An exclusive economic zone extends from the outer limit of the territorial sea to a maximum of 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) from the territorial sea baseline, thus it includes the contiguous zone. A coastal nation has control of all economic resources within its exclusive economic zone, including fishing, mining, oil exploration, and any pollution of those resources. However, it cannot prohibit passage or loitering above, on, or under the surface of the sea that is in compliance with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State in accordance with the provisions of the UN Convention, within that portion of its exclusive economic zone beyond its territorial sea. Before the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, coastal nations arbitrarily extended their territorial waters in an effort to control activities which are now regulated by the exclusive economic zone. The exclusive economic zone is still popularly, though erroneously, called a coastal nation's territorial waters. The limits and boundaries of the UK, UK Overseas Territories and UK Crown Dependencies are available from this website in accordance with Articles 16, 74 and 84 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Limits are calculated from the normal baseline (the low water line on the largest UKHO charts) and limits are maintained by UK Hydrographic Office. Please note that these limits will only be updated annually. None

SeaMaST provides evidence on the use of sea areas by seabirds and inshore waterbirds in English territorial waters, mapping their relative sensitivity to offshore wind farm and wave/tidal energy developments. Data were compiled from offshore boat and aerial observer surveys spanning the period 1979–2012. The data were analysed using distance analysis and Density Surface Modelling to produce predicted bird densities across a grid covering English territorial waters at a resolution of 3 km x 3 km. Coefficients of Variation were estimated for each grid cell density, as an indication of confidence in predictions. Offshore wind farm sensitivity scores were compiled for seabird species using English territorial waters in breeding and non-breeding seasons, according to the BDMPS (Biologically Defined Minimum Population Scales) project (http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6427568802627584). The comparative risks to each species of collision with turbines and displacement from operational turbines were reviewed and scored separately, and the scores were multiplied by the bird density estimates to produce relative sensitivity maps. Attribution statement: © Natural England copyright [Year], reproduced with the permission of the Crown Estate, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, and the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust

The 2010 Charting Progress 2 assessment (UKMMAS 2010) subdivided UK waters into eight regions to assess how human use and other pressures were affecting the productivity of UK seas. Regional boundaries were developed in 2009, adapting 'regional seas' previously identified on the basis of physical and biological biogeography by the Review of Marine Nature Conservation (RMNC) 2004. The CP2 'Reporting Regions' have subsequently informed a variety of MPA designation, marine assessment and reporting purposes and continue to be used, for example in the selection of Highly Protected Marine Areas, indicators for the ecological status of the water environment, and the aggregation of marine biotope sensitivity information. JNCC updated the CP2 Reporting Regions dataset in 2022, making improvements to the inner (coastal) and outer (UK maritime limit) boundaries of the reporting regions. This incorporated up-to-date UK Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf limits and mean high water (springs) coastlines across the UK. No substantive changes were made to the biogeographic boundaries, but these were edited to join up with updated coastlines (as required) and minor topological issues (e.g. overlaps between polygons) were also addressed. See lineage for further details. Note that the use of the CP2 Reporting Regions (or other biogeographic regions and assessment units) by JNCC, the SNCBs and other ALBs will vary by purpose. Variations of the CP2 Reporting Regions may be used for assessment purposes. Data notes and limitations: • open data coastline datasets used in the 2022 update were of medium spatial resolution, lacking detail in some areas (e.g. sea lochs and islets in the Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetland, pladdies in Strangford Loch and islets around Northern Ireland). • part of the Scottish Continental Shelf (region 7) boundary was originally drawn to align with the UK Territorial Waters limit around Orkney and Fair Isle. This section of boundary has not been updated and therefore remains consistent with the biogeographic boundary created in 2009. • in the absence of formally agreed maritime limits, linework from the original 2009 CP2 Reporting Regions data set has been retained to represent the boundary between the Northern Ireland Inshore Region and Republic of Ireland inshore waters.

