We estimate the impact of increased policy uncertainty from Brexit on UK trade inservices. We apply an uncertainty-augmented gravity equation to UK services tradewith the European Union at the industry level from 2016Q1 to 2018Q4. By exploitingthe variation in the probability of Brexit from prediction markets interacted with anew trade policy risk measure across service industries we identify a significant negativeimpact of the threat of Brexit on trade values and participation. The increasedprobability of Brexit in this period lowered services exports by at least 20 log points.

In 2023, agriculture contributed around 0.58 percent to the United Kingdom’s GDP, 17.5 percent came from the manufacturing industry, and 72.53 percent from the services sector. The UK is not a farmer’s marketThe vast majority of the UK’s GDP is generated by the services sector, and tourism in particular keeps the economy going. In 2017, almost 214 billion British Pounds were contributed to the GDP through travel and tourism – about 277 billion U.S. dollars – and the forecasts see an upwards trend. For comparison, only an estimated 10.3 billion GBP were generated by the agriculture sector in the same year. But is it a tourist’s destination still? Though forecasts are not in yet, it is unclear whether travel and tourism can keep the UK’s economy afloat in the future, especially after Brexit and all its consequences. Higher travel costs, having to wait for visas, and overall more complicated travel arrangements are just some of the concerns tourists have when considering vacationing in the UK after Brexit. Consequences of the referendum are already observable in the domestic travel industry: In 2017, about 37 percent of British travelers said Brexit caused them to cut their holidays short by a few days, and about 14 percent said they did not leave the UK for their holidays because of it.

Economic development is interregional in nature, with economic growth being determined by physical and technological proximity identified by interregional and national cross-border interactions in trade, investments, and knowledge. This report explains the construction of a system of multiregional input-output tables for the EU28 interlinked with trade in goods and services within the same country as well as with regions in other Member States. Taking transhipment locations into account, trade in goods and services is derived from freight transport data, airline data on flights, and business travel data. The methodology is centred on the probability of trade flows and was developed to fit the information available without pre-imposing any geographical structure on the data.

The Economic Impacts of Brexit on the UK, its Sectors, its Cities and its Regions What are the economic impacts of Brexit on the UK's sectors, regions and cities? The findings from our recent research suggest that the UK's cities and regions which voted for Brexit are also the most economically dependent on EU markets for their prosperity and viability. This is a result of their differing sectoral and trade composition. Different impacts are likely for different sectors, and also different impacts are likely between sectors, and these relationships also differ across the country's regions. Some sectors, some regions and some cities will be more sensitive and susceptible to any changes in UK-EU trade relations which may arise from Brexit than others and their long-run competiveness positions will be less robust and more vulnerable than others. This suggests that these sectoral and regional differences need to be very carefully taken into account in the context of the national UK-EU negotiations in order for the post-Brexit agreements to be politically, socially as well as economically sustainable across the country. This project aims to examine in detail the likely impacts of Brexit on the UK's sectors, regions and cities by using the most detailed regional-national-international trade and competition datasets currently available anywhere in the world (and the people who built these data). These two datasets, are the 2016 WIOD World Input-Output Database and the 2016 UK Interregional Trade Datasets developed respectively by the University of Groningen and by the PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. WIOD covers 43 countries, 56 sectors and 15 years of trade-GDP-demand relationships, while the EU Interregional Tables covers 59 sectors and 240 EU regions. The quantitative research will allow us to understand the role in shaping UK regional trade behaviour which is played by global value-chains, whereby goods and services crisscross borders multiple times before being finally consumed by household and firms. The UK is heavily integrated with the rest of the EU via such global value-chains and reshaping the future post-Brexit UK trade arrangements with the EU will also involve reconfiguring these global value-chains. Our data allows us to examine the impacts of different trade scenarios and to map out the sensitivity of UK sectors and regions to different post-Brexit scenarios. Brexit will also reshape the national and international competiveness rankings of the UK regions and again our data allows us to examine the likely long run changes which will arise. At the same time, these changes will also all have profound implications for the design and governance of UK city and regional development policy logic and settings. However, the withdrawal of EU Cohesion Funds, alongside changing UK-EU trade relationships means that both the economic and the public policy environment facing local regions will shift significantly. The ongoing UK devolution agenda at the level of both the three devolved national administrations as well as the English city-regions will be heavily affected by the changing external environment and our project will identify the governance, policy and institutional options which key stakeholders perceive to offer the greatest possibilities for adjusting to the new realities. Our quantitative research will therefore also be undertaken in parallel with qualitative research based on key stakeholder engagement sessions. Participatory workshops with city, regional and national stakeholders will be organised in order to develop alternative post-Brexit scenarios for empirical analysis as perceived by the city and regional as well as national institutions. The mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches will allow us to identity the impacts of Brexit at the crucial meso-levels of the individual sectors, the individual cities and the individual regions.

