Contained within the 1st Edition (1906) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows two maps. The maps show the density of population per square mile for every township in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Alberta, circa 1901. The statistics from the 1901 census are used, yet the population of Saskatchewan and Alberta is shown as confined within the vicinity of the railways, this is because the railways have been brought up to date of publication, 1906. Cities and towns of 5000 inhabitants or more are shown as black dots. The size of the circle is proportionate to the population. The map uses eight classes, seven of which are shades of brown, more densely populated portions are shown in the darker tints. Numbers make it clear which class is being shown in any one township. Major railway systems are shown. The map also displays the rectangular survey system which records the land that is available to the public. This grid like system is divided into sections, townships, range, and meridian from mid-Manitoba to Alberta.

Contained within the 2nd Edition (1915) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows two maps. The first map shows the density of population per square mile for every township in British Columbia and Alberta, circa 1911. The second map shows the density of population per square mile for every township in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, circa 1911. Communities with a population greater than 5000 people are shown as proportional dots on the map. In addition, major railway systems displayed. The map displays the rectangular survey system which records the land that is available to the public. This grid like system is divided into sections, townships, range, and meridian from mid-Manitoba to Alberta.

Estimated number of persons by quarter of a year and by year, Canada, provinces and territories.

This record contains Grizzly Bear population estimates for British Columbia for multiple years: 2012, 2015 and 2018. The 2012 Grizzly Bear population estimate report for British Columbia report is available here: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/wildlife/docs/Grizzly_Bear_Pop_Est_Report_Final_2012.pdf. The 2018 Grizzly Bear population estimate report for British Columbia report is available here: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/plants-animals-and-ecosystems/wildlife-wildlife-habitat/grizzly-bears/grizzly_bear_pop_est_report_2018_final.pdf Grizzly Bear population estimates for 2015 & 2018 are provided below in tabular comma separated value (.csv) file format, as well as a zipped (.zip) Esri file geodatabase (.gdb) spatial data file format. There is no spatial difference between the 2015 & 2018 spatial data polygons, as only the population estimate numbers in the spatial data's attribute table were updated (and only if a change in population estimates occurred from 2015 to 2018). 2015 population estimates are based on 2012 numbers, but adjusted to the revised GBPU sub-units. The 2015 & 2018 population estimates in the comma separated value (.csv) tables are provided in two units: 1. Grizzly Bear Population Unit (GBPU) and 2. GBPU sub-unit. The sub-units are composed of Grizzly Bear Population Unit (GBPU), Wildlife Management Unit (WMU), Limited Entry Hunting (LEH) and National Park boundaries, taken at the time of this data's creation. Note that that these boundaries are not coincident. Slight adjustments have been made to some polygons where needed to align the original linework to create the GBPU sub-units. Therefore, do not dissolve the GBPU sub-units to replicate the source data. Bear density is given in number of bears per 1,000 square kilometers, based on the net polygon area. The net polygon area excludes ice and water features from the Baseline Thematic Mapping dataset (https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/134fdc69-7b0c-4c50-b77c-e8f2553a1d40). Ice and water features can be identified by using this selection criteria: PRESENT_LAND_USE_LABEL IN ('Fresh Water', 'Salt Water', 'Glaciers and Snow'). Please view the PDF file below for more information on the data change history, and for a description of the spatial data attribute fields: BC_Grizzly_population_estimates_2015_and_2018_by_GBPU_population_sub_units_metadata.pdf Grizzly Bear population units are available here: https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/caa22f7a-87df-4f31-89e0-d5295ec5c725 Grizzly Bear Conservation Ranking results table is available here: https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/e08876a1-3f9c-46bf-b69a-3d88de1da725 Grizzly Bear reports are available here: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/plants-animals-ecosystems/wildlife/wildlife-conservation/grizzly-bear

Increases in population, urbanisation and the development of the road network have replaced large forested lands and have created pressures on the remaining forests (or woodlands). Three principal Canadian forested regions have been most affected by these events: the Windsor-Québec corridor, the Prairies and the south-west of British Columbia.

