An emerging CALD community refers to a place with a significant increase in the number of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) populations according to ABS census counts. These communities may experience social barriers that adversely affect the quality of life. Emerging CALD Communities are an ongoing feature of the Australian cultural landscape. Further research has been required into the status of Emerging CALD Communities. This project concerns how social and environmental inequalities have been distributed in Australia's CALD populations over the last two decades. It aims to measure changes in the CALD populations and exposure to urban heat and greening due to social inequities and climate change. Two layers of CALD total populations at the SA1 level were generated for five consecutive Australian Census years (2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021) using historic ABS Census datasets. The first layer represents individuals who speak a non-English language at home, while the second layer includes those born in a country where the main language is non-English. Both layers were transformed and aggregated to ensure consistency across Census years, providing a detailed analysis of CALD population trends over two decades. This project expands AURINʼs infrastructure of data and tools, in particular the integrated Heat Vulnerability Index toolkit developed by CI Sun that has provided cloud computing tools for deriving environmental indicators. The outcome of this project is a new nationwide longitudinal database with the quantification of CALD populations and social-environmental inequalities, which will fill a critical gap for AURINʼs data catalogue. The database supports and facilitates multidisciplinary research to perform spatial and statistical analyses to reveal the disproportionate exposure to urban heat and greening across CALD communities in Australia. Spatially explicit information can be generated from the database for planners to make intervention strategies for vulnerable CALD populations, to diminish the inequality for CALD. This significantly advances AURINʼs capability to support CALD research across social science, public health, and the environment, and achieve SDG goals.

This aim of generating this dataset was to understand the culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) older adults’ risk perceptions of COVID-19, and identify health precautions [emotional and behavioral] and emergency preparation associated with their risk perceptions and demographics. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 1 to December 31, 2020 in South Australia. The CALD population aged 60 years and above were approached through 11 South Australian multicultural NGOs, resulting in the completion of 155 multi-indicator surveys. The demographic characteristics and risk perception indicators were considered as explanatory variables in this study. The demographics of participants were categorized into: age [60-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80 years and above); gender [male and female]; education [no formal education, primary school, high school, Bachelors, and Masters and above; and ethnicity (country of birth; classified as Asian, African, and non-English speaking self-nominated CALD European). We used the modified version [i.e., a 15-indicator risk perception scale] of Gerhold’s (2020) COVID-19 risk perception measure, which was developed based on Slovic’s (1987) psychometric concepts― a. cognitive [i.e., likelihood of being affected] and affective dimension [i.e., fear and general concerns], and b. psychometric paradigm [i.e., severity, controllability, and personal impact]. The outcome measures were: health precautions [problem-focused and emotion-focused], behavioral dimensions and emergency preparation. The 19-indicator problem-and-emotion-focused health precaution practice scale was used, drawing on Folkman & Lazarus’s (1988) problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies. Also, seven items of behavioral dimensions and five items of emergency preparedness for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic were included. All items had 5-point Likert scales (1 = “strongly disagree” to 5 = “strongly agree”). This dataset may help the researchers who investigate multicultural health or aged care in the pandemic to link with other datasets and making use of it as a secondary use of collected data in order to develop culturally tailored pandemic-related response plan.

This dataset provides a composite measure of heat vulnerability for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) populations in Australia, integrating three key indicators: heat exposure, heat sensibility, and heat adaptive capability. Derived from social and environmental variables in CALD-specific AURIN datasets, it provides data for 2001, 2011, 2016, and 2021, utilising the 2021 SA1 boundaries to enable retrospective comparison. This framework allows for the assessment of heat vulnerability trends across diverse neighbourhoods, supporting targeted strategies for mitigating heat-related risks and fostering resilience and equity in urban environments. Effective Use Case Descriptions: Heat Vulnerability Assessment and Planning: Urban planners and environmental agencies can use the Integrated Heat Vulnerability Index to identify and prioritise CALD and non-CALD neighbourhoods most at risk from heat-related impacts. By analysing the index, they can develop targeted heat mitigation strategies such as enhancing green spaces, improving building insulation, or increasing access to cooling centres. This data-driven approach ensures resources are allocated effectively to areas with the highest vulnerability. Public Health Interventions: Public health officials can utilise the heat vulnerability index to assess the risk of heat-related health issues in different neighbourhoods. By integrating indicators of heat exposure, sensibility, and adaptive capability, health agencies can design and implement targeted outreach programs, heat-health warnings, and community support initiatives to protect vulnerable populations during extreme heat events. Climate Adaptation Strategies: Climate resilience experts can apply the index to evaluate the effectiveness of past and current climate adaptation measures. By comparing heat vulnerability trends over time, they can identify gaps in adaptive capacity and recommend improvements to climate resilience strategies. This helps ensure that adaptation efforts are addressing the needs of the most affected communities. Policy Development and Advocacy: Policymakers and advocacy groups can leverage the data to support evidence-based policy development and advocate for climate justice. The index provides a clear picture of how heat vulnerability varies across neighbourhoods, allowing for the formulation of policies that address inequities and promote inclusive urban planning. It can also be used to justify funding for heat mitigation and adaptation projects in vulnerable areas. Community Engagement and Education: Community organisations can use the heat vulnerability index to raise awareness about heat risks and promote community-driven solutions. By sharing insights on heat exposure and adaptive capabilities, these organisations can empower residents to participate in local heat resilience initiatives and advocate for improvements in their neighbourhoods. Research and Academic Studies: Researchers can use the index to study the relationship between heat vulnerability and various socio-environmental factors. The longitudinal data enables analyses of how changes in urban development, demographic shifts, and climate change impact heat vulnerability over time, contributing to the broader understanding of environmental justice and urban resilience.

