In 2023, it was estimated that more than ********* Brazilians were living outside Brazil. The United States had the largest community, with over ********* Brazilian citizens. Portugal was the second country with the largest Brazilian community, namely ******* citizens. Brazilians abroad The Brazilian community sought economic opportunities in the United States in the 1980s, leading to the establishment of communities in New York and Boston. Facilitated by the common language and Portugal's favorable laws for the Community of Portuguese-speaking countries, Lisbon became the most popular destination in Europe. This city harbors more than ****** Brazilians, with women making up the majority of these. Immigration in Brazil Although more than ********* Brazilians live outside of Brazil, the country has had a positive migration rate since 2010, meaning that more people are arriving than leaving. One factor contributing to this is the current humanitarian crisis in Venezuela, which has increased the number of refugees arriving in Brazil each year.

As of 2023, it was estimated that more than 5 million Brazilians were living outside of Brazil. North America had the largest community, with more than 2.26 million Brazilian citizens. The second-largest community was Europe, with more than a 1.67 million Brazilians.

In 2023, it is estimated that about *********** Brazilians lived in the United States. Of these, ************** lived in the state of New York. The largest community resided in the state of Florida, with around ******* Brazilians divided between the consulate in Miami and the consulate in Orlando. Brazil-U.S. relations In 2024, Brazil and the United States celebrated 200 years of diplomatic relations. The countries cooperate in various sectors, but the economy stands out the most, as the United States was Brazil's second-largest trading partner in 2023. The trade between these countries amounted to over ** billion dollars in that year. This proximity between the countries is appreciated by Brazilian citizens, who mostly have a good image of the North American country. U.S. Brazilian imports The value of U.S. imports of Brazilian origin has grown in recent decades. After a decline in 2020, the value of imports increased by around ***** billion U.S. dollars and, in 2023, the United States imported approximately 39 billion U.S. dollars’ worth of Brazilian goods. This was the highest level of Brazilian imports since 1985. Furthermore, the imports of agricultural products from Brazil totaled nearly *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023.

Historical chart and dataset showing Brazil poverty rate by year from 1981 to 2023.

COVID-19 was first detected in Brazil on March 1, 2020, making it the first Latin American country to report a case of the novel coronavirus. Since then, the number of infections has risen drastically, reaching approximately 38 million cases by May 11, 2025. Meanwhile, the first local death due to the disease was reported in March 19, 2020. Four years later, the number of fatal cases had surpassed 700,000. The highest COVID-19 death toll in Latin America With a population of more than 211 million inhabitants as of 2023, Brazil is the most populated country in Latin America. This nation is also among the most affected by COVID-19 in number of deaths, not only within the Latin American region, but also worldwide, just behind the United States. These figures have raised a debate on how the Brazilian government has dealt with the pandemic. In fact, according to a study carried out in May 2021, more than half of Brazilians surveyed disapproved of the way in which former president Jair Bolsonaro had been dealing with the health crisis. In comparison, a third of respondents had a similar opinion about the Ministry of Health. Brazil’s COVID-19 vaccination campaign rollout Brazil’s vaccination campaign started at the beginning of 2021, when a nurse from São Paulo became the first person in the country to get vaccinated against the disease. A few years later, roughly 88 percent of the Brazilian population had received at least one vaccine dose, while around 81 percent had already completed the basic immunization scheme. With more than 485.2 million vaccines administered as of March 2023, Brazil was the fourth country with the most administered doses of the COVID-19 vaccine globally, after China, India, and the United States.Find the most up-to-date information about the coronavirus pandemic in the world under Statista’s COVID-19 facts and figures site.

In May 2023, there were approximately 1,290 footballers from Brazil playing professionally in other countries, which presents an increase versus the same month of the previous year. Brazil is one of the world's soccer powers and one of the most important exporters of professional players.

The archaeological database is composed mainly of radiocarbon ages, and they were subject to calibration using the CalPal program (Weninger and Jöris 2008), version 2020.11.

