In May 2022, ** percent of people in the United Kingdom thought that Brexit had made their cost of living higher, compared with **** percent who said it had made it lower. High inflation has caused an ecnomic crisis in the UK, with 87 percent of people reporting an increase in their cost of living as of March 2022.

This statistic illustrates the estimated increase in operating costs and the holiday selling price of seasonal (outbound) holiday companies in the United Kingdom since the EU referendum (Brexit) in 2016. According to the survey, companies had already noted a 10 percent rise in operating costs in the 2017/18 season compared to 2016/17. Holiday selling prices have also risen as an impact of Brexit. If there is a 'hard' Brexit when the UK leaves the EU it was estimated that holiday prices would rise by 31 percent.

This statistic shows the results of a 2017 survey in which respondents in the United Kingdom (UK) were asked what their response would be if the price of a premium brand that they were thinking of purchasing next year went up by more than ** percent. The majority of respondents (**** percent) said they would buy the product anyway, while **** percent said they would change their normal brand to a less expensive one. Only *** percent of those surveyed claimed that they would not buy the item at all.

This statistic shows the percentage change in price of key commodities for the food industry for the weeks following the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2016. Coffee Robusta experienced the sharpest increases in price at **** percent, followed by chicken at **** percent.

The economic landscape of the United Kingdom has been significantly shaped by the intertwined issues of Brexit, COVID-19, and their interconnected impacts. Despite the country’s robust and diverse economy, the disruptions caused by Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic have created uncertainty and upheaval for both businesses and individuals. Recognizing the magnitude of these challenges, academic literature has directed its attention toward conducting immediate research in this crucial area. This study sets out to investigate key economic factors that have influenced various sectors of the UK economy and have broader economic implications within the context of Brexit and COVID-19. The factors under scrutiny include the unemployment rate, GDP index, earnings, and trade. To accomplish this, a range of data analysis tools and techniques were employed, including the Box-Jenkins method, neural network modeling, Google Trend analysis, and Twitter-sentiment analysis. The analysis encompassed different periods: pre-Brexit (2011-2016), Brexit (2016-2020), the COVID-19 period, and post-Brexit (2020-2021). The findings of the analysis offer intriguing insights spanning the past decade. For instance, the unemployment rate displayed a downward trend until 2020 but experienced a spike in 2021, persisting for a six-month period. Meanwhile, total earnings per week exhibited a gradual increase over time, and the GDP index demonstrated an upward trajectory until 2020 but declined during the COVID-19 period. Notably, trade experienced the most significant decline following both Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the impact of these events exhibited variations across the UK’s four regions and twelve industries. Wales and Northern Ireland emerged as the regions most affected by Brexit and COVID-19, with industries such as accommodation, construction, and wholesale trade particularly impacted in terms of earnings and employment levels. Conversely, industries such as finance, science, and health demonstrated an increased contribution to the UK’s total GDP in the post-Brexit period, indicating some positive outcomes. It is worth highlighting that the impact of these economic factors was more pronounced on men than on women. Among all the variables analyzed, trade suffered the most severe consequences in the UK. By early 2021, the macroeconomic situation in the country was characterized by a simple dynamic: economic demand rebounded at a faster pace than supply, leading to shortages, bottlenecks, and inflation. The findings of this research carry significant value for the UK government and businesses, empowering them to adapt and innovate based on forecasts to navigate the challenges posed by Brexit and COVID-19. By doing so, they can promote long-term economic growth and effectively address the disruptions caused by these interrelated issues.

Regional popularity of Brexit and COVID-19 under the finance category.

