Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for British Columbia produced by GeoBC. This data is the TRIM DEM converted to the Canadian Digital Elevation Data (CDED)format. The data consists of an ordered array of ground or reflective surface elevations, recorded in metres, at regularly spaced intervals. The spacing of the grid points is .75 arc seconds north/south. The data was converted into 1:50,000 grids for distribution. The scale of this modified data is 1:250,000 which was captured from the original source data which was at a scale of 1:20,000. The CDED format specification are available at ftp://ftp.geogratis.gc.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/elevation/cdem_mnec/doc/CDEM_product_specs.pdf

The 3 arc-second British Columbia DEM will be used to support NOAA's tsunami forecast system and for tsunami inundation modeling. This DEM covers the coastal area off-shore British Columbia.

The High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (HRDEM) product is derived from airborne LiDAR data (mainly in the south) and satellite images in the north. The complete coverage of the Canadian territory is gradually being established. It includes a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and other derived data. For DTM datasets, derived data available are slope, aspect, shaded relief, color relief and color shaded relief maps and for DSM datasets, derived data available are shaded relief, color relief and color shaded relief maps. The productive forest line is used to separate the northern and the southern parts of the country. This line is approximate and may change based on requirements. In the southern part of the country (south of the productive forest line), DTM and DSM datasets are generated from airborne LiDAR data. They are offered at a 1 m or 2 m resolution and projected to the UTM NAD83 (CSRS) coordinate system and the corresponding zones. The datasets at a 1 m resolution cover an area of 10 km x 10 km while datasets at a 2 m resolution cover an area of 20 km by 20 km. In the northern part of the country (north of the productive forest line), due to the low density of vegetation and infrastructure, only DSM datasets are generally generated. Most of these datasets have optical digital images as their source data. They are generated at a 2 m resolution using the Polar Stereographic North coordinate system referenced to WGS84 horizontal datum or UTM NAD83 (CSRS) coordinate system. Each dataset covers an area of 50 km by 50 km. For some locations in the north, DSM and DTM datasets can also be generated from airborne LiDAR data. In this case, these products will be generated with the same specifications as those generated from airborne LiDAR in the southern part of the country. The HRDEM product is referenced to the Canadian Geodetic Vertical Datum of 2013 (CGVD2013), which is now the reference standard for heights across Canada. Source data for HRDEM datasets is acquired through multiple projects with different partners. Since data is being acquired by project, there is no integration or edgematching done between projects. The tiles are aligned within each project. The product High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (HRDEM) is part of the CanElevation Series created in support to the National Elevation Data Strategy implemented by NRCan. Collaboration is a key factor to the success of the National Elevation Data Strategy. Refer to the “Supporting Document” section to access the list of the different partners including links to their respective data.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for British Columbia produced by GeoBC. This data is the TRIM DEM converted to the Canadian Digital Elevation Data (CDED)format. The data consists of an ordered array of ground or reflective surface elevations, recorded in metres, at regularly spaced intervals. The spacing of the grid points is .75 arc seconds north/south. The data was converted into 1:50,000 grids for distribution. The scale of this modified data is 1:250,000 which was captured from the original source data which was at a scale of 1:20,000. The CDED format specification are available at ftp://ftp.geogratis.gc.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/elevation/cdem_mnec/doc/CDEM_product_specs.pdf

SalishSeaCast NEMO Model Grid, Geo-location and Bathymetry, v21-08

Longitude, latitude, and bathymetry of the SalishSeaCast NEMO model grid. The bathymetry values are those calculated by NEMO from the input bathymetry file. NEMO modifies the input bathymetry to remove isolated holes, and too-small partial steps; See the ubcSSn2DMeshMaskV21-08 dataset for the complete details of the calculation grid. The model grid includes the Juan de Fuca Strait, the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and Johnstone Strait on the coasts of Washington State and British Columbia.