This table presents the 2021 population counts for census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, and their population centres and rural areas.

Understanding population dynamics requires reliable estimates of population density, yet this basic information is often surprisingly difficult to obtain. With rare or difficult-to-capture species, genetic surveys from noninvasive collection of hair or scat has proved cost-efficient for estimating densities. Here, we explored whether noninvasive genetic sampling (NGS) also offers promise for sampling a relatively common species, the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777), in comparison with traditional live trapping. We optimized a protocol for single-session NGS sampling of hares. We compared spatial capture–recapture population estimates from live trapping to estimates derived from NGS, and assessed NGS costs. NGS provided population estimates similar to those derived from live trapping, but a higher density of sampling plots was required for NGS. The optimal NGS protocol for our study entailed deploying 160 sampling plots for 4 days and genotyping one pellet per plot. NGS laboratory costs ranged from approximately $670 to $3000 USD per field site. While live trapping does not incur laboratory costs, its field costs can be considerably higher than for NGS, especially when study sites are difficult to access. We conclude that NGS can work for common species, but that it will require field and laboratory pilot testing to develop cost-effective sampling protocols.

AbstractBrown bears are known to use rubbing behavior as a means of chemical communication, but the function of this signaling is unclear. One hypothesis that has gained support is that male bears rub to communicate dominance to other males. We tested the communication of dominance hypothesis in a low-density brown bear population in southeast British Columbia. We contrasted rubbing rates for male and female bears during and after the breeding season using ten years of DNA-mark-recapture data for 643 individuals. Here we demonstrate that male brown bears rub 60% more during the breeding than the non-breeding season, while female rubbing had no seasonal trends. Per capita rub rates by males were, on average, 2.7 times higher than females. Our results suggest that the function of rubbing in the Rocky Mountains may not only be to communicate dominance, but also to self-advertise for mate attraction. We propose that the role of chemical communication in this species may be density-dependent, where the need to self-advertise for mating is inversely related to population density and communicating for dominance increases with population density. We suggest that future endeavors to elucidate the function of rubbing should sample the behavior across a range of population densities using camera trap and genotypic data. Usage notesSouthRockies_DetectionData_RDSDetection data for South Rockies project. Suitable for replication of results in "Density-dependent signaling: An alternative hypothesis on the function of chemical signaling in a non-territorial solitary carnivore"DetectionData_ForRubTreePaper.csv

Brown bears are known to use rubbing behavior as a means of chemical communication, but the function of this signaling is unclear. One hypothesis that has gained support is that male bears rub to communicate dominance to other males. We tested the communication of dominance hypothesis in a low-density brown bear population in southeast British Columbia. We contrasted rubbing rates for male and female bears during and after the breeding season using ten years of DNA-mark-recapture data for 643 individuals. Here we demonstrate that male brown bears rub 60% more during the breeding than the non-breeding season, while female rubbing had no seasonal trends. Per capita rub rates by males were, on average, 2.7 times higher than females. Our results suggest that the function of rubbing in the Rocky Mountains may not only be to communicate dominance, but also to self-advertise for mate attraction. We propose that the role of chemical communication in this species may be density-dependent, where the need to self-advertise for mating is inversely related to population density and communicating for dominance increases with population density. We suggest that future endeavors to elucidate the function of rubbing should sample the behavior across a range of population densities using camera trap and genotypic data.

Current population estimates were taken from government sources in British Columbia and the US and predicted population sizes were derived using our top coastal or interior model.a[92].b[68].c[93].dC. Servheen, USFWS, Montana, pers. com.e[64].f[67].

This report documents the results of the seventh year of sampling, performed throughout the Skeena River watershed between 14 August and 7 September, 2000. The current study was conducted on 38 streams and in 3 lakes. Summary information is presented for physical and chemical characteristics of habitat as well as various estimates of population densities for juvenile coho and other species.

