Study information

The sample included in this dataset represents five children who participated in a number line intervention study. Originally six children were included in the study, but one of them fulfilled the criterion for exclusion after missing several consecutive sessions. Thus, their data is not included in the dataset.

All participants were currently attending Year 1 of primary school at an independent school in New South Wales, Australia. For children to be able to eligible to participate they had to present with low mathematics achievement by performing at or below the 25th percentile in the Maths Problem Solving and/or Numerical Operations subtests from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016). Participants were excluded from participating if, as reported by their parents, they have any other diagnosed disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, developmental language disorder, cerebral palsy or uncorrected sensory disorders.

The study followed a multiple baseline case series design, with a baseline phase, a treatment phase, and a post-treatment phase. The baseline phase varied between two and three measurement points, the treatment phase varied between four and seven measurement points, and all participants had 1 post-treatment measurement point.

The number of measurement points were distributed across participants as follows:

Participant 1 – 3 baseline, 6 treatment, 1 post-treatment

Participant 3 – 2 baseline, 7 treatment, 1 post-treatment

Participant 5 – 2 baseline, 5 treatment, 1 post-treatment

Participant 6 – 3 baseline, 4 treatment, 1 post-treatment

Participant 7 – 2 baseline, 5 treatment, 1 post-treatment

In each session across all three phases children were assessed in their performance on a number line estimation task, a single-digit computation task, a multi-digit computation task, a dot comparison task and a number comparison task. Furthermore, during the treatment phase, all children completed the intervention task after these assessments. The order of the assessment tasks varied randomly between sessions.

Measures

Number Line Estimation. Children completed a computerised bounded number line task (0-100). The number line is presented in the middle of the screen, and the target number is presented above the start point of the number line to avoid signalling the midpoint (Dackermann et al., 2018). Target numbers included two non-overlapping sets (trained and untrained) of 30 items each. Untrained items were assessed on all phases of the study. Trained items were assessed independent of the intervention during baseline and post-treatment phases, and performance on the intervention is used to index performance on the trained set during the treatment phase. Within each set, numbers were equally distributed throughout the number range, with three items within each ten (0-10, 11-20, 21-30, etc.). Target numbers were presented in random order. Participants did not receive performance-based feedback. Accuracy is indexed by percent absolute error (PAE) [(number estimated - target number)/ scale of number line] x100.

Single-Digit Computation. The task included ten additions with single-digit addends (1-9) and single-digit results (2-9). The order was counterbalanced so that half of the additions present the lowest addend first (e.g., 3 + 5) and half of the additions present the highest addend first (e.g., 6 + 3). This task also included ten subtractions with single-digit minuends (3-9), subtrahends (1-6) and differences (1-6). The items were presented horizontally on the screen accompanied by a sound and participants were required to give a verbal response. Participants did not receive performance-based feedback. Performance on this task was indexed by item-based accuracy.

Multi-digit computational estimation. The task included eight additions and eight subtractions presented with double-digit numbers and three response options. None of the response options represent the correct result. Participants were asked to select the option that was closest to the correct result. In half of the items the calculation involved two double-digit numbers, and in the other half one double and one single digit number. The distance between the correct response option and the exact result of the calculation was two for half of the trials and three for the other half. The calculation was presented vertically on the screen with the three options shown below. The calculations remained on the screen until participants responded by clicking on one of the options on the screen. Participants did not receive performance-based feedback. Performance on this task is measured by item-based accuracy.

Dot Comparison and Number Comparison. Both tasks included the same 20 items, which were presented twice, counterbalancing left and right presentation. Magnitudes to be compared were between 5 and 99, with four items for each of the following ratios: .91, .83, .77, .71, .67. Both quantities were presented horizontally side by side, and participants were instructed to press one of two keys (F or J), as quickly as possible, to indicate the largest one. Items were presented in random order and participants did not receive performance-based feedback. In the non-symbolic comparison task (dot comparison) the two sets of dots remained on the screen for a maximum of two seconds (to prevent counting). Overall area and convex hull for both sets of dots is kept constant following Guillaume et al. (2020). In the symbolic comparison task (Arabic numbers), the numbers remained on the screen until a response was given. Performance on both tasks was indexed by accuracy.

