This dataset is not being updated as hospitals are no longer mandated to report COVID Hospitalizations to CDPH.

Data is from the California COVID-19 State Dashboard at https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/

Note: Hospitalization counts include all patients diagnosed with COVID-19 during their stay. This does not necessarily mean they were hospitalized because of COVID-19 complications or that they experienced COVID-19 symptoms.

Note: Cumulative totals are not available due to the fact that hospitals report the total number of patients each day (as opposed to new patients).

With the onset of COVID-19, hospitals statewide saw a sharp drop in inpatient discharges, emergency department utilization, and ambulatory surgeries. These datasets contain monthly counts of encounters and in-hospital mortalities in those three settings and are also broken down by the following common health conditions/categories: anxiety, asthma, behavioral syndromes, cancer, cardiac arrest, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), COVID-19, depression, diabetes, homeless, hypertension, mood disorders (excluding depression), non-mood psychotic disorders, nonpsychotic disorders (excluding anxiety), obesity, pneumonia, respiratory arrest/failure, sepsis, stroke, substance use disorders, and unspecified mental disorders.

Note: On April 30, 2024, the Federal mandate for COVID-19 and influenza associated hospitalization data to be reported to CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) expired. Hospitalization data beyond April 30, 2024, will not be updated on the Open Data Portal. Hospitalization and ICU admission data collected from summer 2020 to May 10, 2023, are sourced from the California Hospital Association (CHA) Survey. Data collected on or after May 11, 2023, are sourced from CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).

Data is from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) Respiratory Virus State Dashboard at https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Respiratory-Viruses/RespiratoryDashboard.aspx.

Data are updated each Friday around 2 pm.

For COVID-19 death data: As of January 1, 2023, data was sourced from the California Department of Public Health, California Comprehensive Death File (Dynamic), 2023–Present. Prior to January 1, 2023, death data was sourced from the COVID-19 case registry. The change in data source occurred in July 2023 and was applied retroactively to all 2023 data to provide a consistent source of death data for the year of 2023. Influenza death data was sourced from the California Department of Public Health, California Comprehensive Death File (Dynamic), 2020–Present.

COVID-19 testing data represent data received by CDPH through electronic laboratory reporting of test results for COVID-19 among residents of California. Testing date is the date the test was administered, and tests have a 1-day lag (except for the Los Angeles County, which has an additional 7-day lag). Influenza testing data represent data received by CDPH from clinical sentinel laboratories in California. These laboratories report the aggregate number of laboratory-confirmed influenza virus detections and total tests performed on a weekly basis. These data do not represent all influenza testing occurring in California and are available only at the state level.

This dataset compiles daily snapshots of publicly reported data on 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) testing in Ontario.

Learn how the Government of Ontario is helping to keep Ontarians safe during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus outbreak.

Data includes:

• date
• OH region
• current hospitalizations with COVID-19
• current patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) due to COVID-related critical Illness
• current patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) testing positive for COVID
• current patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) no longer testing positive for COVID
• current patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) on ventilators due to COVID-related critical illness
• current patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) on ventilators testing positive for COVID
• current patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) on ventilators no longer testing positive for COVID

**Effective November 14, 2024 this page will no longer be updated. Information about COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses is available on Public Health Ontario’s interactive respiratory virus tool: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Data-and-Analysis/Infectious-Disease/Respiratory-Virus-Tool **

Additional notes

Data for the period of October 24, 2023 to March 24, 2024 excludes hospitals in the West region who were experiencing data availability issues.

Daily adult, pediatric, and neonatal patient ICU census data were impacted by technical issues between September 9 and October 20, 2023. As a result, when public reporting resumes on November 16, 2023, historical ICU data for this time period will be excluded.

As of August 3, 2023, the data in this file has been updated to reflect that there are now six Ontario Health (OH) regions.

This dataset is subject to change. Please review the daily epidemiologic summaries for information on variables, methodology, and technical considerations.

As of 9/12/2024, we will begin reporting on hospitalization data again using a new San Francisco specific dataset. Updated data can be accessed here.