The UK Arts Promoter Market, valued at XX million in 2025, is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.00% from 2026 to 2033. The market's growth can be attributed to various drivers, including the increasing demand for live entertainment, the growing popularity of the arts among millennials, and the government's support for cultural initiatives. Key trends shaping the market include the rise of online ticketing platforms, the increasing use of social media to promote events, and the growing popularity of experiential marketing campaigns. However, the market's growth is restrained by factors such as the high cost of producing live events, the competition from other forms of entertainment, and the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. The market is segmented based on production analysis, consumption analysis, import market analysis, export market analysis, and price trend analysis. Key companies operating in the market include David Wade, Quite Great, and Philip Mould. Recent developments include: In June 2023, Sulivan Sweetland merged with Maestro Arts. With this merger Sulivan Sweetland's team and artists came under the banner of Maestro Arts, creating a company of 20 based in the West Wing of Somerset House. Maestro Arts is an interdisciplinary agency providing strategic and comprehensive career management to an array of elite international artists., In August 2023, Sotheby's, the historic auction house owned by French billionaire Patrick Drahi, reported a significant decline in profits due to Brexit red tape. In 2022, their profits dropped to USD 88 million from USD 318 million in the previous year, representing a decrease of almost 75%. This decline was attributed to the challenges and complications brought about by Brexit.. Key drivers for this market are: United Kingdom Exists with the Finest Artist form with Global demand., Increase in Number of Art promotion and exhibition events.. Potential restraints include: Increase in regulation and taxation structure post Brexit., Steep Rise in UK Inflation Rate post covid. Notable trends are: Rising Share of Online Sales in Art Market.

Regional popularity of Brexit and COVID-19 under business and industrial category.

Regional popularity of Brexit and COVID-19 under the jobs and education category.

The pound to euro history reveals that exchange rates in 2022 were not as low as they were during 2008 or since the Brexit referendum. Since the United Kingdom (UK) held a referendum on its European Union membership in June 2016, the British pound (GBP) weakened against the euro. From a high of 1.43 at the end of November 2015, the GBP to EUR exchange rate has remained below 1.2 since July 2016, sitting at 1.11 as of October 2020. By July 29, 2025, values had reached 1.15 euros per pound. The euro to pound exchange rate can be found on a different page.Hitting UK citizens' pocketsIt is not just European holidaymakers that are hit when the British pound to Euro exchange rate falls. The average UK consumer also feels the pinch as inflation rates often rise to cover the shortfall of the pound. When the inflation rate rises, the price of imported goods goes up and the consumer ends up paying more. GBP to U.S. dollarSince 2016's referendum, the British pound (GBP) fell across the exchange. The GBP's fall against the Euro was also reflected against the U.S. dollar where the exchange rate in May 2016 (pre-referendum) of 1.46 dollars to the pound has fallen significantly.

Colocation providers have become essential for the finance and manufacturing sectors as they navigate the uncharted seas of digitalisation. These companies are grappling with jumping desires for data storage, fuelled by remote work and advanced digital products. Colocation providers have expanded their vessel size by adding more data centres to their fleet to quench this demand. The COVID-19 outbreak was an unexpected benefactor — during lockdowns, the pivot to an online existence spurred interest in cloud services, escalating industry revenue as requests for colocation facilities flooded in. This trend has continued as hybrid work models emerge as a dominant force shaping the job market, creating further ripples of heightened demand for data housing. Over the five years through 2024-25, colocation facility revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to reach £2.8 billion, including forecast growth of 2.8% in 2024-25. Supply chain disruptions, international conflict-induced energy price spikes and Brexit-imposed border checks have wreaked havoc on operational costs and hindered growth. In response, providers like Equinix have pumped money into expanding operations, while others are considering switching to local suppliers. Despite these challenges, the rise in online activities that would benefit from cloud services, including escalating reliance on AI systems from the financial services sector, has boosted revenue growth. Repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine conflict contributed to staunch energy costs, and supply chain disruptions added to the burdens. Natural gas prices spiked in August 2024, according to the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, primarily due to geopolitical tensions, including the escalation of the Israel-Hamas war and concerns over potential supply disruptions at the Russian-Ukrainian border due to the ongoing conflict. However, thanks to new UK suppliers, energy prices are set to stabilise in 2024-25, aiding profit. Over the five years through 2029-30, the Colocation Facilities industry's revenue is slated to climb at a compound annual rate of 3.4% to reach £3.3 billion. The bank rate is set to remain elevated in the short term, although it is falling, as pains from high inflation and the heightened cost of living remain. This will ramp up the cost of borrowing, making colocation facilities an attractive alternative to establishing costly in-house operations. Technological innovation will continue to gather momentum as colocation facility providers take a more customer-centric approach through greater flexibility, sustainability and security.

