR: Fertility Rate: Total: Births per Woman data was reported at 1.619 Ratio in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.629 Ratio for 2022. Brazil BR: Fertility Rate: Total: Births per Woman data is updated yearly, averaging 2.758 Ratio from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.051 Ratio in 1960 and a record low of 1.619 Ratio in 2023. Brazil BR: Fertility Rate: Total: Births per Woman data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year.;(1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2024 Revision; (2) Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices; (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics.;Weighted average;Relevance to gender indicator: it can indicate the status of women within households and a woman’s decision about the number and spacing of children.

Abstract

The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities-sectors.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The study was conducted using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in the sample: firm sector, firm size, and geographic region.

Industry stratification was designed as follows: the universe was stratified into eight manufacturing industries (food, textiles, garments, shoes & leather, chemicals, machinery & equipment, auto parts, furniture), two services industries (retail and IT) and two residual sectors. The sample design had a target of 1320 interviews in manufacturing and 240 interviews each in the services and residual categories.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition used for the Enterprise Surveys: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers.

Regional stratification was defined in terms of the geographic regions with the largest commercial presence in the country: Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Sao Paulo.

The Enterprise Survey for Brazil targeted 1800 registered establishments, including 817 establishments with 5 to 19 employees 657 with 20 to 99 employees, and 326 with 100 or more employees.

Given the stratified design, sample frames containing a complete and updated list of establishments as well as information on all stratification variables (number of employees, industry, and region) are required to draw the sample for the Enterprise Surveys.

Two frames were used for Brazil. The first was an extract from the database of all formal establishments obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE]. This database is yearly updated and the 2007 extract was used. The second frame (the panel sample) consisted of enterprises interviewed for the Enterprise Survey in 2003, which were to be re-interviewed where they were in the selected geographical regions and met eligibility criteria. Both database contained the following information: -Name of the firm -Contact details -ISIC code -Number of employees.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 30.1% (3,255 out of 10,824 establishments).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The current survey instruments are available: - Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37] - Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52] - Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72] - Screener Questionnaire.

The “Core Questionnaire” is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the “Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module” and the “Core Questionnaire + Retail Module.” The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate

Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Brazil Implementation" in "Technical Documents" folder.

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Foreign Exchange Market Size 2025-2029

The foreign exchange market size is valued to increase by USD 582 billion, at a CAGR of 10.6% from 2024 to 2029. Growing urbanization and digitalization will drive the foreign exchange market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

Europe dominated the market and accounted for a 47% growth during the forecast period.
By Type - Reporting dealers segment was valued at USD 278.60 billion in 2023
By Trade Finance Instruments - Currency swaps segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 118.14 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD 582.00 billion
CAGR from 2024 to 2029 : 10.6%

Market Summary

The market, a dynamic and intricate web of financial transactions, plays a pivotal role in facilitating global trade and economic interactions. Its primary function is to enable the conversion of one currency into another, thereby mitigating the risk of currency fluctuations for businesses and investors. Key drivers of this market include growing urbanization and digitalization, which have expanded trading opportunities to a 24x7 global economy. However, the uncertainty of future exchange rates poses a significant challenge, necessitating effective risk management strategies. The market's evolution reflects the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy. Transactions occur in a decentralized, over-the-counter system, with major trading centers in London, New York, and Tokyo.
Participants include commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, and individual investors, all seeking to capitalize on price differences between currencies. Trends shaping the market include the increasing use of automation and artificial intelligence to analyze market data and execute trades. Regulatory changes, such as the introduction of stricter capital requirements, also impact the market's functioning. Looking ahead, the market is expected to remain a vital component of the global financial landscape, with continued growth driven by increased trade and economic interdependence. However, challenges, such as regulatory changes and geopolitical risks, will necessitate adaptability and innovation from market participants.

What will be the Size of the Foreign Exchange Market during the forecast period?

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How is the Foreign Exchange Market Segmented ?