The Number Line Intervention

During the intervention sessions, participants estimated the position of 30 Arabic numbers in a 0-100 bounded number line. As a form of feedback, within each item, the participants’ estimate remained visible, and the correct position of the target number appeared on the number line. When the estimate’s PAE was lower than 2.5, a message appeared on the screen that read “Excellent job”, when PAE was between 2.5 and 5 the message read “Well done, so close! and when PAE was higher than 5 the message read “Good try!” Numbers were presented in random order.

Variables in the dataset

Age = age in ‘years, months’ at the start of the study

Sex = female/male/non-binary or third gender/prefer not to say (as reported by parents)

Math_Problem_Solving_raw = Raw score on the Math Problem Solving subtest from the WIAT III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016).

Math_Problem_Solving_Percentile = Percentile equivalent on the Math Problem Solving subtest from the WIAT III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016).

Num_Ops_Raw = Raw score on the Numerical Operations subtest from the WIAT III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016).

Math_Problem_Solving_Percentile = Percentile equivalent on the Numerical Operations subtest from the WIAT III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016).

The remaining variables refer to participants’ performance on the study tasks. Each variable name is composed by three sections. The first one refers to the phase and session. For example, Base1 refers to the first measurement point of the baseline phase, Treat1 to the first measurement point on the treatment phase, and post1 to the first measurement point on the post-treatment phase.

The second part of the variable name refers to the task, as follows:

DC = dot comparison

SDC = single-digit computation

NLE_UT = number line estimation (untrained set)

NLE_T= number line estimation (trained set)

CE = multidigit computational estimation

NC = number comparison

The final part of the variable name refers to the type of measure being used (i.e., acc = total correct responses and pae = percent absolute error).

Thus, variable Base2_NC_acc corresponds to accuracy on the number comparison task during the second measurement point of the baseline phase and Treat3_NLE_UT_pae refers to the percent absolute error on the untrained set of the number line task during the third session of the Treatment phase.

This dataset consists of mathematical question and answer pairs, from a range of question types at roughly school-level difficulty. This is designed to test the mathematical learning and algebraic reasoning skills of learning models.

## Example questions

 Question: Solve -42*r + 27*c = -1167 and 130*r + 4*c = 372 for r.
 Answer: 4
 
 Question: Calculate -841880142.544 + 411127.
 Answer: -841469015.544
 
 Question: Let x(g) = 9*g + 1. Let q(c) = 2*c + 1. Let f(i) = 3*i - 39. Let w(j) = q(x(j)). Calculate f(w(a)).
 Answer: 54*a - 30

It contains 2 million (question, answer) pairs per module, with questions limited to 160 characters in length, and answers to 30 characters in length. Note the training data for each question type is split into "train-easy", "train-medium", and "train-hard". This allows training models via a curriculum. The data can also be mixed together uniformly from these training datasets to obtain the results reported in the paper. Categories:

• algebra (linear equations, polynomial roots, sequences)
• arithmetic (pairwise operations and mixed expressions, surds)
• calculus (differentiation)
• comparison (closest numbers, pairwise comparisons, sorting)
• measurement (conversion, working with time)
• numbers (base conversion, remainders, common divisors and multiples, primality, place value, rounding numbers)
• polynomials (addition, simplification, composition, evaluating, expansion)
• probability (sampling without replacement)

This point feature class contains 81,481 points arranged in a 270-meter spaced grid that covers the Spring Mountains and Sheep Range in Clark County, Nevada. Points are attributed with hydroclimate variables and ancillary data compiled to support efforts to characterize ecological zones.

This dataset is about books. It has 1 row and is filtered where the book is A gyrokinetic calculation of transmission & reflection of the fast wave in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies. It features 7 columns including author, publication date, language, and book publisher.

The U.S. Geological Survey has been characterizing the regional variation in shear stress on the sea floor and sediment mobility through statistical descriptors. The purpose of this project is to identify patterns in stress in order to inform habitat delineation or decisions for anthropogenic use of the continental shelf. The statistical characterization spans the continental shelf from the coast to approximately 120 m water depth, at approximately 5 km resolution. Time-series of wave and circulation are created using numerical models, and near-bottom output of steady and oscillatory velocities and an estimate of bottom roughness are used to calculate a time-series of bottom shear stress at 1-hour intervals. Statistical descriptions such as the median and 95th percentile, which are the output included with this database, are then calculated to create a two-dimensional picture of the regional patterns in shear stress. In addition, time-series of stress are compared to critical stress values at select points calculated from observed surface sediment texture data to determine estimates of sea floor mobility.