On 5/1/2024, hospitalization data reporting will change from mandatory to optional for all hospitals nationwide. We will be pausing the refresh of the underlying data beginning 5/2/2024.

A. SUMMARY Count of COVID+ patients admitted to the hospital. Patients who are hospitalized and test positive for COVID-19 may be admitted to an acute care bed (a regular hospital bed), or an intensive care unit (ICU) bed. This data shows the daily total count of COVID+ patients in these two bed types, and the data reflects totals from all San Francisco Hospitals.

B. HOW THE DATASET IS CREATED Hospital information is based on admission data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and provided by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH).

C. UPDATE PROCESS Updates automatically every week.

D. HOW TO USE THIS DATASET Each record represents how many people were hospitalized on the date recorded in either an ICU bed or acute care bed (shown as Med/Surg under DPHCategory field).

The dataset shown here includes all San Francisco hospitals and updates weekly with data for the past Sunday-Saturday as information is collected and verified. Data may change as more current information becomes available.

E. CHANGE LOG

• 9/12/2024 -Hospitalization data are now being tracked through a new source and are available here.
• 5/1/2024 - hospitalization data reporting to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) changed from mandatory to optional for all hospitals nationwide. We will be pausing the refresh of the underlying data beginning 5/2/2024.
• 12/14/2023 – added column “hospitalreportingpct” to indicate the percentage of hospitals who submitted data on each report date.
• 8/7/2023 - In response to the end of the federal public health emergency on 5/11/2023 the California Hospital Association (CHA) stopped the collection and dissemination of COVID-19 hospitalization data. In alignment with the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), hospitalization data from 5/11/2023 onward are being pulled from the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). The NHSN data is updated weekly and does not include information on COVID suspected (PUI) patients.
• 4/9/2021 - dataset updated daily with a four-day data lag.

This dataset details the percentage of COVID-19 positive patients in hospitals and ICUs for COVID-19 related reasons, and for reasons other than COVID-19. Data includes: * reporting date * percentage of COVID-19 positive patients in hospital admitted for COVID-19 * percentage of COVID-19 positive patients in hospital admitted for other reasons * percentage of COVID-19 positive patients in ICU admitted for COVID-19 * percentage of COVID-19 positive patients in ICU admitted for other reasons **Effective November 14, 2024 this page will no longer be updated. Information about COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses is available on Public Health Ontario’s interactive respiratory virus tool: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Data-and-Analysis/Infectious-Disease/Respiratory-Virus-Tool ** Due to incomplete weekend and holiday reporting, data for hospital and ICU admissions are not updated on Sundays, Mondays and the day after holidays. This dataset is subject to change.

The National Hospital Care Survey (NHCS) collects data on patient care in hospital-based settings to describe patterns of health care delivery and utilization in the United States. Settings currently include inpatient and emergency departments (ED). Additionally, the NHCS contributes data that may inform public health emergencies as the survey is designed to capture emerging diseases and viruses that require hospitalizations, including COVID-19 encounters. The 2020 - 2023 NHCS are not yet fully operational so it is important to note that these data are not nationally representative.

The data are from 26 hospitals submitting inpatient and 26 hospitals submitting ED Uniform Bill (UB)-04 administrative claims from March 18, 2020-December 26, 2023. Even though the data are not nationally representative, they can provide insight on the impact of COVID-19 on various types of hospitals throughout the country. This information is not available in other hospital reporting systems. The NHCS data from these hospitals can show results by a combination of indicators related to COVID-19, such as length of inpatient stay, in-hospital mortality, comorbidities, and intubation or ventilator use. NHCS data allow for reporting on patient conditions and treatments within the hospital over time.