Conservation of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) is often controversial and the disagreement often is focused on the estimates of density used to calculate allowable kill. Many recent estimates of grizzly bear density are now available but field-based estimates will never be available for more than a small portion of hunted populations. Current methods of predicting density in areas of management interest are subjective and untested. Objective methods have been proposed, but these statistical models are so dependent on results from individual study areas that the models do not generalize well. We built regression models to relate grizzly bear density to ultimate measures of ecosystem productivity and mortality for interior and coastal ecosystems in North America. We used 90 measures of grizzly bear density in interior ecosystems, of which 14 were currently known to be unoccupied by grizzly bears. In coastal areas, we used 17 measures of density including 2 unoccupied areas. Our best model for coastal areas included a negative relationship with tree cover and positive relationships with the proportion of salmon in the diet and topographic ruggedness, which was correlated with precipitation. Our best interior model included 3 variables that indexed terrestrial productivity, 1 describing vegetation cover, 2 indices of human use of the landscape and, an index of topographic ruggedness. We used our models to predict current population sizes across Canada and present these as alternatives to current population estimates. Our models predict fewer grizzly bears in British Columbia but more bears in Canada than in the latest status review. These predictions can be used to assess population status, set limits for total human-caused mortality, and for conservation planning, but because our predictions are static, they cannot be used to assess population trend.

The rapid population growth in British Columbia has led to the necessity of innovative housing solutions. Local municipalities in BC, such as Bowen Island, are exploring the implementation of Density Transfer Modelling (DTM) as a planning tool to address these challenges. The study examines Density Transfer Modelling by Geographic Information System (GIS) application on Bowen Island, managed under the Islands Trust Act, to balance development with ecological preservation. This involves identifying "donor" sites (areas of high ecological value with existing development) to transfer development rights from, and "receiver" sites (areas suitable for increased urban density) using the Normalized Difference Built-up Index and residential density classifications. Two main Comprehensive Development Areas (CDAs) on Bowen Island, Arbutus Ridge and Snug Cove are highlighted. The DTM calculates that this area supports the development of up to 30 additional detached homes in Arbutus Ridge Development Area. The Snug Cove Comprehensive Development Area (Snug Cove CDA) has been identified as a key area for increased residential development with a focus on increasing affordability and creating a pedestrian-friendly environment. According to DTM calculations Snug Cove Residential Area supports the development of 2186 dwelling units. The goal of the Snug Cove Development Area is to build a variety of housing types, including duplexes, triplexes, and multi-unit buildings, clustered near essential services and transportation hub(ferry). Both CDAs exemplify how density transfer modellings can be effectively utilized within designated development areas to support sustainable urban planning goals.

This report documents the results of sampling conducted throughout the Skeena River watershed between 10 August and 2 September, 1996. Summary information is presented for physical and chemical characteristics of habitat as well as various estimates of population densities for juvenile coho and other species.

The plate contains four maps of 10 minute rainfalls (in millimetres) for a 2 year return period, a 5 year return period, a 10 year return period and a 25 year return period. Each map has a detailed inset of the Vancouver area. These four maps were not analyzed for the mountainous parts of Canada in British Columbia and the Yukon because of the limited number of stations, the non-representative nature of the valley stations and the variability of precipitation owing to the orographic effects. From the incomplete data, it is impossible to draw accurate isolines of short duration rainfall amounts on maps of national scale. Point values for all stations west of the Rocky Mountain range and in the Yukon have been plotted for durations of less than 24 hours. For the Vancouver metropolitan area, recording rain gauges have been in operation for several years. For some of these stations point rainfall data have been plotted on inset maps. The density of climatological stations varies widely as does population density. In general, the accuracy of the analysis increases with station density. North of latitude 55 degrees North, there are only five stations. Therefore, the isoline analyses represent extrapolations beyond the station values. Whenever sufficient data were available for interpretation, isolines were drawn as solid lines. The scale of the map used for Canada dictates the use of an isoline interval of 4 millimetres.