Scores for English territorial waters marine bird species’ population risk due to displacement by offshore wind farms, ranked by species score.

This British Geological Survey (BGS) regional marine sampling survey took placein May 1976 in the North Sea on board the RRS John Murray. The purpose was to gather data which could be used to map the regional geology of the area and undertake geochemical analysis.Seabed samples and cores were collected using Shipek grab and cone dredge. A total of 1750 km of data were collected in a grid of survey tracks. Sea floor data were collected using a transit sonar. Subsurface data were gathered using a pinger. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS Internal Report 76/10.

As part of the NSTA's published 2018/19 Activity Plan, the NSTA is publishing a set of regional geological maps for the English Channel area of the UKCS. These maps represent the sixth set of deliverables from a 3 year contract with Lloyd's Register.

This British Geological Survey (BGS) marine geophysical and sampling survey took place in September/October 1976 in the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel on board the RRS John Murray. The purpose was to gather data which could be used to map the regional geology of the area. Cruise was virtually aborted by bad wather. Sediment cores were collected using a rock gravity corer. These data are archived by BGS. Technical details of the survey are contained in BGS Internal Report ??????????????.

The Project aims to deliver one of the main actions for the water vole agreed by the UK Water Vole Steering Group in May 2007 and submitted to the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) Review ie. :To establish and maintain a national water vole database and GIS:. The project aims to: ø Develop standardised methods for storing and managing water vole (Arvicola terrestris) and American mink (Mustela vison) data and to establish standard fields and formats for storing and managing water vole and mink data. ø Collate all existing data into a specially designed water vole and mink database using fields agreed with LRC representatives. Significant data sets are held by Local Record Centres (LRCs), County Wildlife Trusts, County Mammal Recorders and the Environment Agency. Internal Drainage Boards, British Waterways and Natural England also hold significant water vole and mink data. Work to collate data will be contracted to Local Record Centres who will work closely with the Project Co ordinator. ø Develop a GIS that will enable mapping of data and maximise the use of the datasets (at country, regional and local level); the distribution of water vole and mink in different habitats; regional and local key areas for water voles and local alert areas. ø Establish procedures to enable data holders to provide annual updates to the database in standard formats. ø Deliver training programmes to enable UK and Local BAP partners to maximise the benefits of the data and mapping ø Ensure that the databases and GIS are disseminated to UK and Local BAP partners and other key agencies. ø Ensure sustained and effective use of the datasets and methodologies developed during the life of the Project. The NWVMP is a GB-wide initiative. This dataset is a subset of records for Scotland only generated in the first phase of the project up to 2008. Records were contributed by multiple data providers, some of which have also supplied the records to NBN independently, so some records will duplicate records in other datasets. NWVMP records since 2015 have been supplied to NBN by PTES https://registry.nbnatlas.org/public/show/dr953, but that dataset does not include the earlier records to 2008 and 2009-2014.

The Maritime Zones Act No. 06 of 2010 states

                                2 Sovereignty of Vanuatu

The Sovereignty of Vanuatu comprises of: (a) All islands within the archipelago including Mathew (Umaenupne) and Hunter (Leka) islands; and (b) Any islands or reefs forming or formed within the Exclusive Economic Zone of Vanuatu.

                                  3 Internal waters

The internal waters of Vanuatu form part of the national territory of Vanuatu and consist of': (a) The waters on the landward side of the baselines from which the territorial sea of Vanuatu is measured; and (b) For areas enclosed by archipelagic baselines- all waters that are contained within the innermost limits of the archipelagic waters.