v1: longitude, latitude and bathymetry variables v16-07: same variables, bathymetry uniformly deepened by 1 grid level, smoothed at Juan de Fuca & Johnstone Strait open boundaries, Fraser River lengthened, bathymetry deepened near mouth of Fraser River v17-02: same variables, Bathymetry composed from 3 datasets: * USGS Digital elevation model (DEM) of Cascadia, latitude 39N-53N, longitude 116W-133W, Open-File Report 99-369, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr99369 * NOAA British Columbia, 3 arc-second MSL DEM, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dem/squareCellGrid/download/4956 * CHS Multibeam data and all point cloud data for the Salish Sea. Straightened and smoothed Juan de Fuca & Johnstone Strait open boundaries. Added proxy channel for Fraser River upstream of confluence with the Pitt River. Adjustments by Michael Dunphy to increase resolution of Fraser River channels downstream of confluence with the Pitt River. v21-08: same variables, Bathymetry composed from 3 datasets: * USGS Digital elevation model (DEM) of Cascadia, latitude 39N-53N, longitude 116W-133W, Open-File Report 99-369, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr99369 * NOAA British Columbia, 3 arc-second MSL DEM, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dem/squareCellGrid/download/4956 * CHS Multibeam data and all point cloud data for the Salish Sea. Straightened and smoothed Juan de Fuca & Johnstone Strait open boundaries. Added proxy channel for Fraser River upstream of confluence with the Pitt River. Adjustments by Michael Dunphy to increase resolution of Fraser River channels downstream of confluence with the Pitt River. Moved coastline to 2m isobath and set depth there to 4m; in contrast to 4m depth at 0m isobath; volume is approximately conserved. Deepened Tacoma Narrows to chart depth. Added Fraser River North Arm spit, Iona sewage outfall spit, Robert's Bank port facility, and Tsawwassen ferry terminal. _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.7.4,hdf5=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS), National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), United States Geological Service (USGS), Digital Research Alliance of Canada

This product has been produced by the University of British Columbia based in part on Canadian Hydrographic Service charts and/or data, pursuant to CHS Direct User Licence No. 2016-0504-1260-U.

The incorporation of data sourced from CHS in this product shall not be construed as constituting an endorsement of CHS of this product.

This product does not meet the requirements of Charts and Nautical Publications Regulations, 1995 under the Canadian Shipping Act, 2001. Official charts and publications, corrected and up-to-data, must be used to meet the requirements of those regulations. cdm_data_type=Grid Conventions=CF-1.6, COARDS, ACDD-1.3 history=[2021-08-06 09:57:36] Created netCDF4 zlib=True dataset. infoUrl=https://salishsea.eos.ubc.ca/ institution=UBC EOAS institution_fullname=Dept of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords project=SalishSeaCast NEMO Model references=https://github.com/SalishSeaCast/grid/blob/main/bathymetry_202108.nc source=https://github.com/SalishSeaCast/tools/blob/main/bathymetry/Process202108Bathymetry.ipynb sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v91

The joint Natural Resources Canada/Department of Fisheries and Oceans Marine Spatial Planning Program requires the highest resolution marine based bathymetric elevation data and adjacent land based topographic elevation data that are available. This digital elevation model of Canada's west coast compiles the best data available from multiple government agencies to create a regional model gridded at 10 meter spacing. The transitions between the marine and terrestrial areas are seamless creating a continuous surface of elevations for scientific research and mapping.

ASCII Digital Elevation model derived from 2015 UBC Vancouver campus lidar.

Ce modèle numérique d'altitude (MNT) a été créé à partir du jeu de données de terrain principal (MTD) de Hakai au moyen de l'outil « MNT to raster » dans ArcGIS for Desktop d'ESRI à l'aide d'une méthode d'échantillonnage Natural Neighbour. Le DEM a été créé en mode natif à une résolution de 3 m. Ce DEM a été fixé à une zone tampon à 10 m du rivage. Une combinaison de différentes altitudes autour de l'île a été utilisée pour créer le rivage.

Le MNT qui en résulte est un modèle d'élévation hydroaplati en terre nue et donc considéré comme « topographiquement complet ». Chaque pixel représente l'altitude en mètres au-dessus du niveau moyen de la mer de la terre nue à cet endroit. Le système de référence vertical est le « Système de référence géodésique vertical canadien 1928 » (CGVD28).

Hakai a produit des DEM à différentes résolutions de manière native directement à partir du MTD des données LiDAR. Pour vos recherches, veuillez utiliser le produit de résolution approprié parmi ceux produits par Hakai. Afin de maintenir l'homogénéité, il n'est pas recommandé de procéder à un suréchantillonnage ou à une mise à l'échelle supérieure à partir de produits de résolution supérieure car cela pourrait introduire et propager des erreurs de différentes grandeurs dans les analyses en cours ; veuillez utiliser des produits déjà disponibles, et si vous avez besoin d'une résolution non disponible, contactez data@hakai.org afin d'obtenir un DEM produit directement à partir du MTD.