The United Kingdom freight and logistics market is a dynamic sector experiencing robust growth, driven by the country's robust e-commerce sector, increasing cross-border trade, and the expansion of manufacturing and retail industries. The market's size, while not explicitly stated, can be reasonably estimated based on comparable European markets and reported CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate). Assuming a moderate CAGR of 4% (a reasonable figure given the UK's economic performance and logistics infrastructure), and considering a plausible 2025 market value of approximately £150 billion (this is a reasoned estimate based on other developed economies with similar size and economic structures), the market is projected to expand significantly over the forecast period (2025-2033). Key growth drivers include the ongoing digitalization of logistics operations, increasing demand for efficient supply chain management solutions (including temperature-controlled warehousing), and the rise of last-mile delivery services catering to the booming e-commerce sector. The market is segmented by end-user industry (with significant contributions from retail, manufacturing, and construction), logistics function (road freight representing a large share due to its extensive road network), and by mode of transport (with road and sea transport dominating). However, the market also faces challenges, such as labor shortages, fluctuating fuel prices, and Brexit-related complexities impacting cross-border trade, particularly within the international segment. The segmentation of the UK freight and logistics market reveals opportunities for specialized service providers. For example, the growing demand for temperature-controlled warehousing presents significant prospects for companies specializing in cold chain logistics. The expansion of e-commerce fuels the growth in courier, express, and parcel (CEP) services, while the need for efficient and cost-effective freight forwarding solutions across various modes of transport remains a dominant market force. Competition is intense, with both global giants (DHL, FedEx, UPS) and regional players vying for market share. Strategies focused on technological innovation, enhanced supply chain visibility, and sustainable practices will be critical for success in this dynamic market. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued growth, although economic fluctuations and evolving regulatory landscapes may impact the pace of expansion. Nevertheless, the UK's position as a major trading hub within Europe and globally ensures a sizeable and consistently evolving logistics market. Recent developments include: January 2024: Kuehne + Nagel has announced its Book & Claim insetting solution for electric vehicles, to improve its decarbonization solutions. Developing Book & Claim insetting solutions for road freight was a strategic priority for Kuehne + Nagel. Customers who use Kuehne + Nagel's road transport services can now claim the carbon reductions of electric trucks when it is not possible to physically move their goods on these vehicles.October 2023: Kuehne+Nagel has introduced three new charter connections between the Americas, Europe, and Asia. It has begun its operations with its own freighter, the B747-8 “Inspire”, from October 23, 2023. It has conducted two additional weekly routings from Atlanta and Chicago to Amsterdam and from there to Taipei. This flight will serve key industries such as healthcare, perishables and semiconductors.September 2023: Kuehne+Nagel and Capgemini have entered into a strategic agreement to create a supply chain orchestration service offering to provide end-to-end services across the supply chain network., The new strategic agreement combines Kuehne+Nagel’s logistics management and execution expertise with Capgemini’s state-of-the-art Intelligent Supply Chain Operations (ISCO) capabilities that deliver AI-enabled, cognitive, touchless operations and data-driven decision-making. The service is especially targeted towards large corporations from the consumer, healthcare, and industrial sectors.. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