In some portions of Brazil, OSL and TL ages were widely used, and we had to cope with this issue by means of a “reverse calibration”, i.e., entering ages into the CalPal program and running the calibration until a given (fictious) radiocarbon age, once calibrated, matched as closely as possible the luminescence age. The TL/OSL ages are marked in gray, with blue numbers standing for the “fictious” age, and the actual age appearing in the “Cal age” column.

We also decided to be inclusive in our database, and by this we mean that we are making available all radiocarbon or luminescence ages that were considered bona fide by the researchers who published them, regardless of the fact that other researchers consider these ages inconsistent with their own models or beliefs. The same goes for papers that select ages based on the standard deviations. A large standard deviation means low precision, not necessarily low accuracy. We take for granted that judgements about the appropriateness of the ages can be made individually by the reader, since we provided the full references. We prefer to publish an age with a large associated error than to ignore it. Once again, since we are providing the tables as supplementary material, it is up to the reader to disregard specific ages and run his/her own analysis.

In terms of the geographic location of the sites/ages, we chose to provide UTM coordinates of the nearest municipality, instead of providing “exact” locations. This decision was made on three grounds: first, in the scale of analysis we are presenting, the location of the nearest municipality is more than sufficient to provide an adequate overview of the spatial distribution of the ages; second, the majority of the sites published before the advent and popularization of handheld GPS devices do not have an accurate location and therefore, to provide an “exact” location would be meaningless; third, when trying to plot sites using available databases, be they compilations of data or first publications of a given site, it is common to observe that the apparently “exact” geographic coordinates were plainly wrong, falling outside a given region or even the state. This is something that plagues large databases, generally compiled by several researchers and their students, so we argue that it is much easier to detect errors and convey the right location of a given site, at least approximately, if the municipality is taken into account. Hence, our database has a redundant location scheme: state, municipality, and UTM coordinates. If by some reason the UTM is wrong, the reader at least knows in which state and municipality it is located. The only exception to this procedure was made in the Amazon region (states of Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Rondonia). Municipalities in the region are fairly large, and we chose to plot the location of the site when it was considered to be too far away from the nearest urbanized area.

Abstract

This study is an experiment designed to compare the performance of three methodologies for sampling households with migrants:

• a stratified sample using the census to sample census tracts randomly, in which each household is then listed and screened to determine whether or not it has a migrant, with the full length questionnaire then being applied in a second phase only to the households of interest;
• a snowball survey in which households are asked to provide referrals to other households with migrant members;
• an intercept point survey (or time-and-space sampling survey), in which individuals are sampled during set time periods at a prespecified set of locations where households in the target group are likely to congregate.

Researchers from the World Bank applied these methods in the context of a survey of Brazilians of Japanese descent (Nikkei), requested by the World Bank. There are approximately 1.2-1.9 million Nikkei among Brazil’s 170 million population.

The survey was designed to provide detail on the characteristics of households with and without migrants, to estimate the proportion of households receiving remittances and with migrants in Japan, and to examine the consequences of migration and remittances on the sending households.

The same questionnaire was used for the stratified random sample and snowball surveys, and a shorter version of the questionnaire was used for the intercept surveys. Researchers can directly compare answers to the same questions across survey methodologies and determine the extent to which the intercept and snowball surveys can give similar results to the more expensive census-based survey, and test for the presence of biases.

Geographic coverage

Sao Paulo and Parana states

Analysis unit

Japanese-Brazilian (Nikkei) households and individuals

The 2000 Brazilian Census was used to classify households as Nikkei or non-Nikkei. The Brazilian Census does not ask ethnicity but instead asks questions on race, country of birth and whether an individual has lived elsewhere in the last 10 years. On the basis of these questions, a household is classified as (potentially) Nikkei if it has any of the following: 1) a member born in Japan; 2) a member who is of yellow race and who has lived in Japan in the last 10 years; 3) a member who is of yellow race, who was not born in a country other than Japan (predominantly Korea, Taiwan or China) and who did not live in a foreign country other than Japan in the last 10 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1) Stratified random sample survey

Two states with the largest Nikkei population - Sao Paulo and Parana - were chosen for the study.