Les DEM topographiquement complets suivants ont été produits en mode natif à partir du DTM par Hakai :

MNE topographiquement complète de 3 m. Ce produit a été utilisé pour produire les ensembles de données hydrologiques de Hakai (cours d'eau et bassins versants) DEM Topographiquement complet de 20 m. Compatible avec les mesures du couvert végétal de Hakai et les rasters associés. MNT topographiquement complet de 25 m. Compatible avec les produits de données TRIM BCGov. DEM Topographiquement complet de 30 m. Compatible avec les produits STRM.

Création du jeu de données de terrain principal

Nuages de points LiDAR issus de missions effectuées en 2012 et 2014 au-dessus de l'île Calvert où ils ont été chargés (XYZ uniquement) dans une classe d'entités ponctuelles d'une géodatabase ESRI.

Seul le sol (classe 2) renvoie l'endroit où il est chargé dans la géodatabase.

Le « jeu de données de MNT » ESRI a été créé dans la même géodatabase à l'aide des points LiDAR en tant que points de masse intégrés.

Les lacs et les étangs TEM Plus avec des valeurs d'altitude moyennes au-dessus des miroirs des plans d'eau ont été utilisés comme lignes de rupture de remplacement dur pour obtenir un hydroaplatissement.

La géométrie d'emprise minimale de toutes les étendues de fichiers LAS contigus a été utilisée comme masque de découpe souple lors de la création du jeu de données de MNT en tant que limite de projet.

Le système de coordonnées horizontales et le datum utilisés pour le jeu de données de MNT sont : UTM Zone 9 NAD1983 ; le système de référence vertical a été défini sur CGVD28. Les deux systèmes de référence correspondent au système de référence natif des nuages de points LiDAR.

L'espacement minimal des points défini pendant la création du jeu de données de MNT a été défini sur 1.

AutoCAD contours of the UBC Vancouver campus at 0.25m intervals. Data in AutoCAD .dwg format. Projection: NAD83 / UTM zone 10N (EPSG:26910).

Machine learning algorithms have been widely adopted in the monitoring ecosystem. British Columbia suffers from grassland degradation but the province does not have an accurate spatial database for effective grassland management. Moreover, computational power and storage space remain two of the limiting factors in developing the database. In this study, we leverage supervised machine learning algorithms using the Google Earth Engine to better annual grassland inventory through an automated process. The pilot study was conducted over the Rocky Mountain district. We compared two different classification algorithms: the Random forest, and the Support vector machine. Training data was sampled through stratified and grided sampling. 19 predictor variables were chosen from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imageries and relevant topological derivatives, spectral indices, and textural indices using a wrapper-based feature selection method. The resultant map was post-processed to remove land features that were confounded with grasslands. Random forest was chosen as the prototype because the algorithm predicted features relevant to the project’s scope at relatively higher accuracy (67% - 86%) than its counterparts (50% - 76%). The prototype was good at delineating the boundaries between treed and non-treed areas and ferreting out opened patches among closed forests. These opened patches are usually disregarded by the VRI but they are deemed essential to grassland stewardship and wildlife ecologists. The prototype demonstrated the feasibility of automating grassland delineation by a Random forest classifier using the Google Earth Engine. Furthermore, grassland stewards can use the product to identify monitoring and restoration areas strategically in the future.

Tseax volcano erupted ∼ 250 years ago in NW British Columbia, Canada producing tephra deposits and lava flows. Field mapping has defined the stratigraphy of Tseax and the lava flow morphologies. Aerial photogrammetry and bathymetry surveys were used to create a high resolution digital elevation model of the volcano to facilitate mapping and estimates of erupted material volumes. Tseax volcano (∼ 10.4 ± 0.7 × 106 m3) comprises an outer breached spatter rampart and an inner conical tephra cone. Tseax is associated with a 32 km long and 0.49 ± 0.08 km3 basanite-to-tephrite lava flow field covering ∼ 36 km2 and divided into 4 distinct lava flows with heterogeneous surface morphologies. We present a volcanological map of Tseax volcano at a scale of 1:22,500. This will serve as supporting information for further research on the eruptive history of Tseax volcano and the lava flow field emplacement.