Poultry meat processors' revenue is forecast to fall at a compound annual rate of 1.2% over the five years through 2024-25 to £6.8 billion. The slight fall is due to the avian flu and lockdown restriction, which created supply chain disruption for chicken, hurting sales. However, the industry has managed to bounce back and shows great momentum. This is because chicken continues to be a dietary staple for many UK households due to its versatility in cooking and perceived health benefits. Chicken remains in demand despite price increases thanks to its affordability, providing a steady revenue stream for poultry processors. Its popularity has also helped maintain its stronghold as a preferred option over other types of meat, like beef and lamb. In 2024-25, revenue is expected to increase by 0.3%. Improved consumer sentiment and a more stable economy are boosting demand, particularly in the on-trade segment, with restaurants experiencing increased footfall as consumer confidence rises. Stable input costs due to cooling inflation are also helping to improve supply. However, the industry still faces challenges. Supermarkets' demands for lower stocking density will increase costs for processors. Brexit continues to cause labour shortages and reduce export revenue due to increased checks on exported poultry products. Revenue is slated to swell at a compound annual rate of 0.6% over the five years through 2029-30 to £7 billion. Brexit-related restrictions on free labour movement will continue to limit productivity. While the extended visa scheme will help, a growing focus on ethical consumerism is expected to boost demand for premium, organic products, supporting revenue and profit. Large poultry processors with the capital to enhance capacity and optimise cost efficiencies are likely to perform best. Additionally, easing inflationary pressures is set to drive up demand in the coming years, benefitting poultry processors.

Across the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the European Union, gross domestic products (GDP) decreased in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, by 2021, growth rates were positive in all four areas again. The United Kingdom, Germany, and the European Union all experiencing slow economic growth in 2023 amid high inflation, with Germany even seeing an economic recession. GDP and its components GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is composed of government spending, consumption, business investments and net exports. It is an important indicator to measure the economic strength of a country. Economists rely on a variety of factors when predicting the future performance of the GDP. Inflation rate is one of the economic indicators providing insight into the future behavior of households, which make up a significant proportion of GDP. Projections are based on the past performance of such information. Future considerations Some factors can be more easily predicted than others. For example, projections of the annual inflation rate of the United States are easy to come by. However, the intensity and impact of something like Brexit is difficult to predict. Moreover, the occurrence and impact of events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's war in Ukraine is difficult to foresee. Hence, actual GDP growth may be higher or lower than the original estimates.

Insurers in the Agricultural Insurance industry have contended with poor investment returns and volatility in underwriting returns in recent years. Global warming is making its mark with the frequency of natural disasters, particularly flooding, on the rise, driving up claim volumes. Another consideration for insurers is the Solvency II directive before Brexit. The accumulation of such difficult conditions has led smaller insurers in the industry to diversify and focus on other high-margin insurance markets. Nevertheless, industry-wide revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.1% over the five years through 2024-25 to £1.8 billion, including estimated growth of 1.9% in 2024-25, while the average industry profit margin is anticipated to reach 6.1%. Although the increasing incidence of natural disasters offers a sound reason to seek insurance, the amount and variation of insurance products remain limited. The abundance of risk and the unpredictability of weather, policy and agricultural produce prices put off insurers from developing products, as their risk exposure is fairly large. This means the lack of private providers has put the National Farmers' Union at centre stage, dominating the market through NFU Mutual. Inflation has been a bone of contention for insurers in recent years, with agricultural prices seeing hefty rises amid supply disruptions and hot demand. This ramped up claims costs and resulted in many insurers raising premiums to offset any threats to profitability, supporting revenue growth in the two years through 2023-24. Although inflationary pressures are set to ease somewhat in 2024-25, agricultural product prices will remain elevated by historical standards, keeping premiums at their inflated levels. Revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 5.2% over the five years through 2029-30 to £2.3 billion, while the average industry profit margin is estimated to reach 3.9%. The rate of product development is set to speed up, pushing into new markets and contributing to industry revenue growth. The growing prevalence of the Internet of Things will improve operational efficiencies and help price agricultural risk more accurately. However, uncertainty lingers around the new Environmental Land Management scheme following Brexit, with the level of funding for farmers still hazy.

