Since the beginning of the 21st century, the BRICS countries have been considered the five foremost developing economies in the world. Originally, the term BRIC was used by economists when talking about the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, however these countries have held annual summits since 2009, and the group has expanded to include South Africa since 2010. China has the largest GDP of the BRICS country, at 16.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2021, while the others are all below three trillion. Combined, the BRICS bloc has a GDP over 25.85 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022, which is slightly more than the United States. BRICS economic development China has consistently been the largest economy of this bloc, and its rapid growth has seen it become the second largest economy in the world, behind the U.S.. China's growth has also been much faster than the other BRICS countries; for example, when compared with the second largest BRICS economy, its GDP was less than double the size of Brazil's in 2000, but is almost six times larger than India's in 2021. Since 2000, the country with the second largest GDP has fluctuated between Brazil, Russia, and India, due to a variety of factors, although India has held this position since 2015 (when the other two experienced recession), and it's growth rate is on track to surpass China's in the coming decade. South Africa has consistently had the smallest economy of the BRICS bloc, and it has just the third largest economy in Africa; its inclusion in this group is due to the fact that it is the most advanced and stable major economy in Africa, and it holds strategic importance due to the financial potential of the continent in the coming decades. Future developments It is predicted that China's GDP will overtake that of the U.S. by the end of the 2020s, to become the largest economy in the world, while some also estimate that India will also overtake the U.S. around the middle of the century. Additionally, the BRICS group is more than just an economic or trading bloc, and its New Development Bank was established in 2014 to invest in sustainable infrastructure and renewable energy across the globe. While relations between its members were often strained or of less significance in the 20th century, their current initiatives have given them a much greater international influence. The traditional great powers represented in the Group of Seven (G7) have seen their international power wane in recent decades, while BRICS countries have seen theirs grow, especially on a regional level. Today, the original BRIC countries combine with the Group of Seven (G7), to make up 11 of the world's 12 largest economies, but it is predicted that they will move further up on this list in the coming decades.

In 2021, the BRICS countries with the highest estimated GDP per capita were Russia and China, with between 12,000 and 13,000 U.S. dollars per person. Brazil and South Africa's GDP per capita are thought to be closer to the 7,000 mark, while India's GDP per capita is just over 2,000 U.S. dollars. This a significant contrast to figures for overall GDP, where China has the largest economy by a significant margin, while India's is the second largest. The reason for this disparity is due to population size. For example, both China's population and overall GDP are roughly 10 times larger than those of Russia, which results in them having a comparable GDP per capita. Additionally, India's population is 23 times larger than South Africa's, but it's GDP is just seven times larger; this results in South Africa having a higher GDP per capita than India, despite it being the smallest of the BRICS economies.

For most of the past two decades, China had the highest GDP growth of any of the BRICS countries, although it was overtaken by India in the mid-2010s, and India is predicted to have the highest growth in the 2020s. All five countries saw their GDP growth fall during the global financial crisis in 2008, and again during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020; China was the only economy that continued to grow during both crises, although India's economy also grew during the Great Recession. In 2014, Brazil experienced its own recession due to a combination of economic and political instability, while Russia also went into recession due to the drop in oil prices and the economic sanctions imposed following its annexation of Crimea.

The BRICS countries overtook the G7 countries share of the world's total gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2018. By 2024, the difference had increased even further, the BRICS now holding a total 35 percent of the world's GDP compared to 30 percent held by the G7 countries.

The combined value of the gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) of the BRICS Plus countries increased significantly since 2000, overtaking that of the G7 in 2015. This is mainly due to the economic development of China over the past decades.