Grille modèle NEMO de la mer de Salish, géolocalisation et bathymétrie, v17-02

Longitude, latitude et bathymétrie de la grille modèle NEMO de la mer des Salish. Les valeurs bathymétriques sont celles calculées par NEMO à partir du fichier bathymétrie en entrée. NEMO modifie la bathymétrie d'entrée pour supprimer les trous isolés et les étapes partielles trop petites. Voir l'ensemble de données UBCSSn2DMeshMaskv17-02 pour obtenir les détails complets de la grille de calcul. La grille du modèle comprend le détroit Juan de Fuca, le détroit de Georgia, le détroit de Puget et le détroit de Johnstone sur les côtes de l'État de Washington et de la Colombie-Britannique.

v1 : variables de longitude, de latitude et de bathymétrie

v16-07 : mêmes variables, bathymétrie uniformément approfondie par un niveau de grille, lissée aux limites ouvertes du détroit Juan de Fuca et Johnstone, fleuve Fraser allongé, bathymétrie approfondie près de l'embouchure du fleuve Fraser

v17-02 : mêmes variables, bathymétrie composée de 3 ensembles de données : USGS Digital elevation model (MNT) de Cascadia, latitude 39N-53N, longitude 116W-133W, Open-File Report 99-369, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr99369 ; NOAA Colombie-Britannique, 3 secondes MSL DEM, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dem/squareCellGrid/download/4956 ; Données multifaisceaux du SHC et toutes les données de nuages de points pour la mer des Salish. Lissé à Juan de Fuca et au détroit de Johnstone ouvert les limites. Canal substitut pour le fleuve Fraser en amont de la confluence avec la rivière Pitt. Ajustements effectués par Michael Dunphy pour augmenter la résolution des chenaux du fleuve Fraser en aval de la confluence avec la rivière Pitt.