DSH COVID-19 Staff Testing: Last updated - 02/10/2025 DSH COVID-19 Staff Data reports on DSH staff and non-DSH personnel positives at the facility level for DSH. The table reports on the following data fields: Total staff positive for COVID-19 confirmed by Public Health or medical facility since 3/20/2020 Staff newly positive for COVID-19 in the last 14 days Non-DSH personnel positive for COVID-19 confirmed by Public Health or medical facility since 5/26/2020 Non-DSH personnel newly positive for COVID-19 in the last 14 days Table Notes: Data has been de-identified in accordance with CalHHS Data De-Identification Guidelines. Counts between 1-10 are masked with "<11". Other includes non-DSH personnel who perform work at DSH facilities and personnel working at sites located on DSH facilities that are operated by other organizations. Metro-Norwalk is additional COVID-19 surge space and technically a branch _location that is part of DSH Metropolitan Hospital.

Context

I was paying close attention to the COVID-19 data reported by Orange County's health department in the beginning months of the pandemic. The website initially offered users the opportunity to download the latest data and had visualizations depicting the number of reported deaths and cases. A few months in, the data and visualizations were removed and the website only offered daily numbers. I was lucky enough to download the latest data the day before this happened and began tracking the numbers manually. The data I've been collecting is now automatically updated twice daily and posted to my website (cwjabrams.com) daily.

Content

The data contains dates, COVID-19 case information, COVID-19 mortality information, and COVID-19 hospital information for Orange County, CA. The time period the data covers ranges from near the beginning of February to early January (updated data can be found at my website)

*** The County of Santa Clara Public Health Department discontinued updates to the COVID-19 data tables effective June 30, 2025. The COVID-19 data tables will be removed from the Open Data Portal on December 30, 2025. For current information on COVID-19 in Santa Clara County, please visit the Respiratory Virus Dashboard [sccphd.org/respiratoryvirusdata]. For any questions, please contact phinternet@phd.sccgov.org ***

The dataset provides information on the number of hospitalized patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Data on hospitalized patients are provided by reporting hospitals and represent a snapshot of the hospitals’ patient census and capacity at that point in time. These data may vary greatly day to day as they are only accurate at the time hospitals report the data. Source: Santa Clara County Emergency Medical Services. Data Notes: A Person Under Investigation (PUI) is an individual that is believed to have COVID-19 based on symptoms. New COVID-19 patients represent either newly admitted patients with COVID-19 or PUIs already hospitalized that then test positive for COVID-19. Percent represents the percentage of staffable beds for each level of care that are occupied by patients with COVID-19. Percentages are provided as a rolling 7-day average.

This data table was updated for the last time on May 24, 2021. To access more recent hospitalization data please visit the state’s open data portal here. https://data.ca.gov/dataset/covid-19-hospital-data1

DSH COVID-19 Patient Testing: Last updated -02/10/2025 DSH COVID-19 Patient Data reports on patient positives and testing counts at the facility level for DSH. The table reports on the following data fields: Total patients that tested positive for COVID-19 since 5/16/2020 Patients newly positive for COVID-19 in the last 14 days Patient deaths while patient was positive for COVID-19 since 5/30/2020 Total number of tests administered since 3/23/2020 Table Notes: COVID-19 test results for patients include DSH patients who are tested while receiving treatment at an outside medical facility. Data has been de-identified in accordance with CalHHS Data De-identification Guidelines. Counts between 1-10 are masked with "<11". Includes Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) testing and proactive testing of asymptomatic patients for surveillance of geriatric, medically fragile, and skilled nursing facility units and for patients upon admission, re-admission, or discharge. Includes all individuals who were positive for COVID-19 at time of death, regardless of underlying health conditions or whether the cause of death has been confirmed to be COVID-19 related illness. Metro-Norwalk is additional COVID-19 surge space and technically a branch _location that is part of DSH Metropolitan Hospital.

Data is from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) Respiratory Virus Weekly Report.

The report is updated each Friday.

Laboratory surveillance data: California laboratories report SARS-CoV-2 test results to CDPH through electronic laboratory reporting. Los Angeles County SARS-CoV-2 lab data has a 7-day reporting lag. Test positivity is calculated using SARS-CoV-2 lab tests that has a specimen collection date reported during a given week.