In this study, we introduce the count-based Morgan fingerprint (C-MF) to represent chemical structures of contaminants and develop machine learning (ML)-based predictive models for their activities and properties. Compared with the binary Morgan fingerprint (B-MF), C-MF not only qualifies the presence or absence of an atom group but also quantifies its counts in a molecule. We employ six different ML algorithms (ridge regression, SVM, KNN, RF, XGBoost, and CatBoost) to develop models on 10 contaminant-related data sets based on C-MF and B-MF to compare them in terms of the model’s predictive performance, interpretation, and applicability domain (AD). Our results show that C-MF outperforms B-MF in nine of 10 data sets in terms of model predictive performance. The advantage of C-MF over B-MF is dependent on the ML algorithm, and the performance enhancements are proportional to the difference in the chemical diversity of data sets calculated by B-MF and C-MF. Model interpretation results show that the C-MF-based model can elucidate the effect of atom group counts on the target and have a wider range of SHAP values. AD analysis shows that C-MF-based models have an AD similar to that of B-MF-based ones. Finally, we developed a “ContaminaNET” platform to deploy these C-MF-based models for free use.

Understanding species abundances and distributions, especially at local to landscape scales, is critical for land managers and conservationists to prioritize management decisions and informs the effort and expense that may be required. The metrics of range size and local abundance reflect aspects of the biology and ecology of a given species, and together with its per capita (or per unit area) effects on other members of the community comprise a well-accepted theoretical paradigm describing invasive species. Although these metrics are readily calculated from vegetation monitoring data, they have not generally (and effect in particular) been applied to native species. We describe how metrics defining invasions may be more broadly applied to both native and invasive species in vegetation management, supporting their relevance to local scales of species conservation and management. We then use a sample monitoring dataset to compare range size, local abundance and effect as well as summary calculations of landscape penetration (range size × local abundance) and impact (landscape penetration × effect) for native and invasive species in the mixed-grass plant community of western North Dakota, USA. This paper uses these summary statistics to quantify the impact for 13 of 56 commonly encountered species, with statistical support for effects of 6 of the 13 species. Our results agree with knowledge of invasion severity and natural history of native species in the region. We contend that when managers are using invasion metrics in monitoring, extending them to common native species is biologically and ecologically informative, with little additional investment. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Supporting Data (xlsx). File Name: Espeland-Sylvain-BiodivConserv-2019-raw-data.xlsxResource Description: Occurrence data per quadrangle, site, and transect. Species Codes and habitat identifiers are defined in a separate sheet.Resource Title: Data Dictionary. File Name: Espeland-Sylvain-BiodivConserv-2019-data-dictionary.csvResource Description: Details Species and Habitat codes for abundance data collected.Resource Title: Supporting Data (csv). File Name: Espeland-Sylvain-BiodivConserv-2019-raw-data.csvResource Description: Occurrence data per quadrangle, site, and transect.Resource Title: Supplementary Table S1.1. File Name: 10531_2019_1701_MOESM1_ESM.docxResource Description: Scientific name, common name, life history group, family, status (N= native, I= introduced), percent of plots present, and average cover when present of 56 vascular plant species recorded in 1196 undisturbed plots in federally-managed grasslands of western North Dakota. Life history groups: C3 = cool season perennial grass, C4 = warm season perennial grass, SE = sedge, SH = shrub, PF= perennial forb, BF = biennial forb, APF = annual, biennial, or perennial forb.

GLAH05 Level-1B waveform parameterization data include output parameters from the waveform characterization procedure and other parameters required to calculate surface slope and relief characteristics. GLAH05 contains parameterizations of both the transmitted and received pulses and other characteristics from which elevation and footprint-scale roughness and slope are calculated. The received pulse characterization uses two implementations of the retracking algorithms: one tuned for ice sheets, called the standard parameterization, used to calculate surface elevation for ice sheets, oceans, and sea ice; and another for land (the alternative parameterization). Each data granule has an associated browse product.