In 2019, it was found that almost 20 percent of healthcare professionals in the UK knew at least one colleague considering leaving their job due to Brexit. While twelve percent knew colleagues who had already left because of the Brexit situation. A sizable share of doctors and specialists in the UK are from the EU/EEA, which means the health sector could be particularly susceptible to employees leaving due to Brexit

The statistic shows the trade balance of goods (exports minus imports of goods) in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2023. A positive value means a trade surplus, a negative trade balance means a trade deficit. In 2023, the trade deficit of goods in the United Kingdom amounted to about 270.48 billion U.S. dollars. On the effects of Brexit on the UK's economy The United Kingdom has maintained a trade deficit over the last ten years, but now that the country has chosen to leave the European Union, current trade agreements will need to be renegotiated and trade relationships and the trade balance will change. As of 2015, one of the UK’s most important import and export partners was Germany, but it also trades heavily with many other countries within the European Union; more than half of total value of the UK trade in goods is associated with European Union countries. Trade agreements which have been negotiated by the European Union extend beyond member countries, and the United Kingdom will now have to renegotiate its own trade deals with a far larger number of countries by itself. It remains to be seen as to how the UK will manage these negotiations. Another big question is how the UK banking sector will be able to access the European market. As of 2014, services contributed close to 80 percent of UK GDP, which includes banking services. While it is too soon predict how BREXIT will impact the United Kingdom entirely, estimates of the decision’s long term effects estimate negative GDP growth of around 2.72 percent in an optimistic scenario, with the pessimistic scenario estimating negative growth of around 7.7 percent.

Videos of the Regional Stakeholder Workshops Brexit Sessions and Interviews of the ESRC- The UK in a Changing Europe project: The economic impact of Brexit on the UK, its regions, its cities and its sectors. The workshops were organised between May 4 2018 and May 21st 2018 in Edinburgh, Birmingham, London and Leeds.

Brexit Devolved Administrations symposium (4th May 2018, Edinburgh): Professor Raquel Ortega Argiles, City-REDI – University of Birmingham; Professor Anand Menon, The UK in a Changing Europe (UKICE); Simon Fuller, Deputy Director – Economic Analysis, Scottish Government; Professor Philip McCann, University of Sheffield; Professor Kim Swales, Strathclyde University; Jonathan Price, Chief Economist, Welsh Government; Shane Murphy, Chief Economist, Northern Ireland Government; Professor David Bell, Stirling University; Professor Frank van Oort, Erasmus University of Rotterdam; Dr. Andrew Moxey, Pareto Consulting; Professor Aileen Stockdale, Queen’s University of Belfast; Dr. Crispian Fuller, Cardiff University; Dr. Chloe Billing, City-REDI - University of Birmingham; Dr. Katy Hayward, Queen’s University of Belfast; Mairi Angela Gougeon, Member of Scottish Parliament and Committee of the Regions; Dr. Joanne Hunt, Cardiff University; Des McNulty, Policy Scotland.

Brexit West Midlands Participatory symposium (11th May 2018, Birmingham): Professor Raquel Ortega Argiles, City-REDI – University of Birmingham; Professor Daniel Wincott, The UK in a Changing Europe; Lloyd Broad, Birmingham City Council; Professor Philip McCann, University of Sheffield;Charlie Hopkirk, Black Country Consortium; Nicola Hewitt, Commercial Director, West Midlands Growth Company; David Hearne, Birmingham City University – Centre for Brexit Studies; Professor Frank van Oort, Erasmus University of Rotterdam; Professor David Bailey, Aston University; Justin Benson, KPMG Automotive; Professor Nigel Driffield, Warwick University; Professor Simon Collinson, The University of Birmingham; Professor Paul Forrest, West Midlands Economic Forum.

Brexit: London and Service Sectors symposium (18th May 2018, London): Professor Raquel Ortega Argiles, City-REDI – University of Birmingham; Professor Dan Wincott, Cardiff University and The UK in a Changing Europe; Professor Jonathan Portes, King’s College London and The UK in a Changing Europe; Professor Philip McCann, University of Sheffield; Dr. Ben Gardiner, Cambridge Econometrics; Andrew Carter, Center for Cities; Anjalika Bardalai, The City UK; Dr. Mark Thissen, Senior Researcher Economics (PBL); Yong Jing Teow, Confederation of British Industries; Dr. Ingo Borchert, University of Sussex UK Trade Policy Observatory; Richard Chaplin, Managing Partners Forum; Antony Raine, Deloitte; Professor Tony Travers, LSE; Dr. Simon Marginson, University College London and UKICE; Professor Jonathan Portes, King’s College London and UKICE.

Brexit North Summit (21st May 2018, Leeds): Cllr Judith Blake, Leader of Leeds City Council; Tom Riordan, Chief Executive of Leeds City Council; Professor Anand Menon, Director of UK in a Changing Europe; Professor Raquel Ortega-Argiles City-REDI – The University of Birmingham; Dr. Sarah Longlands, Director of IPPR North; Mayor Steve Rotheram, Liverpool City Region; Professor Philip McCann, University of Sheffield; Professor Frank van Oort, Erasmus University Rotterdam; Professor Andy Pike, CURDS Newcastle University; Alison McGovern, Labour MP for Wirral South; Richard Corbett, Labour MEP for Yorkshire and Humber; Luke Raikes, IPPR North.