Laboratory surveillance for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (parainfluenza types 1-4, human metapneumovirus, non-SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, adenovirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus) involves the use of data from clinical sentinel laboratories (hospital, academic or private) located throughout California. Specimens for testing are collected from patients in healthcare settings and do not reflect all testing for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses in California. These laboratories report the number of laboratory-confirmed influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory virus detections and isolations, and the total number of specimens tested by virus type on a weekly basis.

Test positivity for a given week is calculated by dividing the number of positive COVID-19, influenza, RSV, or other respiratory virus results by the total number of specimens tested for that virus. Weekly laboratory surveillance data are defined as Sunday through Saturday.

Hospitalization data: Data on COVID-19 and influenza hospital admissions are from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Hospitalization dataset. The requirement to report COVID-19 and influenza-associated hospitalizations was effective November 1, 2024. CDPH pulls NHSN data from the CDC on the Wednesday prior to the publication of the report. Results may differ depending on which day data are pulled. Admission rates are calculated using population estimates from the P-3: Complete State and County Projections Dataset provided by the State of California Department of Finance (https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/projections/). Reported weekly admission rates for the entire season use the population estimates for the year the season started. For more information on NHSN data including the protocol and data collection information, see the CDC NHSN webpage (https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/index.html).

CDPH collaborates with Northern California Kaiser Permanente (NCKP) to monitor trends in RSV admissions. The percentage of RSV admissions is calculated by dividing the number of RSV-related admissions by the total number of admissions during the same period. Admissions for pregnancy, labor and delivery, birth, and outpatient procedures are not included in total number of admissions. These admissions serve as a proxy for RSV activity and do not necessarily represent laboratory confirmed hospitalizations for RSV infections; NCKP members are not representative of all Californians.

Weekly hospitalization data are defined as Sunday through Saturday.

Death certificate data: CDPH receives weekly year-to-date dynamic data on deaths occurring in California from the CDPH Center for Health Statistics and Informatics. These data are limited to deaths occurring among California residents and are analyzed to identify influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19-coded deaths. These deaths are not necessarily laboratory-confirmed and are an underestimate of all influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19-associated deaths in California. Weekly death data are defined as Sunday through Saturday.

Wastewater data: This dataset represents statewide weekly SARS-CoV-2 wastewater summary values. SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentrations from all sites in California are combined into a single, statewide, unit-less summary value for each week, using a method for data transformation and aggregation developed by the CDC National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS). Please see the CDC NWSS data methods page for a description of how these summary values are calculated. Weekly wastewater data are defined as Sunday through Saturday.

This dataset has been retired as of February 17, 2023. This dataset will be kept for historical purposes, but will no longer be updated. Similar data are available on the state’s open data portal: https://data.chhs.ca.gov/dataset/covid-19-time-series-metrics-by-county-and-state/resource/e2c6a86b-d269-4ce1-b484-570353265183. This dataset provides the daily & cumulative number of COVID-19 new confirmed cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among Marin County residents (does not include San Quentin inmates). Event Date corresponds to date that each status type occurred. For Confirmed Case this is Test Date, for Hospitalized this is Hospital Admit Date, and for Death it is the Date of Death. If a person first tested positive for COVID-19 on 11/1/2020, was admitted to the hospital on 11/15/2020, and died on 11/20/2020, their data would be contained in three rows for each status and event date. Note: as of 11/2/2021 hospitalization counts no longer includes in-patient hospitalizations with a COVID-19 positive test when the patient was in the hospital for a reason other than COVID-19. This can include in-patient stays due to labor/delivery, trauma, or emergency surgery. The previous definition of COVID-19 hospitalizations, counting all in-patient hospitalizations with a COVID-19 positive test, measured the burden of disease on hospital resources, while this updated definition is a more appropriate measure of disease severity among Marin County residents.

Cases are lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases reported to Marin County Public Health by providers, commercial laboratories, and academic laboratories, including reporting results through the California Reportable Disease Information Exchange. A lab-confirmed case is defined as detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a clinical specimen using a molecular amplification detection test. For more information about data sources and methods please reference the FAQs.