Analysis of ‘Data from: Range size, local abundance and effect inform species descriptions at scales relevant for local conservation practice’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/8da85082-87e9-40ae-8639-4f1d1b06a007 on 26 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Understanding species abundances and distributions, especially at local to landscape scales, is critical for land managers and conservationists to prioritize management decisions and informs the effort and expense that may be required. The metrics of range size and local abundance reflect aspects of the biology and ecology of a given species, and together with its per capita (or per unit area) effects on other members of the community comprise a well-accepted theoretical paradigm describing invasive species. Although these metrics are readily calculated from vegetation monitoring data, they have not generally (and effect in particular) been applied to native species. We describe how metrics defining invasions may be more broadly applied to both native and invasive species in vegetation management, supporting their relevance to local scales of species conservation and management. We then use a sample monitoring dataset to compare range size, local abundance and effect as well as summary calculations of landscape penetration (range size × local abundance) and impact (landscape penetration × effect) for native and invasive species in the mixed-grass plant community of western North Dakota, USA. This paper uses these summary statistics to quantify the impact for 13 of 56 commonly encountered species, with statistical support for effects of 6 of the 13 species. Our results agree with knowledge of invasion severity and natural history of native species in the region. We contend that when managers are using invasion metrics in monitoring, extending them to common native species is biologically and ecologically informative, with little additional investment.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The databases ESTAR, PSTAR, and ASTAR calculate stopping-power and range tables for electrons, protons, or helium ions. Stopping-power and range tables can be calculated for electrons in any user-specified material and for protons and helium ions in 74 materials.

Raw data to calculate rate of adaptationRaw dataset for rate of adaptation calculations (Figure 1) and related statistics.dataall.csvR code to analyze raw data for rate of adaptationCompetition Analysis.RRaw data to calculate effective population sizesdatacount.csvR code to analayze effective population sizesR code used to analyze effective population sizes; Figure 2Cell Count Ne.RR code to determine our best estimate of the dominance coefficient in each environmentR code to produce figures 3, S4, S5 -- what is the best estimate of dominance? Note, competition and effective population size R code must be run first in the same session.what is h.R

The primary objective of this study is to establish the dose-response relationship with regard to efficacy and safety of BIBR 1048 (50 mg bis in die(b.i.d), 150 mg b.i.d, 225 mg b.i.d. and 300 mg quaque die(q.d) ) in preventing venous thromboembolism(VTE) in patients undergoing primary elective total hip and knee replacement.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset presents the detailed breakdown of the count of individuals within distinct income brackets, categorizing them by gender (men and women) and employment type - full-time (FT) and part-time (PT), offering valuable insights into the diverse income landscapes within Grass Range. The dataset can be utilized to gain insights into gender-based income distribution within the Grass Range population, aiding in data analysis and decision-making..

Key observations

• Employment patterns: Within Grass Range, among individuals aged 15 years and older with income, there were 26 men and 37 women in the workforce. Among them, 8 men were engaged in full-time, year-round employment, while 5 women were in full-time, year-round roles.
• Annual income under $24,999: Of the male population working full-time, 12.50% fell within the income range of under $24,999, while none of the female population working full-time was represented in the same income bracket.
• Annual income above $100,000: 37.50% of men in full-time roles earned incomes exceeding $100,000, while none of women in full-time positions earned within this income bracket.
• Refer to the research insights for more key observations on more income brackets ( Annual income under $24,999, Annual income between $25,000 and $49,999, Annual income between $50,000 and $74,999, Annual income between $75,000 and $99,999 and Annual income above $100,000) and employment types (full-time year-round and part-time)

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Income brackets:

• $1 to $2,499 or loss
• $2,500 to $4,999
• $5,000 to $7,499
• $7,500 to $9,999
• $10,000 to $12,499
• $12,500 to $14,999
• $15,000 to $17,499
• $17,500 to $19,999
• $20,000 to $22,499
• $22,500 to $24,999
• $25,000 to $29,999
• $30,000 to $34,999
• $35,000 to $39,999
• $40,000 to $44,999
• $45,000 to $49,999
• $50,000 to $54,999
• $55,000 to $64,999
• $65,000 to $74,999
• $75,000 to $99,999
• $100,000 or more

Variables / Data Columns

• Income Bracket: This column showcases 20 income brackets ranging from $1 to $100,000+..
• Full-Time Males: The count of males employed full-time year-round and earning within a specified income bracket
• Part-Time Males: The count of males employed part-time and earning within a specified income bracket
• Full-Time Females: The count of females employed full-time year-round and earning within a specified income bracket
• Part-Time Females: The count of females employed part-time and earning within a specified income bracket

Employment type classifications include:

• Full-time, year-round: A full-time, year-round worker is a person who worked full time (35 or more hours per week) and 50 or more weeks during the previous calendar year.
• Part-time: A part-time worker is a person who worked less than 35 hours per week during the previous calendar year.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Grass Range median household income by race. You can refer the same here

The U.S. Geological Survey has been characterizing the regional variation in shear stress on the sea floor and sediment mobility through statistical descriptors. The purpose of this project is to identify patterns in stress in order to inform habitat delineation or decisions for anthropogenic use of the continental shelf. The statistical characterization spans the continental shelf from the coast to approximately 120 m water depth, at approximately 5 km resolution. Time-series of wave and circulation are created using numerical models, and near-bottom output of steady and oscillatory velocities and an estimate of bottom roughness are used to calculate a time-series of bottom shear stress at 1-hour intervals. Statistical descriptions such as the median and 95th percentile, which are the output included with this database, are then calculated to create a two-dimensional picture of the regional patterns in shear stress. In addition, time-series of stress are compared to critical stress values at select points calculated from observed surface sediment texture data to determine estimates of sea floor mobility.

GLAH05 Level-1B waveform parameterization data include output parameters from the waveform characterization procedure and other parameters required to calculate surface slope and relief characteristics. GLAH05 contains parameterizations of both the transmitted and received pulses and other characteristics from which elevation and footprint-scale roughness and slope are calculated. The received pulse characterization uses two implementations of the retracking algorithms: one tuned for ice sheets, called the standard parameterization, used to calculate surface elevation for ice sheets, oceans, and sea ice; and another for land (the alternative parameterization). Each data granule has an associated browse product.

This data package was produced by researchers working on the Shortgrass Steppe Long Term Ecological Research (SGS-LTER) Project, administered at Colorado State University. Long-term datasets and background information (proposals, reports, photographs, etc.) on the SGS-LTER project are contained in a comprehensive project collection within the Digital Collections of Colorado (http://digitool.library.colostate.edu/R/?func=collections&collection_id=3429). The data table and associated metadata document, which is generated in Ecological Metadata Language, may be available through other repositories serving the ecological research community and represent components of the larger SGS-LTER project collection. Additional information and referenced materials can be found: http://hdl.handle.net/10217/83448. Rabbits are the most important small-mammal herbivores in shortgrass steppe, and may significant influence the physiognomy and population dynamics of herbaceous plants and woody shrubs. Rabbits also are the most important prey of mammalian carnivores such as coyotes and large raptors such as golden eagles and great horned owls. Two hares (Lepus californicus, L. townsendii) and one cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus audubonii) occur in shortgrass steppe. In 1994, we initiated long-term studies to track changes in relative abundance of rabbits on the Central Plains Experimental Range (CPER). On four nights each year (one night each season, usually on new moon nights in January, April, July, October), we drove a 32-km route consisting of pasture two-track and gravel roads on the CPER. This was the same route as that driven for carnivore scat counts. Surveys began at twilight. Observers with two spotlights sat in the back of a 4WD pick-up driven at Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Website Pointer to html file. File Name: Web Page, url: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-sgs&identifier=136 Webpage with information and links to data files for download

• About Dataset Safa S. Abdul-Jabbar, Alaa k. Farhan

• Context This is the first Dataset for various ordinary patients in Iraq. The Dataset provides the patients’ Cell Blood Count test information that can be used to create a Hematology diagnosis/prediction system. Also, this Data was collected in 2022 from Al-Zahraa Al-Ahly Hospital. These data can be cleaned & analyzed using any programming language because it is provided in an excel file that can be accessed and manipulated easily. The user just needs to understand how rows and columns are arranged because the data was collected as images(CBC images) from the laboratories and then stored the extracted data in an excel file.  Content This Dataset contains 500 rows. For each row (patient information), there are 21 columns containing CBC test features that can be described as follows:

• ID: Patients Identifier

• WBC: White Blood Cell, Normal Ranges: 4.0 to 10.0, Unit: 10^9/L.

• LYMp: Lymphocytes percentage, which is a type of white blood cell, Normal Ranges: 20.0 to 40.0, Unit: %

• MIDp: Indicates the percentage combined value of the other types of white blood cells not classified as lymphocytes or granulocytes, Normal Ranges: 1.0 to 15.0, Unit: %

• NEUTp: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (leukocytes); neutrophils percentage, Normal Ranges: 50.0 to 70.0, Unit: %

• LYMn: Lymphocytes number are a type of white blood cell, Normal Ranges: 0.6 to 4.1, Unit: 10^9/L.