Conserving species requires knowledge of demographic rates (survival, recruitment) that govern population dynamics to allow the allocation of limited resources to the most vulnerable stages of target species' life cycles. Additionally, quantifying drivers of demographic change facilitates the enactment of specific remediation strategies. However, knowledge gaps persist in how similar environmental changes lead to contrasting population dynamics through demographic rates. For sympatric hummingbird species, the population of urban-associated partial-migrant Anna's hummigbird (Calypte anna) has increased, yet the populations of Neotropical migrants including rufous, calliope, and black-chinned hummingbirds have decreased. Here, we developed an integrated population model to jointly analyze 25 years of mark-recapture data and population survey data for these four species. We examined the contributions of demographic rates on population growth and evaluated the effects of anthropogenic stressors including human population density and crop cover on demographic change in relation to species' life histories. While recruitment appeared to drive the population increase of urban-associated Anna's hummingbirds, decreases in juvenile survival contributed most strongly to population declines of Neotropical migrants and highlight a potentially vulnerable phase in their life-history. Moreover, rufous hummingbird adult and juvenile survival rates were negatively impacted by human population density. Mitigating threats associated with intensively modified anthropogenic environments is a promising avenue for slowing further hummingbird population loss. Overall, our model grants critical insight into how anthropogenic modification of habitat affects the population dynamics of species of conservation concern. Methods This R data file contains a named list for each species in our study. It has been processed to remove covariates and data that are not public domain but are available for download at the links provided (indicated with * in the readme file). Each species list contains mark-recapture records (y), the known-state records (z), number of years spanned by the analysis (n.years), numbers banded individuals (n.ind), banding station membership (sta), number of banding stations (n.sta), year of first encounter for each individual (first), year of last possible encounter of each individual if it were to be alive (last), first and last years of mark recapture data (first_yr / last_yr), sex (1 = male, 2 = female) and age (1 = juvenile, 2 = adult) membership for each individual, the observed residency information for each individual in each year (r), the partially observed residency state information for each individual (u), the standardized human population density and crop data in the 3 kilometers around each banding station (HPD / crop), the unstandardized HPD and crop data (HPD_raw / crop_raw), the number of days of operational banding activity at each station each year (effort), and indicator for each station and year signifying whether banding occurred on at least two occasions separated by more than 5 days that year (kappa_shrink), the BBS survey year (year), an indicator of whether the BBS surveyor was suveying on their first year or not (firstyr), the number of BBS surveys (ncounts), the species tally on a given survey (count), the number of individual transects surveyed over the study period (nrte), the BBS transect membership for each count (rte), the number of observers contributing data over the study period (nobserver), the anonymized observer ID on a given transect for each count (rte.obser), and the initial abundance estimate given as the mean count across all transects and years, inflated by 100 for precise estimation of demographic rates (lam0).

AbstractThe adaptation of populations to changing conditions may be affected by interactions between individuals. For example, when cooperative interactions increase fecundity, they may allow populations to maintain high densities and thus keep track of moving environmental optima. Simultaneously, changes in population density alter the marginal benefits of cooperative investments, creating a feedback loop between population dynamics and the evolution of cooperation. Here we model how the evolution of cooperation interacts with adaptation to changing environments. We hypothesize that environmental change lowers population size and thus promotes the evolution of cooperation, and that this, in turn, helps the population keep up with the moving optimum. However, we find that the evolution of cooperation can have qualitatively different effects, depending on which fitness component is reduced by the costs of cooperation. If the costs decrease fecundity, cooperation indeed speeds adaptation by increasing population density; if, in contrast, the costs decrease viability, cooperation may instead slow adaptation by lowering the effective population size, leading to evolutionary suicide. Thus, cooperation can either promote or—counter-intuitively—hinder adaptation to a changing environment. Finally, we show that our model can also be generalized to other social interactions by discussing the evolution of competition during environmental change. Methods Usage notesThis repository includes: A Mathematica notebook with all the calculations required to replicate the results presented in the paper and in its Supplemental Information. For users without Mathematica, we also include the corresponding .cdf notebook and .pdf file. A set of R scripts with the code the individual-based simulations, as well as the data generated by these scripts and used in the paper.