The foreign exchange industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Reporting dealers
  Financial institutions
  Non-financial customers


Trade Finance Instruments

  Currency swaps
  Outright forward and FX swaps
  FX options


Trading Platforms

  Electronic Trading
  Over-the-Counter (OTC)
  Mobile Trading


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Switzerland
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The reporting dealers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market, a dynamic and ever-evolving financial landscape, is characterized by constant activity and intricate patterns. Participants engage in various trading strategies, employing advanced tools such as stop-loss and take-profit orders on forex trading platforms. Real-time data feeds and order book dynamics facilitate trade execution speed, while market microstructure and slippage minimization techniques ensure efficient transactions. Currency correlation analysis and transaction cost analysis are integral to informed decision-making, with backtesting methodologies providing valuable insights. Currency forwards contracts, position sizing techniques, and forex derivatives pricing are essential components of risk management systems. Carry trade strategies, hedging strategies, and interest rate parity are popular tactics employed by market participants.

Algorithmic trading strategies, driven by options pricing models and trading algorithms' efficiency, significantly influence price discovery mechanisms. High-frequency trading and volatility modeling contribute to the market's liquidity risk management, while foreign exchange swaps and currency option valuation help manage risk. The market's complexities necessitate sophisticated risk management systems and intricate order routing optimization. Global payments systems facilitate the smooth transfer of funds, and liquidity risk management remains a critical concern for market participants. According to recent studies, The market is estimated to account for approximately USD6 trillion in daily trading volume, und

BCB利率决策由货币政策委员会通过采用。确定利率之后，中央银行每天买进和卖出联邦政府债券，以保持利率接近目标值。巴西央行利率应在交易巴西财务部发行的证券时支付。高于预期的数值意味着对巴西货币(real)报价有利。

Der Zinsentscheid der BCB wird vom Geldpolitischen Ausschuss Copom angenommen. Nach der Festlegung des Zinssatzes kauft und verkauft die Zentralbank täglich Bundesanleihen, um den Zinssatz nahe am

A Decisão da Taxa de Juros Selic (BCB Interest Rate Decision) é aprovada pelo Comitê de Política Monetária (Copom). Após a determinação da taxa, o Banco Central compra e vende os títulos do governo

ABSTRACT Technical discussions of stabilization alternatives for Brazil have recently focused on the utilization of the exchange-rate as a nominal anchor and measures that involve a degree of dollarization of the economy. The latter would imply official sanction for the increasing substitution of foreign for national currency, a kind of decision that the experience of several Latin American countries has shown to be extremely difficult to reverse. Moreover, exchange-rate based stabilizations have often unleashed balance of payments crises. This paper reviews Argentina’s recent stabilization program and some of the lessons it may hold for Brazil. It argues that the Argentinian approach, as well as some of its variations, cannot be applied successfully in Brazil.

BCBの金利決定はMonetary Policy Committee Copomで採択されます。金利を決定した後、中央銀行は、金利を目標値に近づけるために、連邦政府債を毎日売買します。中央銀行の金利は、ブラジルの国家財務省が発行した証券を取引するときに請求されます。予想よりも高い値はブラジルのレアル相場にとってプラスと見なされます。

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Home Equity Lending Market Size 2025-2029

The home equity lending market size is forecast to increase by USD 48.16 billion, at a CAGR of 4.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, fueled primarily by the massive increase in home prices and the resulting rise in residential properties with substantial equity. This trend presents a lucrative opportunity for lenders, as homeowners with substantial equity can borrow against their homes to fund various expenses, from home improvements to debt consolidation. However, this market also faces challenges. Lengthy procedures and complex regulatory requirements can hinder the growth of home equity lending, making it essential for lenders to streamline their processes and ensure compliance with evolving regulations.
Additionally, economic uncertainty and potential interest rate fluctuations may impact borrower demand, requiring lenders to adapt their strategies to remain competitive. To capitalize on market opportunities and navigate challenges effectively, lenders must focus on enhancing the borrower experience, leveraging technology to streamline processes, and maintaining a strong regulatory compliance framework.

What will be the Size of the Home Equity Lending Market during the forecast period?