The UK office real estate market, valued at approximately £X million in 2025 (estimated based on provided CAGR and market size), is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 6% through 2033. Key drivers include a recovering economy, increasing demand from technology and financial sectors, and ongoing investment in infrastructure projects across major cities like London, Birmingham, and Manchester. The rise of flexible workspaces and a focus on sustainable building practices are significant trends shaping the market. However, challenges remain, such as Brexit's lingering effects on international investment and the potential for increased vacancy rates in certain submarkets due to shifting workplace strategies. The sector is highly competitive, with major players like JLL, Knight Frank, CBRE, and others vying for market share. London continues to dominate, but other major cities are witnessing increased activity, fueled by regional economic growth and government initiatives to decentralize business activity. The long-term outlook remains positive, with continued growth anticipated, although the pace might fluctuate depending on macroeconomic conditions and evolving tenant demands. This dynamic market is segmented geographically, with London, Birmingham, and Manchester representing significant hubs. The concentration of businesses in these cities, combined with their robust infrastructure and accessibility, contributes to their strong performance. While the "Other Cities" segment exhibits considerable growth potential, its overall contribution currently remains smaller than the major metropolitan areas. The competitive landscape is defined by large multinational firms and regional players who engage in both development and brokerage activities, reflecting the market’s complexities and opportunities. This competitive intensity drives innovation and necessitates continuous adaptation to shifts in demand and technology. The ongoing evolution of workspace design, encompassing sustainable practices and flexible arrangements, further shapes the market's trajectory. Recent developments include: April 2022: Taking the opportunity to rethink its workplace approach throughout the pandemic, Avison Young used its London Gresham Street office to create two pilot spaces-one transformed and one legacy floor that remained unaltered-to compare the effect of different layouts and amenities. While employees in Avison Young's London office were already working in an agile way before the disruption of COVID-19, the newly configured floor underwent a transformation to an activity-based model., January 2022: IWG, the world's leading provider of workspace, is introducing electric vehicle (EV) chargers across a number of its locations in the United Kingdom to help the nation's hybrid workforce operate more sustainably. IWG is installing EV charging points at a number of its office locations in the United Kingdom to support members' sustainable choices.. Notable trends are: Declining Vacancy Rates and Increasing Rents of Office Spaces in London.

The performance of leather, hide and skin wholesalers is driven by trends in leather product manufacturing industries, including footwear, furniture, leather goods and the automotive industry, as leather is a common vehicle interior. Following Brexit, the UK lost access to CAP funding and implemented a new subsidy system prioritising sustainable agricultural land management over production. A 2024 survey by Riverford reported that half of farmers risk going out of business due to post-Brexit trade deals, the new focus of subsidies and heightened costs. The supply of leather, hide and skin from domestic sources will drop off subsequently, leaving wholesalers vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations and global supply disruptions as exports become more important. British wholesalers face intensifying competition from cheaper, high-quality imported leather and growing consumer preferences for substitutes like vinyl. Over the five years through 2024-25, wholesalers’ revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.6% to reach £374.3 million. After a steep contraction in 2023-24, revenue is anticipated to grow by 3.5% in 2024-25 as manufacturing output rises and disposable income growth encourages shoppers to spend more on leather goods. Vehicle manufacturers have reduced their output since Brexit and are cutting production further in 2024 as they repurpose factories for the electric vehicle transition, constraining demand for leather interiors. Over the five years through 2029-30, wholesalers’ revenue is anticipated to rise at a compound annual rate of 2.5% to £423.1 million. As the UK exits a period of high inflation and sky-high borrowing costs, optimism among manufacturers and consumers will swell, supporting demand for full-grain and high-end leather goods. The growing impetus placed on sustainability and the environment will prop up demand for substitutes like faux leather, posing a threat to revenue. The loss of production-centred farmer subsidies may lead to a sharp decline in livestock numbers, potentially pushing up purchase costs for leather, hide and skin, weighing on profit.