The aim of the article is to compare health system outcomes in the BRICS countries, assess the trends of their changes in 2000−2017, and verify whether they are in any way correlated with the economic context. The indicators considered were: nominal and per capita current health expenditure, government health expenditure, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, GDP growth, unemployment, inflation, and composition of GDP. The study covered five countries of the BRICS group over a period of 18 years. We decided to characterize countries covered with a dataset of selected indicators describing population health status, namely: life expectancy at birth, level of immunization, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, and tuberculosis case detection rate. We constructed a unified synthetic measure depicting the performance of individual health systems in terms of their outcomes with a single numerical value. Descriptive statistical analysis of quantitative traits consisted of the arithmetic mean (xsr), standard deviation (SD), and, where needed, the median. The normality of the distribution of variables was tested with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Spearman's rho and Kendall tau rank coefficients were used for correlation analysis between measures. The correlation analyses have been supplemented with factor analysis. We found that the best results in terms of health care system performance were recorded in Russia, China, and Brazil. India and South Africa are noticeably worse. However, the entire group performs visibly worse than the developed countries. The health system outcomes appeared to correlate on a statistically significant scale with health expenditures per capita, governments involvement in health expenditures, GDP per capita, and industry share in GDP; however, these correlations are relatively weak, with the highest strength in the case of government's involvement in health expenditures and GDP per capita. Due to weak correlation with economic background, other factors may play a role in determining health system outcomes in BRICS countries. More research should be recommended to find them and determine to what extent and how exactly they affect health system outcomes.

A brief description of the provided GDP data for G20 & BRICS countries from 2008 to 2021 in five lines:

The data represents the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of G20 countries, a group of major economies, over a 15-year period from 2008 to 2022.

It shows the varying economic sizes of G20 nations, with China and the United States consistently having the largest GDP, while smaller economies like Argentina and South Africa have considerably smaller GDPs.

Notably, the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had a significant impact, causing some countries' GDPs to contract temporarily before rebounding in 2021.

Japan, despite its size, experienced relatively stable GDP growth, while emerging economies like India and Indonesia demonstrated notable expansion over the years.

The European Union (EU) is not individually listed but represents a significant portion of the global economy, contributing to the overall global GDP figures.

The statistic shows gross domestic product (GDP) in Brazil from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. Gross domestic product denotes the aggregate value of all services and goods produced within a country in any given year. GDP is an important indicator of a country's economic power. In 2024, Brazil's gross domestic product amounted to around 2.17 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison to the GDP of the other BRIC countries India, Russia and China, Brazil was ranked third that year. Brazil's national finances Brazil is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and the largest amongst all Latin American countries. Brazil is also a member of multiple economic organizations such as the G20 as well as one of the four countries in the BRIC economies, which consist of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Despite having one of the lower populations out of the four countries, Brazil maintained a relatively stable dollar value of all goods and services produced within the country in comparison to India, for example. This indicates that unemployment is low and in general business demand within the country has become relatively high. Spending within the country has been relatively high, however is considered to be normal, especially for developing countries. It is expected that developing economies have a budget deficit of roughly 3 percent, primarily because spending is needed in order to fuel an economy at most times. However, most Brazilians still have faith in their country’s economic future and still believe that their own personal financial situation will improve along with the country’s economic position in the world.

Of the five BRICS countries, Brazil had the highest gross government debt rate in 2023 at an estimated ** percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On the other hand, Russia had the lowest at only ** percent of its GDP.

In 2025, the United States had the largest economy in the world, with a gross domestic product of over 30 trillion U.S. dollars. China had the second largest economy, at around 19.23 trillion U.S. dollars. Recent adjustments in the list have seen Germany's economy overtake Japan's to become the third-largest in the world in 2023, while Brazil's economy moved ahead of Russia's in 2024. Global gross domestic product Global gross domestic product amounts to almost 110 trillion U.S. dollars, with the United States making up more than one-quarter of this figure alone. The 12 largest economies in the world include all Group of Seven (G7) economies, as well as the four largest BRICS economies. The U.S. has consistently had the world's largest economy since the interwar period, and while previous reports estimated it would be overtaken by China in the 2020s, more recent projections estimate the U.S. economy will remain the largest by a considerable margin going into the 2030s.The gross domestic product of a country is calculated by taking spending and trade into account, to show how much the country can produce in a certain amount of time, usually per year. It represents the value of all goods and services produced during that year. Those countries considered to have emerging or developing economies account for almost 60 percent of global gross domestic product, while advanced economies make up over 40 percent.