• MIDn: Indicates the combined number of other white blood cells not classified as lymphocytes or granulocytes, Normal Ranges: 0.1 to 1.8, Unit: 10^9/L.

• NEUTn: Neutrophils Number, Normal Ranges: 2.0 to 7.8, Unit: 10^9/L.

• RBC: Red Blood Cell, Normal Ranges: 3.50 to 5.50, Unit: 10^12/L

• HGB: Hemoglobin, Normal Ranges: 11.0 to 16.0, Unit: g/dL

• HCT: Hematocrit is the proportion, by volume, of the Blood that consists of red blood cells, Normal Ranges: 36.0 to 48.0, Unit: %

• MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume, Normal Ranges: 80.0 to 99.0, Unit: fL

• MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin is the average amount of haemoglobin in the average red cell, Normal Ranges: 26.0 to 32.0, Unit: pg

• MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Normal Ranges: 32.0 to 36.0, Unit: g/dL

• RDWSD: Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, Normal Ranges: 37.0 to 54.0, Unit: fL

• RDWCV: Red blood cell distribution width, Normal Ranges: 11.5 to 14.5, Unit: %

• PLT: Platelet Count, Normal Ranges: 100 to 400, Unit: 10^9/L

• MPV: Mean Platelet Volume, Normal Ranges: 7.4 to 10.4, Unit: fL

• PDW: Red Cell Distribution Width, Normal Ranges: 10.0 to 17.0, Unit: %

• PCT: The level of Procalcitonin in the Blood, Normal Ranges: 0.10 to 0.28, Unit: %

• PLCR: Platelet Large Cell Ratio, Normal Ranges: 13.0 to 43.0, Unit: %

• Acknowledgements We thank the entire Al-Zahraa Al-Ahly Hospital Hospital team, especially the hospital manager, for cooperating with us in collecting this data while maintaining patients' confidentiality.

Description:

👉 Download the dataset here

The Crowd Counting Dataset is an extensive collection of high-resolution images capturing a wide variety of crowd scenes, with the number of individuals ranging from zero to 5,000 per image. The dataset is meticulously curated to include diverse scenarios such as public events, street gatherings, protests, festivals, and daily commutes, ensuring that it covers a broad spectrum of crowd densities and environmental conditions.

Download Dataset

Key Features:

Diverse Scenarios: The dataset features crowds in various settings, from dense urban environments to open public spaces, providing a comprehensive resource for developing and testing crowd counting algorithms across different contexts.

High-Quality Annotations: Each image in the dataset is paired with a JSON file that includes precise annotations for every individual in the crowd. The labeling details not only the count of people but also includes classification data such as gender, age group, and activity, enabling multi-dimensional analysis.

Versatility in Applications: This dataset is ideal for training and evaluating machine learning models for applications in public safety, event management, urban planning, and retail analysis, where accurate crowd estimation and behavior analysis are critical.

Scalable Data: With a wide range of crowd sizes, the dataset is suitable for both low-density and high-density crowd counting tasks, providing a robust foundation for developing scalable Al solutions.

Real-World Relevance: The images are sourced from real-world environments, ensuring that models trained on this dataset can generalize well to practical applications, enhancing their reliability in real-time deployments.

Dataset Structure:

Images: High-resolution images captured from various angles and lighting conditions.

Annotations: JSON files containing detailed labels for each individual, including:

Person count

Classification attributes (e.g., age group, gender, activity)

Positional information within the image for precise localization

Categories: The dataset is organized into different categories based on crowd density, scene type, and time of day, allowing users to focus on specific aspects of crowd analysis.

This dataset is sourced from Kaggle.