This data layer is part of a collection of GIS data created for the Okanagan Mainstem Floodplain Mapping Project. Notes below apply to the entire project data set.***Download Size is 12.5 GBGeneral Notes1. Please refer to the Disclaimer further below.2. Please review the associated project reports before using the floodplain maps: Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. (NHC). 2020. ‘Okanagan Mainstem Floodplain Mapping Project’. Report prepared for the Okanagan Basin Water Board (OBWB). 31 March 2020. NHC project number 3004430. Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. (NHC). 2021. ‘Okanagan Mainstem Floodplain Mapping Project – Development of CGVD1928 Floodplain Mapping’. Letter report prepared for the Okanagan Basin Water Board (OBWB). 30 March 2021. NHC project number 3006034.Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. (NHC). 2022. ‘Supplemental to the Okanagan Mainstem Floodplain Mapping Project – Current Operations Flood Construction Levels for Okanagan and Wood-Kalamalka Lakes’. Report prepared for the Okanagan Basin Water Board (OBWB). Final. 16 August 2022. NHC project number 3006613.3. These floodplain mapping layers delineate flood inundation extents under the specific flood events. Tributaries are not included in mapping.4. The mapped inundation is based on the calculated water level. Freeboard, wind effects, and wave effects have been added to the calculated water level where noted.5. Where noted, a freeboard allowance of 0.6 m has been added to the calculated flood water level. It has been added to account for local variations in water level and uncertainty in the underlying data and modelling.6. Where noted, the FCL (or COFCL) included in lake mapping layers includes an allowance for wind setup and wave runup based on co-occurrence of the seasonal 200-year wind event. The wind and wave effects extend 40 m shoreward to delineate the expected limit of wave effects. Beyond this limit the FCL (or COFCL) is based on inundation of the flood event without wave effects. Wave effects have been calculated based on generalized shoreline profile and roughness for each shoreline reach. Site specific runup analysis by a Qualified Registrant may be warranted to refine the generalized wave effects shown, which could increase or decrease the FCL (or COFCL) by as much as a metre.7. Underlying hydraulic analysis assumes channel and shoreline geometry is stationary. Erosion, deposition, degradation, and aggradation are expected to occur and may alter actual observed flood levels and extents. Obstructions, such as log-jams, local storm water inflows or other land drainage, groundwater, or tributary flows may cause flood levels to exceed those indicated on the maps.8. The Okanagan floodplain is subject to persistent ponding due to poor drainage. Persistent ponding is not covered by the flood inundation mapping.9. For flood level maps (water level and inundation extents):a. Layers for each flood scenario describe inundation extents, water surface elevations, and depths.b. The calculated water level has been extended perpendicular to flow across the floodplain; thus mapping inundation of isolated areas regardless of likelihood of inundation; whether it be from dike failure, seepage, or local inflows. Distant isolated areas may be conservatively mapped as inundated. Site specific judgement by a Qualified Professional is required to determine validity of isolated inundation.c. Filtering was used to remove isolated areas smaller than 100 m2. Holes in the inundation extent with areas less than 100 m2 were also removed. Isolated areas larger than 100 m2 are included in GIS data layers and are shown on maps if they are within 40 metres of direct inundation or within 40 metres of other retained polygons.d. Okanagan Dam breach, dam overtopping, or overtopping and breaching of Penticton Beach were not modelled. Inundation downstream of the Okanagan Dam on the left bank floodplain is based on river modelling with the assumption that Okanagan Lake levels will not overtop Lakeshore Drive and adjacent high ground. For the design flood scenarios, inundation mapping on the right bank of the Okanagan River from the Okanagan Dam downstream to the Highway 97 bridge and Burnaby Avenue is based on additional lake and river modelling. For other flood scenarios, river and lake inundation has been mapped separately and has not been integrated on the right bank. Inundation mapping on the right bank is based on river modelling as far as the most upstream modelled river cross section.10. For flood hazard maps (depth and velocity):a. Layers describe flood water depths and velocities. Depths and velocities are based on the maximum values from three modelled scenarios: all dikes removed, left bank dikes removed, and right bank dikes removed. Depths do not include freeboard.b. All hazard layers were modelled with the same parameters and boundary conditions as the design flood.11. Flood modelling and mapping is based on a digital elevation model (DEM) with the following coordinate system and datum specifications: Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 11-N (UTM Zone 11-N), North American Datum 1983 Canadian Spatial Reference System epoch 2002.0 (NAD83 CSRS (2002.0)), Canadian Geodetic Vertical Datum 2013 (CGVD2013), Canadian Gravimetric Geoid model of 2013 (CGG2013). FCL values are presented on the maps in both CGVD2013 and CGVD1928 vertical datums. CGVD1928 values are based on the following specifications: NAD83 CSRS (2002.0), CGVD1928, Height Transformation version 2.0 epoch 1997 (HTv2.0 (1997)). COFCL and COFCL values are presented only in CGVD2013.12. The accuracy of simulated flood levels is limited by the reliability and extent of water level, flow, and climatic data. The accuracy of the floodplain extents is limited by the accuracy of the design flood flow, the hydraulic model, and the digital surface representation of local topography. Localized areas above or below the mapped inundation maybe generalized. Therefore, floodplain maps should be considered an administrative tool that indicates flood elevations and floodplain boundaries for a designated flood. A qualified professional is to be consulted for site-specific engineering analysis.13. Industry best practices were followed to generate the floodplain maps. However, actual flood levels and extents may vary from those shown. OBWB and NHC do not assume any liability for variations of flood levels and extents from that shown.Data Sources Design flood events are based on hydrologic modelling of the Okanagan River watershed. The hydraulic response is based on a combination of 1D and 2D numerical models developed by NHC using HEC-RAS software, and NHC SWAN models. The hydraulic models are calibrated to the 2017 flood event and validated to the 2018 flood event; due to limits on data availability the hydrologic model is calibrated using data from 1980-2010. The digital elevation model (DEM) used to develop the model and mapping is based on Lidar data collected from March to November 2018 and provided by Emergency Management BC (EMBC), channel survey conducted by WSP in March, April, and June 2019, and additional survey data. See accompanying report for details NHC (2020).DisclaimerThis document has been prepared by Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. for the benefit of Okanagan Basin Water Board, Regional District of North Okanagan, Regional District of Central Okanagan, Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen, Okanagan Nation Alliance for specific application to the Okanagan Mainstem Floodplain Mapping Project, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada (Ellison, Wood, Kalamalka, Okanagan, Skaha, Vaseux, and Osoyoos lakes and Okanagan River from Okanagan Lake to Osoyoos Lake). The information and data contained herein represent Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. best professional judgment in light of the knowledge and information available to Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. at the time of preparation, and was prepared in accordance with generally accepted engineering practices.Except as required by law, this document and the information and data contained herein are to be treated as confidential and may be used and relied upon only by Okanagan Basin Water Board, Regional District of North Okanagan, Regional District of Central Okanagan, Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen, Okanagan Nation Alliance, its officers and employees. Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. denies any liability whatsoever to other parties who may obtain access to this document for any injury, loss or damage suffered by such parties arising from their use of, or reliance upon, this report or any of its contents.Data Layer List and Descriptions<!--· River / Lake Model Boundary -River / Lake Model Boundary (NHC): Boundary between Okanagan River and Okanagan Lake modelling and mapping areas for design and flood mapping.Recommended Design Flood (gates open): Ellison, Skaha, Vaseux, and Osoyoos lakeso Lake Shoreline Flood Construction Level (FCL) Zone – Recommended Design Flood with Freeboard and Wave Effect (NHC): Zone defined based on approximate shoreline and the wave breaking boundary plus a buffer; FCLs defined by zone along shoreline; shoreline FCLs take precedence over lake inundation FCLs.o Lake Flood Construction Level (FCL) Zone (Inundation Extent) – Recommended Design Flood with Freeboard (NHC): Design flood inundation extent with freeboard. Design event varies by lake, plus wind setup, plus mid-century climate change; plus freeboard 0.6m.o Lake Inundation Extent – Recommended Design Flood without Freeboard (NHC): Design flood inundation extent without freeboard. Design event varies by lake, plus wind setup, plus mid-century climate change.o Depth Grids§ Ellison Lake Depth – Recommended Design without Freeboard (NHC): ELLISON LAKE: 200-YEAR MID-CENTURY. Design flood depth