Descriptive statistics of demographics and the indicators of risk perceptions and precautions (n = 109).

Constructions about CALD people in each of the 38 studies.

Abstract Background Understanding of the epidemiology and health burden of eating disorders has progressed significantly in the last 2 decades. It was considered one of seven key areas to inform the Australian Government commissioned National Eating Disorder Research and Translation Strategy 2021–2031, as emerging research had highlighted a rise in eating disorder prevalence and worsening burden-of-illness. The aim of this review was to better understand the global epidemiology and impact of eating disorders to inform policy decision-making. Methods Using a systematic Rapid Review methodology, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Medline (Ovid) were searched for peer-reviewed studies published between 2009 and 2021. Clear inclusion criteria were developed in consultation with experts in the field. Purposive sampling of literature was conducted, which predominately focused on higher-level evidence (meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and large epidemiological studies), synthesised, and narratively analysed. Results 135 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review (N = 1324). Prevalence estimates varied. Global Lifetime prevalence of any eating disorder ranged from 0.74 to 2.2% in males, and 2.58–8.4% in females. Australian 3-month point-prevalence of broadly defined disorders was around 16% in females. Eating disorders appeared more prevalent in young people and adolescents, particularly females (in Australia: eating disorders ~ 22.2%; disordered eating ~ 25.7%). Limited evidence was found on sex, sexuality and gender diverse (LGBTQI +) individuals, particularly males, who had a six-fold increase in prevalence compared to the general male population, with increased illness impact. Similarly, limited evidence on First Australian’s (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) suggests prevalence rates similar to non-Indigenous Australians. No prevalence studies were identified specifically assessing culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Global disease burden of any eating disorder was 43.4 age-standardised disability-adjusted-life-years per 100,000; increasing by 9.4% between 2007 and 2017. Australian’s total economic cost was estimated at $84 billion from years-of-life lost due to disability and death, and annual lost earnings ~ $1.646 billion.” Conclusions There is no doubt that eating disorder prevalence and impact are on the rise, particularly in at-risk and understudied populations. Much of the evidence came from female-only samples, and Western, high-income countries which more readily have access to specialised services. Future research should examine more representative samples. There is an urgent need for more refined epidemiological methods to better understand these complex illnesses over time, to guide health policy and development-of-care.

Measures of the environmental inequality among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) populations derived from the time series extracted from Landsat satellite images in the years 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021, including land surface temperature, urban heat intensity index, NDVI (normalised difference vegetation index) and NDBI (normalised difference built-up index) for each SA1. The time-series datasets were retrieved on Google Earth Engine using ABS SA1 2021 boundary.

Abstract Background Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) mothers with young children with limited English proficiency (LEP) encounter multiple barriers in accessing and engaging with primary healthcare services. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences and perceptions of CALD mothers with LEP in receiving child and family health nursing (CFHN) services and sustained nurse home visiting (SNHV) programs. Methods Fourteen mothers were interviewed from two large Local Health Districts in Sydney. All interviews were audio-recorded for transcription purposes. Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis (IPA) was used for analysis and the socioecological approach was applied to interpret the data. Results CALD mothers with LEP experienced both challenges and facilitators in their access and engagement with CFHN services and SNHV programs that were identified in four themes: managing culture; managing the service system; managing the relationship; and strengths and weaknesses of CFHN services. Conclusion The integration of strategies such as building trusting relationships, using female professional interpreters and better understanding of CALD mothers’ cultural practices may address CALD mothers’ needs and facilitate communication. Design and development of model of support involving CALD mothers with LEP in ways that voice their ideas could meet their needs and contribute to better engagement of this vulnerable population with CFHN services and SNHV programs.

The participants’ risk perceptions and coping behaviors (n = 109).