Studies utilizing Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry rarely result in 100% fix success rates (FSR). Many assessments of wildlife resource use do not account for missing data, either assuming data loss is random or because a lack of practical treatment for systematic data loss. Several studies have explored how the environment, technological features, and animal behavior influence rates of missing data in GPS telemetry, but previous spatially explicit models developed to correct for sampling bias have been specified to small study areas, on a small range of data loss, or to be species-specific, limiting their general utility. Here we explore environmental effects on GPS fix acquisition rates across a wide range of environmental conditions and detection rates for bias correction of terrestrial GPS-derived, large mammal habitat use. We also evaluate patterns in missing data that relate to potential animal activities that change the orientation of the antennae and characterize home-range probability of GPS detection for 4 focal species; cougars (Puma concolor), desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus ssp. nelsoni) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Part 1, Positive Openness Raster (raster dataset): Openness is an angular measure of the relationship between surface relief and horizontal distance. For angles less than 90 degrees it is equivalent to the internal angle of a cone with its apex at a DEM _location, and is constrained by neighboring elevations within a specified radial distance. 480 meter search radius was used for this calculation of positive openness. Openness incorporates the terrain line-of-sight or viewshed concept and is calculated from multiple zenith and nadir angles-here along eight azimuths. Positive openness measures openness above the surface, with high values for convex forms and low values for concave forms (Yokoyama et al. 2002). We calculated positive openness using a custom python script, following the methods of Yokoyama et. al (2002) using a USGS National Elevation Dataset as input. Part 2, Northern Arizona GPS Test Collar (csv): Bias correction in GPS telemetry data-sets requires a strong understanding of the mechanisms that result in missing data. We tested wildlife GPS collars in a variety of environmental conditions to derive a predictive model of fix acquisition. We found terrain exposure and tall over-story vegetation are the primary environmental features that affect GPS performance. Model evaluation showed a strong correlation (0.924) between observed and predicted fix success rates (FSR) and showed little bias in predictions. The model's predictive ability was evaluated using two independent data-sets from stationary test collars of different make/model, fix interval programming, and placed at different study sites. No statistically significant differences (95% CI) between predicted and observed FSRs, suggest changes in technological factors have minor influence on the models ability to predict FSR in new study areas in the southwestern US. The model training data are provided here for fix attempts by hour. This table can be linked with the site _location shapefile using the site field. Part 3, Probability Raster (raster dataset): Bias correction in GPS telemetry datasets requires a strong understanding of the mechanisms that result in missing data. We tested wildlife GPS collars in a variety of environmental conditions to derive a predictive model of fix aquistion. We found terrain exposure and tall overstory vegetation are the primary environmental features that affect GPS performance. Model evaluation showed a strong correlation (0.924) between observed and predicted fix success rates (FSR) and showed little bias in predictions. The models predictive ability was evaluated using two independent datasets from stationary test collars of different make/model, fix interval programing, and placed at different study sites. No statistically significant differences (95% CI) between predicted and observed FSRs, suggest changes in technological factors have minor influence on the models ability to predict FSR in new study areas in the southwestern US. We evaluated GPS telemetry datasets by comparing the mean probability of a successful GPS fix across study animals home-ranges, to the actual observed FSR of GPS downloaded deployed collars on cougars (Puma concolor), desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus ssp. nelsoni) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Comparing the mean probability of acquisition within study animals home-ranges and observed FSRs of GPS downloaded collars resulted in a approximatly 1:1 linear relationship with an r-sq= 0.68. Part 4, GPS Test Collar Sites (shapefile): Bias correction in GPS telemetry data-sets requires a strong understanding of the mechanisms that result in missing data. We tested wildlife GPS collars in a variety of environmental conditions to derive a predictive model of fix acquisition. We found terrain exposure and tall over-story vegetation are the primary environmental features that affect GPS performance. Model evaluation showed a strong correlation (0.924) between observed and predicted fix success rates (FSR) and showed little bias in predictions. The model's predictive ability was evaluated using two independent data-sets from stationary test collars of different make/model, fix interval programming, and placed at different study sites. No statistically significant differences (95% CI) between predicted and observed FSRs, suggest changes in technological factors have minor influence on the models ability to predict FSR in new study areas in the southwestern US. Part 5, Cougar Home Ranges (shapefile): Cougar home-ranges were calculated to compare the mean probability of a GPS fix acquisition across the home-range to the actual fix success rate (FSR) of the collar as a means for evaluating if characteristics of an animal’s home-range have an effect on observed FSR. We estimated home-ranges using the Local Convex Hull (LoCoH) method using the 90th isopleth. Data obtained from GPS download of retrieved units were only used. Satellite delivered data was omitted from the analysis for animals where the collar was lost or damaged because satellite delivery tends to lose as additional 10% of data. Comparisons with home-range mean probability of fix were also used as a reference for assessing if the frequency animals use areas of low GPS acquisition rates may play a role in observed FSRs. Part 6, Cougar Fix Success Rate by Hour (csv): Cougar GPS collar fix success varied by hour-of-day suggesting circadian rhythms with bouts of rest during daylight hours may change the orientation of the GPS receiver affecting the ability to acquire fixes. Raw data of overall fix success rates (FSR) and FSR by hour were used to predict relative reductions in FSR. Data only includes direct GPS download datasets. Satellite delivered data was omitted from the analysis for animals where the collar was lost or damaged because satellite delivery tends to lose approximately an additional 10% of data. Part 7, Openness Python Script version 2.0: This python script was used to calculate positive openness using a 30 meter digital elevation model for a large geographic area in Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah. A scientific research project used the script to explore environmental effects on GPS fix acquisition rates across a wide range of environmental conditions and detection rates for bias correction of terrestrial GPS-derived, large mammal habitat use.