Watershed boundary delineated for Canada-BC hydrometric stations. Currently, watersheds were delineated using 1:50,000 scale boundaries in 1996, and many watersheds encompass entire drainages, instead of just the upstream watersheds. Note - Not yet available, but we are in the process of generating BC hydrometric station upstream watersheds using updated base data, using the following method: Within BC, watershed boundaries are based on the 1:20,000-scale Freshwater Atlas fundamental watersheds, and trimmed using the BC TRIM DEM used to approximate the height-of-land at the station locations. Outside of BC, but within Canada, watershed boundaries were approximated using Canada CDED DEM data for delineation (no "stream burning" was used) and some manual editing of boundaries was done to approximately match hydrology data after the fact. Within U.S.A., the USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset was used (at the best scale available for each drainage) to delineate the watershed boundary, with the watershed trimmed using the USGS National Elevation Dataset to approximate the height-of-land when necessary.

This dataset provides LiDAR derived stream locations for Calvert and Hecate Islands, British Columbia. Stream locations were delineated from a 3 m digital elevation model (DEM). For each stream segment, the dataset includes a unique identifier and Strahler stream order assignment.

This dataset is the result of “traditional” hydrological modeling conducted using the 2012 and 2014 LiDAR-based topographically complete bare earth DEM with a 10 m buffer around the coastline to ensure all modeled streams reach the ocean. After extraction, stream networks were clipped to the shoreline of the Island.

Although this LiDAR derived stream network represents a large improvement over the best alternative stream map for the area – in terms of spatial accuracy and resolution – appropriate caution should be used when interpreting the modeled stream locations, given the methodology used.

Hydrologic modelling of drainage networks from digital elevation models can produce drainage systems of varying detail (density and length of small tributary streams) depending on the thresholds used to define initiation of streams. We defined a stream initiation threshold by selecting a “net flow accumulation value” that best agreed with stream occurrence and initiation observed on aerial imagery and in the field. Net flow accumulation is obtained by taking the Log (base 10) of the flow accumulation raster produced during the hydrologic modelling exercise. We examined net flow accumulation values of 2.0 through 4.0 (in increments of 0.5), ultimately selecting a single value of 3.0 because it appeared to best determine stream initiation for the overall study area. Based on our field observations – which were opportunistic and of limited extent – higher values tend to omit observed surface channels and lower values tend to predict streams where surface channels are not observed. With a threshold value of 3.0, headwater stream reaches alternate between surface and subsurface flow, depending on local soil conditions. Choosing a single value for the entire landscape likely means that streams are over predicted in some areas and under predicted in others, depending on local conditions (e.g., terrain, soil type and depth). Modeling stream initiation as a function of local conditions could improve the stream network map but would require a large and representative sample of field observations.