The Economic Impacts of Brexit on the UK, its Sectors, its Cities and its Regions What are the economic impacts of Brexit on the UK's sectors, regions and cities? The findings from our recent research suggest that the UK's cities and regions which voted for Brexit are also the most economically dependent on EU markets for their prosperity and viability. This is a result of their differing sectoral and trade composition. Different impacts are likely for different sectors, and also different impacts are likely between sectors, and these relationships also differ across the country's regions. Some sectors, some regions and some cities will be more sensitive and susceptible to any changes in UK-EU trade relations which may arise from Brexit than others and their long-run competiveness positions will be less robust and more vulnerable than others. This suggests that these sectoral and regional differences need to be very carefully taken into account in the context of the national UK-EU negotiations in order for the post-Brexit agreements to be politically, socially as well as economically sustainable across the country. This project aims to examine in detail the likely impacts of Brexit on the UK's sectors, regions and cities by using the most detailed regional-national-international trade and competition datasets currently available anywhere in the world (and the people who built these data). These two datasets, are the 2016...

The European customs brokerage market, valued at €27.22 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.81% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. The increasing complexity of international trade regulations, coupled with the growing e-commerce sector and its associated cross-border shipments, necessitates the expertise of customs brokers to ensure smooth and compliant import/export processes. Furthermore, the rising demand for efficient supply chain management solutions and the need to minimize delays and associated costs are fueling market growth. The diverse range of services offered by customs brokers, including customs clearance, documentation preparation, and compliance advisory, caters to a wide spectrum of businesses, from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to large multinational corporations. The market's segmentation by mode of transport (sea, air, and cross-border land transport) reflects the diverse shipping methods used for European trade, with each segment presenting unique opportunities and challenges for customs brokers. Leading players such as DB Schenker, UPS, and DHL are leveraging technological advancements, such as automation and digital platforms, to optimize processes and enhance service offerings. The geographical distribution of the market across major European economies like Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Italy reveals varying levels of market maturity and growth potential. While established markets like Germany and the UK likely contribute significantly to the overall market size, countries with developing e-commerce sectors might witness faster growth in demand for customs brokerage services. However, potential restraints include fluctuations in global trade volumes, economic uncertainty, and evolving regulatory landscapes. The ongoing adaptation to Brexit's impact on trade flows between the UK and the EU also presents both challenges and opportunities for customs brokers operating in this region. Consequently, the market is expected to see continued consolidation, with larger players potentially acquiring smaller firms to expand their market reach and service capabilities. European Customs Brokers Market Report: 2019-2033 This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the European Customs Brokers market, offering invaluable insights for businesses operating within this dynamic sector. The study covers the period 2019-2033, with a focus on the forecast period 2025-2033 and a base year of 2025. This in-depth analysis covers market size, segmentation, trends, growth drivers, challenges, and competitive landscape, helping you navigate the complexities of this crucial industry. The market is projected to reach XXX million by 2033. Recent developments include: December 2023: Kuehne Nagel finalized the acquisition of customs broker Farrow for an undisclosed amount. This strategic move is set to strengthen the company's customs capabilities within the North American market, with a particular focus on improving operations at the US-Canadian and Mexican borders. The transaction is anticipated to be completed in the first quarter of 2024., October 2023: Rock-It Freight Forwarding and Logistics, specializing in the live event, entertainment, sports, and broadcast industry, has successfully acquired customs broker Dell Will. This acquisition is part of Rock-It's strategic plan to accelerate growth in the motorsports sector.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing international trade, Complex custom regulations. Potential restraints include: Regulatory Challenges, Geopolitical Uncertainity. Notable trends are: Germany Driving the Growth of the Market.

The surge in academic research and increased media spotlight on the toll that illness and injury can take on businesses has boosted wellness services. Companies have come to appreciate the importance of corporate wellness services in trimming down these cost, saving money on an unhealthy workforce. More and more businesses have been investing in wellness services in recent years. This growing trend has been propelled by a drop in the UK unemployment rate during the same period. Massive layoffs in the financial services sector since Brexit, sluggish demand from public-sector entities, and stiff competition from gyms and in-house services have somewhat stifled growth. On top of that, the COVID-19 outbreak significantly impacted revenue in 2020-21. Despite some of these challenges, the industry revenue is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 1.4% over the five years through 2024-25 to £679.2 million. The COVID-19 outbreak threw a spanner in the works, causing revenue to contract significantly by 9% in 2020-21. Factors such as rising unemployment, reduced employer confidence, and tight corporate budgets dented the demand for wellness services. The shift to remote work since the outbreak in 2020 continues to be a challenge to services in unprecedented ways. The corporate wellness industry has rebounded, with an anticipated 5.0% growth rate in 2024-25 and has a bright future ahead. However, poor economic conditions, including high inflation in the three years through 2024-25, have caused businesses to cut their spending budgets and hamper industry demand. The sector is expected to see a compound annual growth rate of 5.4% over the five years through 2029-30 to £885 million. Higher levels of health consciousness and efforts by businesses to enhance productivity by reducing the costs of poor health, and growth in the online delivery of industry services will boost demand. Britain's ageing workforce and greater emphasis on tacking mental health problems will aid growth. However, corporate budgets are constrained in the short term due to macroeconomic headwinds, limiting revenue growth. Profit will widen over the coming period.