The sampling process consisted of three stages. First, a stratified random sample of 75 census tracts was selected based on 2000 Brazilian census. Second, interviewers carried out a door-to-door listing within each census tract to determine which households had a Nikkei member. Third, the survey questionnaire was then administered to households that were identified as Nikkei. A door-to-door listing exercise of the 75 census tracts was then carried out between October 13th, 2006, and October 29th, 2006. The fieldwork began on November 19, 2006, and all dwellings were visited at least once by December 22, 2006. The second wave of surveying took place from January 18th, 2007, to February 2nd, 2007, which was intended to increase the number of households responding.

2) Intercept survey

The intercept survey was designed to carry out interviews at a range of locations that were frequented by the Nikkei population. It was originally designed to be done in Sao Paulo city only, but a second intercept point survey was later carried out in Curitiba, Parana. Intercept survey took place between December 9th, 2006, and December 20th, 2006, whereas the Curitiba intercept survey took place between March 3rd and March 12th, 2007.

Consultations with Nikkei community organizations, local researchers and officers of the bank Sudameris, which provides remittance services to this community, were used to select a broad range of locations. Interviewers were assigned to visit each location during prespecified blocks of time. Two fieldworkers were assigned to each location. One fieldworker carried out the interviews, while the other carried out a count of the number of people with Nikkei appearance who appeared to be 18 years old or older who passed by each location. For the fixed places, this count was made throughout the prespecified time block. For example, between 2.30 p.m. and 3.30 p.m. at the sports club, the interviewer counted 57 adult Nikkeis. Refusal rates were carefully recorded, along with the sex and approximate age of the person refusing.

In all, 516 intercept interviews were collected.

3) Snowball sampling survey

The questionnaire that was used was the same as used for the stratified random sample. The plan was to begin with a seed list of 75 households, and to aim to reach a total sample of 300 households through referrals from the initial seed households. Each household surveyed was asked to supply the names of three contacts: (a) a Nikkei household with a member currently in Japan; (b) a Nikkei household with a member who has returned from Japan; (c) a Nikkei household without members in Japan and where individuals had not returned from Japan.

The snowball survey took place from December 5th to 20th, 2006. The second phase of the snowballing survey ran from January 22nd, 2007, to March 23rd, 2007. More associations were contacted to provide additional seed names (69 more names were obtained) and, as with the stratified sample, an adaptation of the intercept survey was used when individuals refused to answer the longer questionnaire. A decision was made to continue the snowball process until a target sample size of 100 had been achieved.

The final sample consists of 60 households who came as seed households from Japanese associations, and 40 households who were chain referrals. The longest chain achieved was three links.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

1) Stratified sampling and snowball survey questionnaire

This questionnaire has 36 pages with over 1,000 variables, taking over an hour to complete.

If subjects refused to answer the questionnaire, interviewers would leave a much shorter version of the questionnaire to be completed by the household by themselves, and later picked up. This shorter questionnaire was the same as used in the intercept point survey, taking seven minutes on average. The intention with the shorter survey was to provide some data on households that would not answer the full survey because of time constraints, or because respondents were reluctant to have an interviewer in their house.

2) Intercept questionnaire

The questionnaire is four pages in length, consisting of 62 questions and taking a mean time of seven minutes to answer. Respondents had to be 18 years old or older to be interviewed.

Response rate

1) Stratified random sampling 403 out of the 710 Nikkei households were surveyed, an interview rate of 57%. The refusal rate was 25%, whereas the remaining households were either absent on three attempts or were not surveyed because building managers refused permission to enter the apartment buildings. Refusal rates were higher in Sao Paulo than in Parana, reflecting greater concerns about crime and a busier urban environment.

2) Intercept Interviews 516 intercept interviews were collected, along with 325 refusals. The average refusal rate is 39%, with location-specific refusal rates ranging from only 3% at the food festival to almost 66% at one of the two grocery stores.