In April 2025, 92 percent of households in Great Britain that reported a cost of living increase in the previous month advised that that their food bills had increased, with 80 percent reporting increased gas or electricity bills.

The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions decimated industry demand as tourism plummeted in 2020-21, bringing an end to the robust revenue growth in revenue achieved in the years after the Brexit vote, which was down to a strong staycation trend and a weak pound making the UK a more affordable holiday destination for tourists. A rebound in holiday trips, including a strong staycation trend, drove revenue recovery in the years since. Revenue is expected to climb at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2024-25 to £3.6 billion, including a forecast hike of 1.4% in 2024-25. Revenue bounced back once COVID-19 restrictions were lifted, with pent-up demand for holidaying driving spending on holiday accommodation in 2021-22. Tourism continued to recover in 2022-23 and 2023-24 to the benefit of holiday accommodation providers. However, revenue growth had been held back since late 2022-23 by the cost-of-living crisis tightening consumers' purse strings. Significant consumer demand for holidays and soaring inflation encouraged holiday accommodation providers to hike prices, boosting revenue from bookings but also putting some price-sensitive consumers off from staying at industry accommodation. A slowdown in staycations towards the end of 2023-24 and 2024-25 amid the lingering effects of the cost-of-living crisis and poor weather has hindered revenue growth. Subsiding inflation and strong international tourism have supported revenue in 2024-25. The emergence of online travel agents has made it easier for independent accommodation providers to compete with larger companies, enticing newcomers into the industry. However, the enduring popularity of online private short-term rentals like Airbnb and Vrbo threatens to steal away guests. Intensifying competition has placed pressure on prices, which, alongside severe inflationary pressures, has weighed on the average profit margin, which is estimated to be 15.5% in 2024-25. Revenue is forecast to mount at a compound annual rate of 3.5% over the five years through 2029-30 to £4.3 billion. Climbing domestic and international visitor numbers will support growth. Given the anticipated expansion in inbound visits to the UK, companies must find ways to attract foreign travellers, who typically stay at hotels or use home-sharing platforms. Growing disposable incomes will spur consumer spending on holiday trips, though this may also lead to some travelling abroad. That being said, home-sharing platforms like Airbnb and competitively-priced hotels investing in enhancing facilities and offerings will continue to lure consumers away from holiday accommodation providers. Intense price competition and elevated staff costs (resulting from staff shortages and climbing National Living Wage) will weigh on revenue and profit.

Over the five years through 2024-25, industry revenue is projected to dip at a compound annual rate of 1% to just over £2.7 billion. This is mostly the result of the Cost of Living Crisis slashing demand in 2022-23, despite a quick recovery the following year. Initiatives to promote British manufacturing have elevated demand for domestically produced household textiles and soft furnishings. Additionally, the high number of residential property transactions has elevated demand for curtains and textile blinds, which are often purchased when homeowners furnish their new homes and undertake renovation work. However, Brexit has hampered industry growth, as new non-tariff trade barriers have curbed exports to the EU, where many similar household textiles are also manufactured generally at a more competitive price. Growing demand for high-quality and sustainable products has driven a surge in the number of new entrants to the industry and is one of the key drivers of growth in the industry, according to specialised retailers. Companies with robust sustainability strategies, like John Cotton Group, have seen significant growth in the past years owing to its expanding range of recycled textile products, while many small luxury producers are leveraging the same sustainability appeal, along with superior design. In 2024-25, industry revenue is forecast to climb by 2.7% as a result of this trend. Industry profit is set to climb to 15.7% owing to easing down inflationary pressures on key inputs like wool, cotton and other textiles. Industry revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 0.8% over the five years through 2029-30 to reach £2.9 billion, supported by the growing interest in organic and recycled household textile products and high demand from luxury hotels. However, imports will remain a significant threat, continuing to satisfy over half of the domestic demand for household textiles and soft furnishings. However, companies serving niche luxury markets will be safer from foreign competition.