The UK retail banking market, valued at approximately £68.77 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by several key factors. The increasing adoption of digital banking solutions, including online platforms and mobile apps, is significantly impacting market dynamics. Consumers are increasingly demanding convenient and personalized financial services, prompting banks to invest heavily in technological upgrades and user-friendly interfaces. Furthermore, the rise of fintech companies is fostering competition and innovation, leading to the introduction of new products and services, such as mobile payment systems and personalized financial management tools. While Brexit initially presented challenges, the market has shown resilience, with banks adapting to new regulatory environments and focusing on strengthening customer relationships. The segment showing the strongest growth is likely online banking, driven by younger demographics' preference for digital interactions and increased smartphone penetration. However, the market also faces constraints such as increasing regulatory scrutiny, cybersecurity threats, and the need for continuous investment in technology to maintain a competitive edge. Growth in the wealth management segment will also contribute to the overall market expansion, fueled by a rising affluent population and increasing demand for sophisticated investment services. The continued expansion of the market is expected to be spread across multiple channels, reflecting the diverse preferences of UK consumers. The projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.45% suggests a consistent, albeit moderate, expansion of the UK retail banking market over the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is likely to be influenced by macroeconomic factors such as economic growth, inflation, and interest rates. The market's segmentation highlights the diverse nature of customer needs, with significant opportunities for banks to cater to specific demographics, such as high-net-worth individuals and small businesses. Strategic partnerships with fintech companies and the development of innovative financial products tailored to specific segments will play a crucial role in determining future market leaders. The continued dominance of established players such as HSBC, Barclays, and Lloyds Banking Group is anticipated, but they will likely face increased competition from challenger banks and international players. The overall market outlook remains positive, contingent upon maintaining macroeconomic stability and sustained consumer confidence. This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the UK retail banking market, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. It delves into market dynamics, competitive landscapes, and future growth projections, providing invaluable insights for businesses and investors operating within or considering entry into this dynamic sector. The report utilizes data from the historical period (2019-2024), with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period spanning 2025-2033. The study highlights key trends, challenges, and opportunities within the £XXX million market. Recent developments include: August 2024: Lloyds Bank launched a USD 137 cash offer for students opening current accounts. To qualify, students must deposit at least USD 622 between August 1 and October 31, 2024. Student account holders will also receive a 20% discount on selected Student Union events and can earn 2% interest on balances up to USD 6,219.September 2023: HSBC pioneered a partnership with Nova Credit, making it the first UK bank to allow newcomers to access their credit history from abroad. This initiative aims to facilitate smoother financial integration for individuals relocating to the United Kingdom.. Key drivers for this market are: The Shift Toward Digital Banking, with Customers Increasingly Using Online and Mobile Banking Services. Potential restraints include: The Shift Toward Digital Banking, with Customers Increasingly Using Online and Mobile Banking Services. Notable trends are: Deposit Trends and Digital Transformation Driving Traditional Banking.

The UK aviation industry, encompassing commercial aviation and other segments like general aviation and helicopter services, presents a dynamic market landscape. While precise market sizing data for 2019-2024 is unavailable, a reasonable estimate based on a CAGR of 0.04 and a 2025 market value (let's assume £XX million—replace XX with a plausible value based on industry reports for the UK aviation market) suggests a steady, albeit slow, growth trajectory. Key drivers include increasing passenger traffic (particularly in the post-pandemic recovery), the growing demand for air freight, and investments in airport infrastructure modernization. However, the sector faces notable restraints. These include fluctuating fuel prices, environmental concerns leading to stricter emission regulations, and the ongoing impact of global economic uncertainty on travel demand. The segmentation reveals the dominance of commercial aviation, though the "other" category (including general aviation, maintenance, repair, and overhaul) is also significant and likely growing due to increased private and business aviation activity. Leading players like Textron, Lockheed Martin, Embraer, Airbus, Boeing, and others actively compete in various segments, influencing technological innovation and market competitiveness. The regional focus on the United Kingdom, specifically England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, highlights the importance of understanding localized market dynamics. Future growth will depend on government policies supporting sustainable aviation, technological advancements reducing environmental impact, and successful navigation of post-Brexit trade implications. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests a continued, albeit modest, expansion, driven by anticipated increases in air travel and the industry's adaptation to evolving regulatory frameworks. Regional disparities within the UK itself may also influence growth rates, requiring a nuanced approach to understanding market performance across different areas. Given the current global market trends and economic projections, a cautious, yet optimistic outlook for the UK aviation industry over the next decade seems warranted. Recent developments include: December 2022: The US Army was awarded a contract to supply next-generation helicopters to Textron Inc.'s Bell unit. The Army`s "Future Vertical Lift" competition aimed at finding a replacement as the Army looks to retire more than 2,000 medium-class UH-60 Black Hawk utility helicopters.November 2022: Bell Textron Inc., a company of Textron Inc., forged an agreement to sell 10 Bell 505 helicopters to the Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) at the Forces Exhibition and Conference. Combat Air Force (SOFEX) in Aqaba, Jordan.July 2022: EmbraerX establishes a presence in the Netherlands to further the development of innovative and sustainable aviation technology.. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

Regional Stakeholders Workshops Sessions and Interviews Transcripts comprising the following workshops: (1) Brexit Devolved Administrations in Edinburgh, 4 May 2018; (2) Brexit and Advanced Manufacturing Industries in Birmingham, 11 May 2018; (3) Brexit and Service Industries in London, 18th May 2018 and (4) Brexit and Devolution, Leeds, 21st May 2018.