We aimed to analyze the association and risk of depression on aspects of Quality of Life (QL) in elderly users of Primary Health Care (PHC) residing in Brazil and Portugal. This is an observational, cross-sectional, comparative study with a quantitative approach carried out in PHC in Brazil and Portugal, in which we obtained a non-random sample of participants who were 65 years of age or older and consisted of 150 participants (100 Brazilians and 50 Portuguese). For data collection, a questionnaire with sociodemographic and health data, the Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health QoL (SF-36) questionnaire and the Beck Inventory were used. In the analysis of the association between QoL and depression, we observed that most aspects of QoL had a higher median score (> 50.0) within the categorical variables of depression “Absent” and “Mild”. The Emotional role functioning, Physical role functioning, Physical functioning, Mental Health, Total Score and summary measures Mental Health and Physical health domains stood out with this behavior, which in turn, presented correlation values ​​inversely proportional with the Beck Inventory, which indicated lower levels of depression in the face of higher SF-36 scores. In general, their correlation strengths were more relevant in Portugal, where we found that most of them had moderate to strong correlation (⍴> 0.400). Greater risks of depression were observed on the QoL of Portugal when compared to Brazil. Among its most expressive risks was for the worst assessment of QOL (SF-36 < 50.0) in the Physical role functioning (OR= 4.776; 95% CI: 2.41-9.43), Physical functioning (OR= 3.037; 95% CI: 3.037) domains , Vitality (OR= 6,000; 95% CI: 1.56-23.07), Total Score (OR= 3.727; 95% CI: 2.24-6.17) and the Summary Measure Mental Health (OR= 3.870; 95% CI: 2.13-7.02) . Among the aspects, those related to the emotional, physical, functional and mental health components stood out. Both the association, the correlation and the risk of depression were more expressive in Portugal compared to Brazil, although it also presented similar results, but with less relevance.

This article analyzes the relationship between musical preference and type of personality in a large group of Brazilian young and adult participants (N = 1050). The study included 25 of 27 states of Brazil and individuals aged between 16 and 71 years (M = 30.87; SD = 10.50). Of these, 500 were male (47.6%) and 550 were female (52.4%). A correlational study was carried out applying two online questionnaires with quality parameters (content-construct validity and reliability), one on musical preference and the other on personality. The results indicate four main findings: (1) the musical listening of the participants is limited to a reduced number of styles, mainly Pop music and others, typical of Brazilian culture; (2) the Brazilian context supposes a determining aspect in the low preference of non-Brazilian music; (3) there is a positive correlation between most personality types analyzed and the Latin, Brazilian, Classical and Ethnic musical styles. A negative correlation between these types of personality and the consumption of Rock music was also observed; (4) musical preferences are driven not only by personality but in some cases they are also driven by socio-demographic variables (i.e., age and gender). Likewise, this work shows how participants make use of music in personality aspects that may be of interest for the analysis of socio-affective behavior (personality) as well as according to different socio-demographic variables (e.g., age and gender). More cross-cultural research on musical preference and personality would need to be carried out from a global perspective, framed in the context of social psychology and studies of mass communication.

Adjusted model for the association between contextual factors and the occurrence of COVID-19 cases, stratified by medium and medium-large size of the largest cities in the interior of Northeast Brazil outside the metropolitan regions.

As of January 2020, around ** percent of soccer fans in Brazil watched live matches at home on a monthly basis, according to a survey. Meanwhile, over half of Brazilian respondents interested in that sport also watched matches outside their home with the same frequency. According to the same study, more than ** percent of Brazilians were very interested in soccer.

It was forecast that, in 2023, around 81.79 percent of the Brazilian population would have accessed the web. The internet penetration rate in that South American country was projected to reach over 90 percent three years later and 98 percent by 2029. In the samer, Brazil was the largest connected market in Latin America and had the fifth-biggest online population worldwide.

Connection in the palm of the hand More than 55 percent of the web traffic in Brazil was generated via mobile devices, as most users accessed the internet through mobile devices. Out of roughly 156 million Brazilians who accessed the web in 2023, more than 154 million did so using a mobile phone. Moreover, almost over 90 million people in Brazil used the internet exclusively through cell phones.