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The market continues to evolve, shaped by various economic and market dynamics. Fair lending practices remain a crucial aspect, with entities ensuring borrowers' creditworthiness through rigorous risk assessments. Economic conditions, employment history, and credit score are integral components of this evaluation. Mortgage insurance (PMIs) and mortgage-backed securities (MBS) are employed to mitigate risk in the event of default. Verification of income, property value, and consumer protection are also essential elements in the home equity lending process. Housing prices, Homeowners Insurance, and property value are assessed to determine the loan-to-value ratio (LTV) and interest rate risk. Prepayment penalties, closing costs, and loan term are factors that influence borrowers' financial planning and decision-making.

The regulatory environment plays a significant role in shaping market activities. Consumer confidence, financial literacy, and foreclosure prevention initiatives are key areas of focus. real estate market volatility and mortgage rates impact the demand for home equity loans, with cash-out refinancing and debt consolidation being popular applications. Amortization schedules, mortgage broker involvement, and escrow accounts are essential components of the loan origination process. Market volatility and housing market trends continue to unfold, requiring ongoing risk assessment and adaptation.

How is this Home Equity Lending Industry segmented?

The home equity lending industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Source

  Mortgage and credit union
  Commercial banks
  Others


Distribution Channel

  Offline
  Online


Purpose

  Home Improvement
  Debt Consolidation
  Investment


Loan Type

  Fixed-Rate
  Variable-Rate


Geography

  North America

    US
    Mexico


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    Australia
    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Source Insights

The mortgage and credit union segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

In the realm of home equity lending, mortgage and credit unions emerge as trusted partners for consumers. These financial institutions offer various services beyond home loans, including deposit management, checking and savings accounts, and credit and debit cards. By choosing a mortgage or credit union for home equity lending, consumers gain access to human advisors who can guide them through the intricacies of finance. Mortgage and credit unions provide competitive rates on home equity loans, making them an attractive option. Consumer protection is a priority, with fair lending practices and rigorous risk assessment ensuring creditworthiness. Economic conditions, employment history, and credit score are all taken into account during the loan origination process.

Home equity loans can be used for various purposes, such as home improvement projects, debt consolidation, or cash-out refinancing. Consumer confidence plays a role in loan origination, with interest rates influenced by market volatility and economic conditions. Fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans are available, each with its a

Abstract An economic feasibility study must consider the uncertainties inherent to a mining project, whose risks must be quantified properly to enable accurate decision-making. Studies previously carried out through the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) methodology in the project evaluated here - a quarry whose operations are currently interrupted, located in Pernambuco, Brazil, formerly taxed under the presumed profit regime - indicated a positive Net Present Value (NPV) in the deterministic scenario, therefore projecting a profitable project. However, a probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo simulations indicated only a 49.98% occurrence probability for this NPV. An assessment focused on the company's taxation was never carried out, which is a gap that the present study intends to fill, in addition to evaluating the feasibility of immediate investment in this project. Furthermore, this is a gap in Brazilian literature in general, which does not take into account the taxation system in their economic assessments. In this context, considering scenarios whose taxation was based on real and presumed profit regimes, we reassessed the cash flows of this quarry and performed deterministic and probabilistic economic analyses, and compared the results of both scenarios. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the production rate would be the most impactful variable in the project's NPV, considering the six variables assessed. Hence, it was verified in both deterministic and probabilistic analyses that taxation under real profit, results in a higher economic return with a 56.08% probability of the NPV being positive and with the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) higher than infation (SELIC rate) at 4.81%; the taxation under the presumed profit, on the other hand, obtained respective probabilities of 46.54% and 3.23%. However, with the chances of obtaining some profit (NPV greater than zero) at the order of 50% and a minimal chance of the IRR being greater than the SELIC rate adopted at the time of this study, we would advise against investing in this venture. Moreover, even if the current moment is not the most suitable for investment in this sector, regardless of the production rate assessed in the probabilistic analysis, taxation on the real profit regime presented a greater economic return than taxation on the presumed profit regime., indicating that, for the parameters considered in this study, the first would be the most appropriate choice of tax system for this type of enterprise in Brazil.