The graph shows per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in China until 2024, with forecasts until 2030. In 2024, per capita GDP reached around 13,300 U.S. dollars in China. That year, the overall GDP of China had amounted to 18.7 trillion U.S. dollars. Per capita GDP in China Gross domestic product is a commonly-used economic indicator for measuring the state of a country's economy. GDP is the total market value of goods and services produced in a country within a given period of time, usually a year. Per capita GDP is defined as the GDP divided by the total number of people in the country. This indicator is generally used to compare the economic prosperity of countries with varying population sizes.In 2010, China overtook Japan and became the world’s second-largest economy. As of 2024, it was the largest exporter and the second largest importer in the world. However, one reason behind its economic strength lies within its population size. China has to distribute its wealth among 1.4 billion people. By 2023, China's per capita GDP was only about one fourth as large as that of main industrialized countries. When compared to other emerging markets, China ranked second among BRIC countries in terms of GDP per capita. Future development According to projections by the IMF, per capita GDP in China will escalate from around 13,300 U.S. dollars in 2024 to 18,600 U.S. dollars in 2030. Major reasons for this are comparatively high economic growth rates combined with negative population growth. China's economic structure is also undergoing changes. A major trend lies in the shift from an industry-based to a service-based economy.

The size of the five original BRICS economies in 2023 - Brazil, Russia, China, India, South Africa - is comparable to the United States and the EU-27 put together. On a PPP (purchasing power parity) basis, China ranks as the world's largest economy. India takes up the economic parity of about **** the EU-27. The rise of these developing economies gave rise to questions on the role the United States plays in international trade and cross-border finance. FX reserve managers around the world expect to shift their holdings towards the Chinese yuan in the long term, as of 2023.

Since 2000, China has consistently been the largest exporter of goods among the BRICS countries, and its share of exports from the bloc has increased significantly. In the year 2000, China's share of BRICS exports was just over ** percent; in 2020, this share has risen to ** percent. Among the other BRICS countries, Russia has always had the second-largest share of exports, and South Africa the smallest, while India overtook Brazil in 2009.

The statistic shows Mexico’s GDP from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, Mexico’s GDP amounted to approximately 1.85 trillion U.S. dollars.Economy of MexicoGDP is an indicator primarily used to gauge the state and health of a national economy. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services that have been produced within national borders in a given period of time, usually a year. GDP gives us an insight into a country’s economic development over a period of time, how its development fits in with international shifts and how it is affected by the factors that affect market economies.The demand among some segments of the Chinese workforce for fairer payment, coupled with higher transportations costs, have been key factors in increasing the competitiveness of Mexican manufacturing, with some suggestions being made that it is already cheaper than China for the many industries that serve the lucrative United States market. The Mexican economy is, however, far from trouble-free. And although the gross domestic product in Mexico has been increasing, it is showing that it is struggling to match up to the fast pace of growth and prosperity being seen in some of the BRIC countries, as well as the usual suspects of economic success, the United States, Canada and others.Inequality in Mexico remains a huge problem. The education system in the federation’s thirty-one states is in dire need of reform, and in some of the states, especially in those closest to the US border, brutal criminal drug lords'rule. It is important for Mexicans that they embrace the opportunity that they find themselves presented with at present and harness the energy of their large population , the newly arrived foreigners and their educated youth, in order to provide the country with the future prosperity that it most desperately needs.

This article employs a Panel Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) approach to investigate the interaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), fossil fuel, renewable energy consumption, trade, and their collective impact on life expectancy within the BRICS nations. The research reveals compelling findings. Notably, CO2 emissions and trade openness exhibit negative and statistically significant impact on life expectancy. In contrast, GDP per capita and renewable energy consumption are positive and significant determinants of longer life expectancy. The nuanced outcomes underscore the complex interplay of economic, environmental, and social factors within the BRICS nations. The effects found by PMG-ARDL and FMOLS are very comparable, except for the trade openness’ coefficients, which is the inverse. These findings hold significant implications for policy interpretation and sustainable development strategies. As nations struggle to balance economic growth and environmental improvement with public health, tailored interventions targeting CO2 reduction, trade openness, renewable energy, and GDP growth can collectively contribute to longer life expectancy. In a broader context, this research contributes to the global discourse on sustainability, economic improvement, and health issue.

This dataset contains the variables used in this power sector policy paper, expect CO2 emission intensity (IEA database) data due to IEA licensing agreement as the product was purchased from them. The dataset contains data on 34 OECD countries (while the analysis only included 34) and 5 BRICS countries, from 2000 - 2018.