Interpersonal communication Once online, Brazilians enjoy staying in touch with each other. Around four out of five internet users in that Portuguese-speaking country were on social media. Furthermore, the percentage of people online in Brazil exchanging messages over the internet is even higher: over 92 percent users turned to messaging solutions.

As of January 2020, around ** percent of Brazilians considered themselves to be soccer fans, according to a survey. In contrast, nearly two out of ten respondents in the South American country said that they were not interested at all, with another **** percent affirming they hated the sport. As of October of that year, the Brazilian Football Confederation (Confederação Brasileira de Futebol - CBF) was by far Brazil's most followed sport confederation on social media.

According to a survey carried out in January 2020, the largest share of Brazil's soccer fanbase was composed by FOMO followers, meaning fans who are interested in this sport because of their friends. Main Eventers constituted the second largest group of the Brazilian soccer fandom, with a share of ** percent of respondents. This type of fan follows soccer only in major events or tournaments. In the same study, almost ***** out of ten Brazilians interviewed were in some way interested in soccer.

Brazilian consumers are showing a preference for food delivery over dining out, with average spending on delivery almost 8 percent higher than restaurant visits in early 2024. This trend reflects a shift in eating habits when buying prepared meals, likely influenced by convenience and the lingering effects of the pandemic. iFood in Brazil iFood stood out as the leader in food delivery, operating in 1,700 cities in Brazil and with more than 300 thousand affiliated restaurants in 2024. The platform's success is further evidenced by its app being downloaded over 15 million times in 2024 alone, only surpassed in the sector by the Zé Delivery app, a platform specialized in the delivery of drinks. Even when it ranked second in app downloads, iFood platform held more than half of the online traffic of the food and beverage delivery platforms in the South American country in 2024, reaffirming its primary importance in the Brazilian market. When are food delivery services used? Nearly 60 percent of Brazilians used food delivery apps for meals with family and friends at home, while 43 percent turned to these services for special occasions. In addition, Brazilians preferred using the food delivery services on Saturdays more than any other day, and almost three out of four Brazilians’ favorite time for ordering food was at nighttime.

in 2022, 91 percent of consumers interviewed across Brazil's 14 largest advertising markets reported consuming digital media throughout the 30 days preceding the survey. The reach of out-of-home (OOH) media and free TV stood at 88 and 72 percent. Those were the only three options reaching more than half of the Brazilian population. A connected nation The number of internet users in Brazil has continuously risen throughout the past years. Between 2018 and 2022, the figure grew by almost 20 percent, reaching nearly 168 million people in the latter year. With a larger online population comes the demand for interaction over the web. In 2019, little more than two-thirds of Brazilians were on social networks. Just three years later, over three out of four people accessed this type of platform. OOH media and free TV in Brazil The exposure in elevators, streets, and billboards attracts some of the most influential corporations to find a spot amidst cityscapes. The list of Brazil's leading OOH advertisers included heavy hitters like banks Santander and Itaú, as well as McDonald's, Telefónica, and Netflix. Meanwhile, free TV remained a profitable business, with the South American country's three most-viewed channels topping the ranking of Brazilian media and publishing companies by revenue in 2021.

Cafu, who played as a right-back, holds the record for playing the highest number of matches for the Brazilian national soccer team. In total, Cafu played in 143 games, surpassing the second footballer on the list by 15 matches. Out of the 15 listed players, only Dani Alves, Neymar, and Thiago Silva are active players for the "Seleção".

More than 60 percent of Brazilian soccer fans interviewed during a 2020 survey mainly followed a club playing in the top domestic league. Meanwhile, a quarter of survey participants interested in this sport said their favorite club was outside the top domestic league. According to the same study, soccer fanatics constituted a 14 percent share of the Brazilian soccer fandom.

According to a survey carried out in 2024, about 40 percent of Brazilians did not consider themselves neither in the left, right, nor in the center of the political spectrum. Furthermore, 29 percent of respondents claimed to be right-winged.