All the interviews were taken after the workshops. We asked specific questions to some speakers (see the list of speakers below) depending on the theme of the workshop. The interviews contain the views of academics, members of regional governments, members of parliament as well as other practitioners from private sector.

Symposia speakers: Brexit Devolved Administrations symposium (4th May 2018, Edinburgh): Professor Raquel Ortega Argiles, City-REDI – University of Birmingham; Professor Anand Menon, The UK in a Changing Europe (UKICE); Simon Fuller, Deputy Director – Economic Analysis, Scottish Government; Professor Philip McCann, University of Sheffield; Professor Kim Swales, Strathclyde University; Jonathan Price, Chief Economist, Welsh Government; Shane Murphy, Chief Economist, Northern Ireland Government; Professor David Bell, Stirling University; Professor Frank van Oort, Erasmus University of Rotterdam; Dr. Andrew Moxey, Pareto Consulting; Professor Aileen Stockdale, Queen’s University of Belfast; Dr. Crispian Fuller, Cardiff University; Dr. Chloe Billing, City-REDI - University of Birmingham; Dr. Katy Hayward, Queen’s University of Belfast; Mairi Angela Gougeon, Member of Scottish Parliament and Committee of the Regions; Dr. Joanne Hunt, Cardiff University; Des McNulty, Policy Scotland.

Brexit West Midlands Participatory symposium (11th May 2018, Birmingham): Professor Raquel Ortega Argiles, City-REDI – University of Birmingham; Professor Daniel Wincott, The UK in a Changing Europe; Lloyd Broad, Birmingham City Council; Professor Philip McCann, University of Sheffield;Charlie Hopkirk, Black Country Consortium; Nicola Hewitt, Commercial Director, West Midlands Growth Company; David Hearne, Birmingham City University – Centre for Brexit Studies; Professor Frank van Oort, Erasmus University of Rotterdam; Professor David Bailey, Aston University; Justin Benson, KPMG Automotive; Professor Nigel Driffield, Warwick University; Professor Simon Collinson, The University of Birmingham; Professor Paul Forrest, West Midlands Economic Forum.

Brexit: London and Service Sectors symposium (18th May 2018, London): Professor Raquel Ortega Argiles, City-REDI – University of Birmingham; Professor Dan Wincott, Cardiff University and The UK in a Changing Europe; Professor Jonathan Portes, King’s College London and The UK in a Changing Europe; Professor Philip McCann, University of Sheffield; Dr. Ben Gardiner, Cambridge Econometrics; Andrew Carter, Center for Cities; Anjalika Bardalai, The City UK; Dr. Mark Thissen, Senior Researcher Economics (PBL); Yong Jing Teow, Confederation of British Industries; Dr. Ingo Borchert, University of Sussex UK Trade Policy Observatory; Richard Chaplin, Managing Partners Forum; Antony Raine, Deloitte; Professor Tony Travers, LSE; Dr. Simon Marginson, University College London and UKICE; Professor Jonathan Portes, King’s College London and UKICE.

Brexit North Summit (21st May 2018, Leeds): Cllr Judith Blake, Leader of Leeds City Council; Tom Riordan, Chief Executive of Leeds City Council; Professor Anand Menon, Director of UK in a Changing Europe; Professor Raquel Ortega-Argiles City-REDI – The University of Birmingham; Dr. Sarah Longlands, Director of IPPR North; Mayor Steve Rotheram, Liverpool City Region; Professor Philip McCann, University of Sheffield; Professor Frank van Oort, Erasmus University Rotterdam; Professor Andy Pike, CURDS Newcastle University; Alison McGovern, Labour MP for Wirral South; Richard Corbett, Labour MEP for Yorkshire and Humber; Luke Raikes, IPPR North.

The Economic Impacts of Brexit on the UK, its Sectors, its Cities and its Regions What are the economic impacts of Brexit on the UK's sectors, regions and cities? The findings from our recent research suggest that the UK's cities and regions which voted for Brexit are also the most economically dependent on EU markets for their prosperity and viability. This is a result of their differing sectoral and trade composition. Different impacts are likely for different sectors, and also different impacts are likely between sectors, and these relationships also differ across the country's regions. Some sectors, some regions and some cities will be more sensitive and susceptible to any changes in UK-EU trade relations which may arise from Brexit than others and their long-run competiveness positions will be less robust and more vulnerable than others. This suggests that these sectoral and regional differences need to be very carefully taken into account in the context of the national UK-EU negotiations in order for the post-Brexit agreements to be politically,...