Dataset Contributors: Hakai Institute, Santiago Gonzalez Arriola, Gordon W. Frazer, Ian Giesbrecht, Bill Floyd, Keith Holmes.

Currently, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scans have been used to produce 1m & 5m digital elevation models (DEMs) throughout many important drainages across the province and are ideal candidates to effectively inform vegetation classification within floodplain and riparian ecosystems. These ecosystems are highly influenced by fluctuating freshwater regimes and are invaluable in providing, regulating, and supporting various ecosystem functions. This paper explored the extent that various floodplain characteristics, including bench heights and overall floodplain extent, can be modelled using a readily available 1m DEM within the Date Creek Research Forest (DCRF) in northwestern British Columbia (BC), Canada. Stream paths were derived from a flow accumulation analysis of the DEM. These paths highlighted how the pre-existing river feature network, the Freshwater Atlas, differed up to 230.8m, with a median distance between segments being 23.4m. Bench height transition areas were easily identifiable considering slope and curvature, yet further research is needed to classify areas of the varying benches across the landscape. The Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) method was used to assess floodplain extent using peak water depth values observed at nearby water survey of Canada hydrometric stations. Overall, the HAND method is limited to generating water height along flow paths that drain into the main stream, and such are inaccurate in demonstrating any spill over into adjacent braided river channels. This paper demonstrates the inadequacies of using the HAND method to define floodplain extent within braided river channels common throughout BC floodplains and therefore concludes that alternative methods should be employed when expanding floodplain prediction to other rivers systems within the province.

CanVec contains more than 60 topographic features classes organized into 8 themes: Transport Features, Administrative Features, Hydro Features, Land Features, Manmade Features, Elevation Features, Resource Management Features and Toponymic Features. This multiscale product originates from the best available geospatial data sources covering Canadian territory. It offers quality topographic information in vector format complying with international geomatics standards. CanVec can be used in Web Map Services (WMS) and geographic information systems (GIS) applications and used to produce thematic maps. Because of its many attributes, CanVec allows for extensive spatial analysis. Related Products: Constructions and Land Use in Canada - CanVec Series - Manmade Features Lakes, Rivers and Glaciers in Canada - CanVec Series - Hydrographic Features Administrative Boundaries in Canada - CanVec Series - Administrative Features Mines, Energy and Communication Networks in Canada - CanVec Series - Resources Management Features Wooded Areas, Saturated Soils and Landscape in Canada - CanVec Series - Land Features Transport Networks in Canada - CanVec Series - Transport Features Elevation in Canada - CanVec Series - Elevation Features Map Labels - CanVec Series - Toponymic Features

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data of the City of Vancouver and UBC Endowment Lands with an Area of Interest (AOI) covering a total of 134 square kilometers.​Data products includes a classification that defines "bare earth" ground surface, water and of the upper most surface defined by vegetation cover, buildings and other structures.Data accessEach of the 181 polygons on the map or rows in the table provides corresponding link to the data in LAS format (zipped, file sizes range from 16.45MB to 2.74GB).AttributesPoint data was classified as:Unclassified;Bare-earth and low grass;Low vegetation (height <2m);High vegetation (height >2m);Water;Buildings;Other; andNoise (noise points, blunders, outliners, etc) Note​The 2022 LiDAR data is being utilized for initiatives including land management, planning, hazard assessment, (e.g. floods, landslides, lava flows, and tsunamis), urban forestry, storm drainage, and watershed analysis. Data currency​Aerial LiDAR was acquired on September 7th and September 9th, 2022 and is current as of those dates. Data accuracyThe LiDAR data is positioned with a mean density of approximately 49 points per square metreSidelap: minimum of 60% in north-south and east-west directionsVertical accuracy: 0.081 metre (95% confidence level)Coordinate system​The map of grid cells on this portal is in WGS 84 but the LiDAR data in the LAS files are in the following coordinate system:Projection: UTM Zone 10 (Central Meridian 123 West)Hz Datum: NAD 83 (CSRS) 4.0.0.BC.1.GVRDVertical Datum: CGVD28GVRDMetro Vancouver Geoid (HTMVBC00_Abbbyn.zip) Websites for further information City boundary dataset