Dataset and codes for "Observation of Acceleration and Deceleration Periods at Pine Island Ice Shelf from 1997–2023 "

• Description of the data and file structure

The MATLAB codes and related datasets are used for generating the figures for the paper "Observation of Acceleration and Deceleration Periods at Pine Island Ice Shelf from 1997–2023".

Files and variables

File 1: Data_and_Code.zip

Directory: Main_function

**Description:****Include MATLAB scripts and functions. Each script include discriptions that guide the user how to used it and how to find the dataset that used for processing.

MATLAB Main Scripts: Include the whole steps to process the data, output figures, and output videos.

Script_1_Ice_velocity_process_flow.m

Script_2_strain_rate_process_flow.m

Script_3_DROT_grounding_line_extraction.m

Script_4_Read_ICESat2_h5_files.m

Script_5_Extraction_results.m

MATLAB functions: Five Files that includes MATLAB functions that support the main script:

1_Ice_velocity_code: Include MATLAB functions related to ice velocity post-processing, includes remove outliers, filter, correct for atmospheric and tidal effect, inverse weited averaged, and error estimate.

2_strain_rate: Include MATLAB functions related to strain rate calculation.

3_DROT_extract_grounding_line_code: Include MATLAB functions related to convert range offset results output from GAMMA to differential vertical displacement and used the result extract grounding line.

4_Extract_data_from_2D_result: Include MATLAB functions that used for extract profiles from 2D data.

5_NeRD_Damage_detection: Modified code fom Izeboud et al. 2023. When apply this code please also cite Izeboud et al. 2023 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425722004655).

6_Figure_plotting_code:Include MATLAB functions related to Figures in the paper and support information.

Director: data_and_result

Description:**Include directories that store the results output from MATLAB. user only neeed to modify the path in MATLAB script to their own path.

1_origin : Sample data ("PS-20180323-20180329", “PS-20180329-20180404”, “PS-20180404-20180410”) output from GAMMA software in Geotiff format that can be used to calculate DROT and velocity. Includes displacment, theta, phi, and ccp.

2_maskccpN: Remove outliers by ccp < 0.05 and change displacement to velocity (m/day).

3_rockpoint: Extract velocities at non-moving region

4_constant_detrend: removed orbit error

5_Tidal_correction: remove atmospheric and tidal induced error

6_rockpoint: Extract non-aggregated velocities at non-moving region

6_vx_vy_v: trasform velocities from va/vr to vx/vy

7_rockpoint: Extract aggregated velocities at non-moving region

7_vx_vy_v_aggregate_and_error_estimate: inverse weighted average of three ice velocity maps and calculate the error maps

8_strain_rate: calculated strain rate from aggregate ice velocity

9_compare: store the results before and after tidal correction and aggregation.

10_Block_result: times series results that extrac from 2D data.

11_MALAB_output_png_result: Store .png files and time serties result

12_DROT: Differential Range Offset Tracking results

13_ICESat_2: ICESat_2 .h5 files and .mat files can put here (in this file only include the samples from tracks 0965 and 1094)

14_MODIS_images: you can store MODIS images here

shp: grounding line, rock region, ice front, and other shape files.

File 2 : PIG_front_1947_2023.zip

Includes Ice front positions shape files from 1947 to 2023, which used for plotting figure.1 in the paper.

File 3 : PIG_DROT_GL_2016_2021.zip

Includes grounding line positions shape files from 1947 to 2023, which used for plotting figure.1 in the paper.

Data was derived from the following sources:
Those links can be found in MATLAB scripts or in the paper "**Open Research" **section.