The United Kingdom freight and logistics market, valued at approximately £XX million in 2025 (estimated based on provided CAGR and market size), is projected to experience robust growth, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.98% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. The burgeoning e-commerce sector fuels demand for efficient last-mile delivery solutions, particularly within the Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) segment. Growth in online retail necessitates robust warehousing and storage capabilities, including temperature-controlled facilities for perishable goods. Furthermore, the UK's strategic location as a major trading hub in Europe continues to attract significant investment in freight forwarding and transport services, particularly sea and air freight, accommodating both domestic and international trade flows. The construction, manufacturing, and oil & gas sectors also contribute significantly to market demand, requiring reliable and specialized logistics solutions for their respective needs. However, the market faces certain challenges. Fluctuations in fuel prices and driver shortages consistently impact operational costs and efficiency. Increasing regulatory compliance requirements, such as stricter environmental regulations and data privacy laws, present additional hurdles for logistics providers. Navigating Brexit-related trade complexities and potential supply chain disruptions continues to be a significant factor influencing market dynamics. Despite these headwinds, the overall outlook for the UK freight and logistics market remains positive, fueled by ongoing technological advancements such as automation and the adoption of sophisticated supply chain management software, which enhance efficiency and reduce operational costs. The market's segmentation across end-user industries and logistics functions provides numerous opportunities for specialized service providers to thrive. This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the United Kingdom freight and logistics market, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. With a focus on the current market landscape (base year 2025), the report offers valuable insights for businesses operating in or planning to enter this dynamic sector. The report leverages extensive data analysis to forecast market growth until 2033, providing crucial information for strategic decision-making. This in-depth study covers key segments, including road freight, rail freight, air freight, sea freight, warehousing, and courier services. The report also examines the impact of Brexit and evolving regulations on the market's dynamics and future trajectory. Keywords: UK freight and logistics market, UK logistics industry, freight forwarding UK, UK warehousing, UK transportation, UK supply chain, UK courier services, UK logistics trends, UK logistics market size, UK logistics companies, road freight UK, rail freight UK, air freight UK, sea freight UK. Recent developments include: January 2024: Kuehne + Nagel has announced its Book & Claim insetting solution for electric vehicles, to improve its decarbonization solutions. Developing Book & Claim insetting solutions for road freight was a strategic priority for Kuehne + Nagel. Customers who use Kuehne + Nagel's road transport services can now claim the carbon reductions of electric trucks when it is not possible to physically move their goods on these vehicles.October 2023: Kuehne+Nagel has introduced three new charter connections between the Americas, Europe, and Asia. It has begun its operations with its own freighter, the B747-8 “Inspire”, from October 23, 2023. It has conducted two additional weekly routings from Atlanta and Chicago to Amsterdam and from there to Taipei. This flight will serve key industries such as healthcare, perishables and semiconductors.September 2023: Kuehne+Nagel and Capgemini have entered into a strategic agreement to create a supply chain orchestration service offering to provide end-to-end services across the supply chain network., The new strategic agreement combines Kuehne+Nagel’s logistics management and execution expertise with Capgemini’s state-of-the-art Intelligent Supply Chain Operations (ISCO) capabilities that deliver AI-enabled, cognitive, touchless operations and data-driven decision-making. The service is especially targeted towards large corporations from the consumer, healthcare, and industrial sectors.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing trade relations, Increased demand for perishable goods. Potential restraints include: Cargo theft, High cost of maintainig. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

The United Kingdom freight and logistics market is a dynamic sector experiencing robust growth, driven by the country's robust e-commerce sector, increasing cross-border trade, and the expansion of manufacturing and retail industries. The market's size, while not explicitly stated, can be reasonably estimated based on comparable European markets and reported CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate). Assuming a moderate CAGR of 4% (a reasonable figure given the UK's economic performance and logistics infrastructure), and considering a plausible 2025 market value of approximately £150 billion (this is a reasoned estimate based on other developed economies with similar size and economic structures), the market is projected to expand significantly over the forecast period (2025-2033). Key growth drivers include the ongoing digitalization of logistics operations, increasing demand for efficient supply chain management solutions (including temperature-controlled warehousing), and the rise of last-mile delivery services catering to the booming e-commerce sector. The market is segmented by end-user industry (with significant contributions from retail, manufacturing, and construction), logistics function (road freight representing a large share due to its extensive road network), and by mode of transport (with road and sea transport dominating). However, the market also faces challenges, such as labor shortages, fluctuating fuel prices, and Brexit-related complexities impacting cross-border trade, particularly within the international segment. The segmentation of the UK freight and logistics market reveals opportunities for specialized service providers. For example, the growing demand for temperature-controlled warehousing presents significant prospects for companies specializing in cold chain logistics. The expansion of e-commerce fuels the growth in courier, express, and parcel (CEP) services, while the need for efficient and cost-effective freight forwarding solutions across various modes of transport remains a dominant market force. Competition is intense, with both global giants (DHL, FedEx, UPS) and regional players vying for market share. Strategies focused on technological innovation, enhanced supply chain visibility, and sustainable practices will be critical for success in this dynamic market. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued growth, although economic fluctuations and evolving regulatory landscapes may impact the pace of expansion. Nevertheless, the UK's position as a major trading hub within Europe and globally ensures a sizeable and consistently evolving logistics market. Recent developments include: January 2024: Kuehne + Nagel has announced its Book & Claim insetting solution for electric vehicles, to improve its decarbonization solutions. Developing Book & Claim insetting solutions for road freight was a strategic priority for Kuehne + Nagel. Customers who use Kuehne + Nagel's road transport services can now claim the carbon reductions of electric trucks when it is not possible to physically move their goods on these vehicles.October 2023: Kuehne+Nagel has introduced three new charter connections between the Americas, Europe, and Asia. It has begun its operations with its own freighter, the B747-8 “Inspire”, from October 23, 2023. It has conducted two additional weekly routings from Atlanta and Chicago to Amsterdam and from there to Taipei. This flight will serve key industries such as healthcare, perishables and semiconductors.September 2023: Kuehne+Nagel and Capgemini have entered into a strategic agreement to create a supply chain orchestration service offering to provide end-to-end services across the supply chain network., The new strategic agreement combines Kuehne+Nagel’s logistics management and execution expertise with Capgemini’s state-of-the-art Intelligent Supply Chain Operations (ISCO) capabilities that deliver AI-enabled, cognitive, touchless operations and data-driven decision-making. The service is especially targeted towards large corporations from the consumer, healthcare, and industrial sectors.. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