Population structure, connectivity, and dispersal success of individuals can be challenging to demonstrate for solitary carnivores with low population densities. Though the cougar (Puma concolor) is widely distributed throughout North America and is capable of dispersing long distances, populations can be geographically structured and genetic isolation has been documented in some small populations. We described genetic structure and explored the relationship between landscape resistance and genetic variation in cougars in Washington and southern British Columbia using allele frequencies of 17 microsatellite loci for felids. We evaluated population structure of cougars using the Geneland clustering algorithm and spatial principal components analysis. We then used Circuitscape to estimate the landscape resistance between pairs of individuals based on rescaled GIS layers for forest canopy cover, elevation, human population density and highways. We quantified the effect of landscape resistance on genetic distance using multiple regression on distance matrices and boosted regression tree analysis. Cluster analysis identified four populations in the study area. Multiple regression on distance matrices and boosted regression tree models indicated that only forest canopy cover and geographic distance between individuals had an effect on genetic distance. The boundaries between genetic clusters largely corresponded with breaks in forest cover, showing agreement between population structure and genetic gradient analyses. Our data indicate that forest cover promotes gene flow for cougars in the Pacific Northwest, which provides insight managers can use to preserve or enhance genetic connectivity.

Understanding the population dynamics of commercially fished deep-sea species, on seasonal to inter-annual scales, is of great importance in areas where fishing pressure is high. The remoteness of the deep-sea environment constitutes a challenge for monitoring these populations. The few studies that have investigated population structure of deep-sea species, have used trawls, a destructive approach for benthic ecosystems. The development of deep-sea observatories offers a continuous long-term presence on the seafloor. Using imagery from the Ocean Network Canada deep-sea observatory, video footage was acquired on a daily basis and analyzed to describe the population dynamics of the deep-sea crab Chionoecetes tanneri located in depths of 900–1000 m in Barkley Canyon, off Vancouver Island (BC, Canada). The objectives here were to describe the dynamics of the local population in relation to changes in environment and/or life-cycle related behaviors. Sampling sites were located along the canyon axis and on the canyon wall. Only juveniles (1–10 cm) were found at the axis site (1000 m depth) with densities varying from 0 to 144 individuals/m2. On the canyon wall (900 m depth), adults (>10 cm) were sporadically observed and densities were lower (max. 13 individuals/m2). Variation in density between the two sites reflected the observed arrival of small individuals (

The plate contains four maps of 10 minute rainfalls (in millimetres) for a 2 year return period, a 5 year return period, a 10 year return period and a 25 year return period. Each map has a detailed inset of the Vancouver area. These four maps were not analyzed for the mountainous parts of Canada in British Columbia and the Yukon because of the limited number of stations, the non-representative nature of the valley stations and the variability of precipitation owing to the orographic effects. From the incomplete data, it is impossible to draw accurate isolines of short duration rainfall amounts on maps of national scale. Point values for all stations west of the Rocky Mountain range and in the Yukon have been plotted for durations of less than 24 hours. For the Vancouver metropolitan area, recording rain gauges have been in operation for several years. For some of these stations point rainfall data have been plotted on inset maps. The density of climatological stations varies widely as does population density. In general, the accuracy of the analysis increases with station density. North of latitude 55 degrees North, there are only five stations. Therefore, the isoline analyses represent extrapolations beyond the station values. Whenever sufficient data were available for interpretation, isolines were drawn as solid lines. The scale of the map used for Canada dictates the use of an isoline interval of 4 millimetres.