The variables used in the analysis are: - CO2 emission intensity per KWh (Data not included due to copy right from IEA, 3 example data points included for refererence). - Emission trading system price, both national and with adjusted price by relative size for sub-national systems (Cross-referenced from several sources). - Feed-in tariffs for solar PV and wind (OECD.Stat database). - Public environmental R&D and patent data on climate change mitigation technologies related to (1) energy generation, transmission or distribution (OECD.Stat green growth database). - Industrial energy consumption (OECD.Stat database). - GDP per capita, Industry share of GDP, Residental electricity consumption (World bank indicators). - Installed renewable energy capacity (IRENA database).

This article employs a Panel Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) approach to investigate the interaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), fossil fuel, renewable energy consumption, trade, and their collective impact on life expectancy within the BRICS nations. The research reveals compelling findings. Notably, CO2 emissions and trade openness exhibit negative and statistically significant impact on life expectancy. In contrast, GDP per capita and renewable energy consumption are positive and significant determinants of longer life expectancy. The nuanced outcomes underscore the complex interplay of economic, environmental, and social factors within the BRICS nations. The effects found by PMG-ARDL and FMOLS are very comparable, except for the trade openness’ coefficients, which is the inverse. These findings hold significant implications for policy interpretation and sustainable development strategies. As nations struggle to balance economic growth and environmental improvement with public health, tailored interventions targeting CO2 reduction, trade openness, renewable energy, and GDP growth can collectively contribute to longer life expectancy. In a broader context, this research contributes to the global discourse on sustainability, economic improvement, and health issue.

Title:
The Invisible Art Market: Informal Networks, Symbolic Capital, and Market Activity in Latin America

DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.15383517

Creators:
Brown, Scott (University of Puerto Rico – Río Piedras, Professor of Finance)

Description:
This dataset supports the empirical analysis presented in “The Invisible Art Market: Informal Networks, Symbolic Capital, and Market Activity in Latin America.” The study investigates how weak institutional frameworks, symbolic capital, and informal networks shape national art market development, with a special focus on BRIC countries and Latin America.

The dataset integrates four key sources:

• Art Sales Data (2021–2024) across Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) compiled from Artprice and Art Basel reports.

• Macroeconomic indicators from the World Bank’s GDP data.

• Institutional quality metrics using the International Property Rights Index (IPRI) and V-Dem rule of law variables.

A regression analysis (replicable via the art_market_brics.py Python script) demonstrates that stronger property rights (IPRI) and higher GDP are statistically associated with increased national art sales, even in non-Western economies. The data and code comply with FAIR principles and are structured for open replication and policy use.

Files included:

• art_market_brics.py (Python code to replicate regression models)

• BRIC_Art_Sales_2021_2024.csv (manually extracted and cleaned auction turnover data)

• GDP.csv (World Bank GDP data 2021–2024)

• IPRI_Country_Tables_Manual.xlsx (Institutional property rights index data, 2024)

• vdem_variables_filtered_1996_onward.xlsx (Governance data on Rule of Law from V-Dem)

Keywords:
art market, cultural economics, symbolic capital, institutional economics, BRIC countries, Latin America, intellectual property rights, informal economy, governance, development policy, Hernando de Soto

Subjects:

• Economics and Econometrics

• Cultural Studies

• Development Studies

• Public Policy

• Law and Society

License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Language:
English

Version:
1.0

Publication Date:
2025-05-13

Publisher:
Zenodo

Funding:
None (institutionally unfunded, conducted at a public university under resource constraints)

Related Works:
This dataset underpins the paper:
Brown, S. M. (2025). The Invisible Art Market: Symbolic Capital, Informal Institutions, and Development Constraints in Latin America [Manuscript in preparation].

In 2023, the G7 countries of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States held ** percent of the global gross domestic product (GDP). In 2029, that figure is projected to drop to ** percent. Considering the other G20 countries, excluding the G7 countries, the GDP is expected to account for around ** percent of the global GDP in 2029.

Fitness variation from 2003 to 2013 of the states: São Paulo, Paraná, Ceará, and Roraima.