The United Kingdom Hospitality Industry report segments the industry into By Type (Chain Hotels, Independent Hotels), By Segment (Luxury Hotels, Mid and Upper-Mid-Scale Hotels, Budget and Economy Hotels, Service Apartments). This report presents five years of historical data with forecasts for the next five years.

IT security consulting firms are enjoying strong demand as increased IT adoption is requiring organisations to seek protection from IT crimes and cyberattacks. This continued technological adoption in society has expanded the potential downstream market for IT security consultants, boosting demand. Revenue volatility has remained low, as consistent demand has been delivered from the public and private sectors. Over the five years through 2024-25, industry revenue is expected to climb at a compound annual rate of 5.2% to reach £12.8 billion, including growth of 5.7% in 2024-25. The COVID-19 pandemic benefitted the industry by boosting the use of technology in society and, therefore, increasing demand for IT security consulting services. However, subdued business confidence due to Brexit and the economic downturn from COVID-19 somewhat constrained spending by some businesses. Adverse economic conditions since 2022-23, with inflation soaring and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, have hindered business confidence and spending, weighing on revenue growth over 2022-23 and 2023-24. In 2024-25, subsiding inflation and recovering business confidence will likely encourage business software investment and spending on cybersecurity. The average industry margin has widened as revenue has grown at a considerable pace. Competition in the industry has intensified, as new firms have been drawn in by growing opportunities and rising profitability. The industry will continue to expand further over the coming years, with demand remaining on an upward trend. Over the five years through 2029-30, industry revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 5.5% to reach £16.8 billion. Technological innovation will continue driving industry expansion and structural changes over the coming years as the Internet of Things and big data markets develop. On the other hand, quantum computing developments may begin to threaten standard industry operations. While demand continues to swell, intensifying competition and rising wage costs will likely hinder profit margin growth.

The UK warehousing and logistics market is experiencing robust growth, fueled by the burgeoning e-commerce sector, increasing demand for efficient supply chain solutions, and the expansion of third-party logistics (3PL) providers. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 5% indicates a consistently expanding market size. This growth is driven by several factors, including the need for enhanced supply chain visibility and resilience in the face of global uncertainties, the rise of omnichannel retailing demanding flexible and responsive warehousing solutions, and the increasing adoption of automation and technology to optimize warehouse operations and improve efficiency. Significant investment in infrastructure development, including the expansion of existing warehouses and the construction of new, strategically located facilities, further contributes to market expansion. While Brexit initially posed challenges, the market has adapted, showcasing its resilience and ability to navigate complex regulatory environments. The market segmentation reveals strong contributions from various end-users, with Manufacturing, Consumer Goods, and Retail sectors leading the demand for warehousing and logistics services. The presence of major international players alongside established UK-based companies highlights the market's maturity and competitiveness. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large multinational corporations and specialized regional providers. These companies are constantly vying for market share by investing in advanced technologies, expanding their service offerings, and focusing on strategic partnerships. Constraints on growth include labor shortages within the logistics sector, rising fuel costs, and navigating the complexities of Brexit-related regulations. However, these challenges are being addressed through technological advancements like automation and the adoption of sustainable practices. Future growth is projected to be sustained, driven by continued e-commerce expansion, the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies, and a growing focus on sustainability within the supply chain. The UK's strategic location within Europe also positions it favorably for continued growth in international trade and logistics. The overall forecast remains positive, with the market expected to see continued expansion throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Recent developments include: August 2022: DHL Supply Chain, the world's leading contract logistics provider, is extending its strategic partnership with Nestlé Nespresso S.A., the company announced today. Building on a relationship dating back to 2014, DHL will now also provide logistics and fulfillment services in the UK and the Republic of Ireland (ROI). The existing partnerships between DHL and Nespresso in Italy, Brazil, Malaysia, and Taiwan will continue. From Q1 2023, DHL will handle all warehousing across Nespresso's e-commerce and network of retail boutiques in the UK and ROI. Projected to handle six million orders in year one alone, the UK operation will be based in a dedicated omnichannel facility in Coventry., November 2022: Birmingham-based logistics and warehouse company PGS Global Logistics is investing GBP 10 million (USD 11.2 million) in a purpose-built warehouse in West Bromwich, UK. The announcement follows a two-year search for a suitable West Midlands site amid increasing demand for warehousing in the region. The West Bromwich site will be solar-powered throughout.. Notable trends are: E-commerce Growth Driving the Warehouse Development.