This database contains comprehensive information on 715 formally incorporated Chinese Voluntary Associations (CVAs) in the State of Victoria, Australia. Victoria is home to one of the largest and most vibrant ethnic Chinese communities in Australia, making this dataset particularly significant. The information provided includes organisation names, year of registration, membership numbers, deregistration years (where applicable), and mission statements (for some organisations). This rich collection of data offers researchers a unique opportunity to study the evolution and characteristics of Chinese community organisations in a key area of Chinese settlement and community development in Australia.While the database is based on self-reported information and may not perfectly reflect reality, it nonetheless provides a robust and detailed picture of the formally incorporated Chinese community organisations in Victoria. The dataset's strengths lie in its comprehensive coverage of registered CVAs and the inclusion of both active and deregistered organisations. However, it is important to note that informal, unincorporated associations are not included in this database.This valuable resource can support various research applications, including analyses of trends in organisation formation, patterns in organisational missions, membership dynamics, and comparative studies with other regions or ethnic communities. By making this database available, researchers can gain deeper insights into the Chinese diaspora's civic engagement and community-building efforts in one of Australia's most significant Chinese population centres, contributing to a better understanding of multicultural society and immigrant integration in urban contexts.

Participants’ characteristics and distribution of coping and emergency preparation scores across different categories (N = 109).

IntroductionParticipation in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Australia is approximately 54% among the general population, but screening among women from some culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds is lower. BreastScreen Victoria apply strategies to increase screening including reminder letters and phone calls; however, these are usually provided in English. Using intervention strategies generated from the Ophelia (OPtimise HEalth LIteracy and Access) community co-design process, translated mammography reminder letters and in-language phone calls were tested within two randomised control trials (RCTs).Methods and analysisWomen aged 50–75 years who were due for their 2-yearly screening mammography (for RCT#1) or were under-screened, i.e. ≥27 months since last screen (for RCT#2) were randomised into intervention or control groups. RCT#1 compared sending women routine reminder letters (English only) with translated (Arabic or Italian) letters. RCT#2 compared reminder telephone calls to women in their preferred language (Arabic or Italian) to no telephone call. The primary outcome for each trial was screening booking rates within 14-days. Primary outcomes were tested using Pearson’s chi-square test. Rates within language group (incidence ratio: IR) were compared using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test.ResultsFor RCT#1 (letters) 1,032 women were randomised into the intervention arm or to usual care. Uptake of screening bookings was similar between both groups, with no differences observed by language group. For RCT#2 (phone calls), 195 women were randomised to the intervention group or to usual care. Overall, 64.2% of women in the intervention arm and 6% in the control arm booked a screening appointment within 14 days (p

BackgroundCancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide with colorectal, cervical, and breast cancers accounting for significant proportion of preventable deaths. Early screening, diagnosis, and treatment could prevent many of these deaths. However, migrants face persistent disparities in the screening, early diagnosis, and treatment of these cancers. This study synthesizes evidence on cancer screening uptake, implementation strategies, as well as their enablers and barriers among migrants in English-speaking high-income countries (Australia, the USA, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand).MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of studies published in any language between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2024. Studies were retrieved from four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. Search terms were developed based on four domains: types of cancer (colorectal, cervical, and breast), migrant populations, screening coverage, and country of residence. The uptake of cancer screening among migrants in selected countries was determined. A thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data and identify key themes related to the implementation of cancer screening strategies, as well as their enablers and barriers.ResultsA total of 80 studies were included in the review. Migrants exhibited varied levels of utilization of cancer screening such as cervical cancer (41% − 84%), breast cancer (24%−87%), and colorectal cancer (4%−55%). Four themes related to the implementation of cancer screening strategies were identified: i) culturally tailored health education and communication, ii) trust-building initiatives with providers and health systems, iii) family and community support for acculturation and engagement, iv) awareness and knowledge on increased risk perception. Several barriers to the implementation of cancer screening strategies were identified, including lack of insurance, transportation challenges, difficulty in speaking and understanding English, inflexible work hours of health services, cultural taboos, stigma, poverty, and undocumented (illegal) status of migrants. Enablers of the implementation of cancer screening strategies included faith-based messaging on cancer screening, community partnerships, home-based fecal immunochemical test kits, availability of after-hours services, gender-concordant care, social networks, acculturation, and trust-building.ConclusionsThe uptake of cancer screening (breast, cervical, colorectal) varied and had low among migrants (e.g., refugees, culturally and linguistically diverse populations). Targeted, culturally tailored approaches, expanding interpreter services, and fostering cross-sector collaborations (e.g., linking screenings to cultural events) are essential for addressing disparities in cancer screening among migrants. Culturally sensitive and adaptive, equity-focussed interventions on cancer screening should be prioritized by ensuring sustained funding, disaggregated data collection on the uptake of cancers screening and design and implementation of programs on targeting diverse population groups.