                                  4 Archipelagic waters

(1) In this section: Low-water line means: (a) The relevant low water datum line shown on the latest relevant British Admiralty charts or where there is no such datum, the lowest astronomical tide line; or (b) If there is doubt on the relevant British Admiralty chart, the Minister may by order establish a chart for the purpose of this definition. (2) The sovereignty of Vanuatu extends to the archipelagic waters, including the airspace over them as well as the seabed, subsoil and all resources contained in them and enclosed by the archipelagic baselines points 1:59 as prescribed by the Minister. (3) The innermost limits of the archipelagic waters comprise of: (a) The low water line; or (b) In the case of the sea adjacent to a bay if': (i) The bay has only one mouth and the distance between the low water line of the natural entrance points of the bay does not exceed 24 nautical miles- along a closing line joining those low water lines; or (ii) Because of the presence of islands, the bay has more than one mouth and the distance between the low waterlines of the natural entrance points of each mouth added together do not exceed 24 nautical miles- along a series of closing lines across each of the mouths so as to join those low water lines; or (iii) Neither paragraph (i) or (ii) applies- along a closing line 24 nautical miles in length drawn from low water line to low water line within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length; or 16 (c) In the case of the mouth or each mouth of a river which flows into the sea- a closing line across the river mouth between points on the low water line of its banks

https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/vut_2010_Act06.pdf

Chart: https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/MAPS/VUT_MZN78_2010_00ill.jpg

Geomorphological map of the Sutlej and Yamuna fans, northwestern India. Grant abstract: India is the largest agricultural user of groundwater in the world. The last 40 years has seen a revolutionary shift from large-scale surface water management to widespread groundwater abstraction, particularly in the northwestern states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. As a result of this, northwestern India is now a hotspot of groundwater depletion, with 'the largest rate of groundwater loss in any comparable-sized region on Earth' (Tiwari et al., 2009). This unsustainable use of groundwater becomes even more challenging when set increasing demands from a burgeoning population and industrialisation, together with potential but poorly understood effects of climate-driven changes in the water cycle. There are a number of innovative socio-economic strategies that can address this issue, including enhanced recharge and subsurface water storage, but their implementation and success depend on solid regional understanding of the geology and hydrogeology of the aquifer systems, and of the patterns and rates of groundwater flow and recharge. What we know about regional groundwater resources comes largely from either low-resolution studies based on satellite data, or from local investigations; there has been no large-scale, cross-state integrated study of the groundwater system. Groundwater in northwestern India is thought to be largely hosted within buried, sandy former river channels, which extend from the Himalayas toward the southwest and are separated by fine-grained muds. Only a few channels are visible at the surface; most are buried and their existence must be inferred. Our approach is founded on the premise that we must first understand the geology and geometry of the aquifer system before we can hope to estimate the way it will respond to a complex set of future stresses. This means that we must be able to describe the locations, sizes, and characteristics of these channels as well as their age and three-dimensional pattern. Once these characteristics are determined, we can forecast the likely future behaviour of the system. In this proposal, we will provide, for the first time, a regional assessment of the aquifer system in northwestern India, along with models for its evolution under changes in the water cycle and in the way in which groundwater is used. Our project will combine expertise in sedimentology, stratigraphy, sediment routing and basin evolution, hydrology, and isotope geochemistry to understand the geological framework of the aquifer system, the ages of the groundwaters within it, and the ways in which groundwater levels are likely to evolve over the next 50 years. The outcomes of the proposal will include (1) a comprehensive data base that covers the northwestern Indian aquifer system, (2) much better understanding of regional sources, ages, and flow rates of groundwater, and (3) a suite of predictions for how the groundwater system will respond to a range of different future scenarios.

Fluid and gas seep structures located within UK Territorial and Offshore waters. Obtained from the digitalisation of georeferenced maps and images collated from multiple sources including academic journals and British Geological Survey reports. This dataset is associated with a series of digital maps/spatial information layers that are designed to help identify Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs) in UK waters. (see Project MB0102: 'Accessing and developing the required biophysical datasets and datalayers for Marine Protected Areas network planning and wider marine spatial planning purposes' - Report No.8, Task 2a Mapping of Geological and Geomorphological Features)