The statistic shows employment in financial and professional services in London, United Kingdom, in 2015, by sector. The financial services industry is the UK's most important sector, in terms of revenue, and London itself is counted as one of the top global financial centers. In 2015, before the Brexit referendum, the total number of people employed in financial and professional services was 751 thousand; out of this 148 thousand people were employed in banking, and 181 thousand in management consulting.

Cars were the most valuable type of commodity exported from the United Kingdom in 2024, with exports of this commodity valued at approximately 32.9 billion British pounds. Mechanical power generators were the second-most valuable commodity in 2024, with an export value of around 32.7 billion pounds in this year. By comparison, the most valuable import commodity was also cars, amounting to over 38.4 billion British pounds. The next most valuable import commodity was medicinal and pharmaceutical products at over 27.2 million pounds in this year. UK main trading partners Although the share of both imports and exports from the European Union has been declining recently, the single market is still by far the UK's main trading partner. In terms of individual countries, the United States was the main export partner in 2024 at 16.1 percent of all exports, while Germany was the UK's main import partner with 12.5 percent of imports coming from there in 2024. A main argument of the Leave vote, was that the UK should seek to improve up its trade with the rest of the world, outside of Europe. The success of this 'Global Britain' strategy, depends on the UK significantly scaling up its trade with other continents, with countries outside of Europe still responsible for far less trade than European ones. Brexit and EU trade At the start of 2021, the United Kingdom exited both the European Single Market and the European Customs Union, with the UK's trading relationship with the EU now determined by a new Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). Although the TCA continued tariff and quota-free goods trade between the EU and UK, a number of customs checks came into force, increasing trade friction between the two parties. The status of Northern Ireland in the initial agreement was also different from the rest of the UK. Goods entering Northern Ireland from Great Britain were initially subject to customs checks, to prevent customs checks occurring at the border with the Republic of Ireland. In February 2023, it was announced that under a new EU-UK agreement called the Windsor Framework, some goods entering Northern Ireland from Britain will be subject to fewer checks.

Public sector net debt amounted to 95.8 percent of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom during the 2024/25 financial year, or 90 percent when the Bank of England is excluded. UK government debt is at its highest levels since the early 1960s, due to a significant increase in borrowing during the COVID-19 pandemic. After peaking at 251.7 percent shortly after the end of the Second World War, government debt in the UK gradually fell, before a sharp increase in the late 2000s at the time of the global financial crisis. Debt not expected to start falling until 2029/30 In 2022/23, the UK's government expenditure was approximately 1.15 trillion pounds, around 45.3 percent of GDP. This spending was financed by 1.02 trillion pounds of revenue raised, and 1.28 billion pounds of borrowing. Although the UK government can still borrow money in the future, it also needs to abide by certain fiscal rules, one of which is that debt should be falling within a five-year timeframe. Recent forecasts suggest that while this is expected to be the case, it is based on falling government deficits in the next five years. Next government faces hard choices Whoever wins the UK's 2024 general election will face tough economic choices in the coming years. Hitting fiscal targets, such as reducing the national debt, will require a careful balancing of the books, and possibly the need for either spending cuts or tax rises. The two major parties, Labour and the Conservatives, have both ruled out raising the main government tax sources, Income Tax, National Insurance, and VAT, and have so far remained silent on possible spending cuts. With limits on borrowing, and no tax rises or spending cuts, maintaining, let alone improving public services, will prove a challenging prospect for the next government.

In the three months to April 2025, there were approximately 761,000 job vacancies in the UK, the fewest number of job vacancies since April 2021. The number of job vacancies in the United Kingdom reached a record high of 1.3 million in the three months to May 2022, with the number of vacancies steadily falling since then. During the provided time period, the number of job vacancies fell to its lowest levels in the months leading to June 2020, at just 328,000, at the height of COVID-19 restrictions. Tight labor market beginning to loosen After weathering the economic storm of COVID-19, the UK labor market has been reasonably healthy since 2021. The unemployment rate, which reached 5.1 percent in late 2020, declined in the following months, to a post-pandemic low of 3.5 percent by August 2022. Since that point, however, the unemployment rate has crept up, and was 4.4 percent in November 2024. Resignations have also started to decline, after reaching a peak of 442,000 in the second quarter of 2022, there were just 181,000 in the third quarter of 2024. Which industries are experiencing staff shortages? The percentage of businesses reporting a staff shortage in the UK reached 15.7 percent in September 2022, before falling to just 9.7 percent by October 2023, another indication of a loosening labor market. According to data from that month, approximately 1 in 4 UK businesses in the accommodation and food services had a shortage of staff, the highest of any sector, followed by human health and social work at 18.4 percent, and manufacturing at 17.6 percent. Many of the recent struggles of Britain's National Health Service are directly related to staff shortages, with the public seeing a shortage of doctors and nurses, and overworked staff as some of the main problems facing the NHS.