Note: This COVID-19 data set is no longer being updated as of December 1, 2023. Access current COVID-19 data on the CDPH respiratory virus dashboard (https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Respiratory-Viruses/RespiratoryDashboard.aspx) or in open data format (https://data.chhs.ca.gov/dataset/respiratory-virus-dashboard-metrics).

As of August 17, 2023, data is being updated each Friday.

For death data after December 31, 2022, California uses Provisional Deaths from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). Prior to January 1, 2023, death data was sourced from the COVID-19 registry. The change in data source occurred in July 2023 and was applied retroactively to all 2023 data to provide a consistent source of death data for the year of 2023.

As of May 11, 2023, data on cases, deaths, and testing is being updated each Thursday. Metrics by report date have been removed, but previous versions of files with report date metrics are archived below.

All metrics include people in state and federal prisons, US Immigration and Customs Enforcement facilities, US Marshal detention facilities, and Department of State Hospitals facilities. Members of California's tribal communities are also included.

The "Total Tests" and "Positive Tests" columns show totals based on the collection date. There is a lag between when a specimen is collected and when it is reported in this dataset. As a result, the most recent dates on the table will temporarily show NONE in the "Total Tests" and "Positive Tests" columns. This should not be interpreted as no tests being conducted on these dates. Instead, these values will be updated with the number of tests conducted as data is received.

Context

  Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals or humans. In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The most recently discovered coronavirus causes coronavirus disease COVID-19 - World Health Organization
  This visualization addresses the question of how the hospital resources needed for COVID-19 patients have varied across the 5 different US States (New York, California, Louisiana, Washington & Alabama) during the Coronavirus pandemic. 
 The hospital resource taken into consideration are:

a)The total no of beds b)The total no of ICU beds c)The total no of Invasive ventilators.

Content

 Data for this analysis is obtained from Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Sincere thanks to them for making it available to the public. A time period of 6 months ranging from February to August was analysed and plotted to help the reader identify when the hospital resource needed for COVID-19 patients will attain its peak!

Acknowledgements

 Sincere thanks to Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (https://covid19.healthdata.org/united-states-of-america) from whom the data is acquired.

Inspiration

The dashboard is updated each Friday.

Laboratory surveillance data: California laboratories report SARS-CoV-2 test results to CDPH through electronic laboratory reporting. Los Angeles County SARS-CoV-2 lab data has a 7-day reporting lag. Test positivity is calculated using SARS-CoV-2 lab tests that has a specimen collection date reported during a given week. Specimens for testing are collected from patients in healthcare settings and do not reflect all testing for COVID-19 in California. Test positivity for a given week is calculated by dividing the number of positive COVID-19 results by the total number of specimens tested for that virus. Weekly laboratory surveillance data are defined as Sunday through Saturday.

Hospitalization data: Data on COVID-19 and influenza hospital admissions are from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Hospitalization dataset. The requirement to report COVID-19-associated hospitalizations was effective November 1, 2024. CDPH pulls NHSN data from the CDC on the Wednesday prior to the publication of the report. Results may differ depending on which day data are pulled. Admission rates are calculated using population estimates from the P-3: Complete State and County Projections Dataset (https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/projections/) provided by the State of California Department of Finance. Reported weekly admission rates for the entire season use the population estimates for the year the season started. For more information on NHSN data including the protocol and data collection information, see the CDC NHSN webpage (https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/index.html). Weekly hospitalization data are defined as Sunday through Saturday.

Death certificate data: CDPH receives weekly year-to-date dynamic data on deaths occurring in California from the CDPH Center for Health Statistics and Informatics. These data are limited to deaths occurring among California residents and are analyzed to identify COVID-19-coded deaths. These deaths are not necessarily laboratory-confirmed and are an underestimate of all COVID-19-associated deaths in California. Weekly death data are defined as Sunday through Saturday.

This dataset provides the Emergency Department ratio of encounters and treatment stations to represent the ED Burden. Smaller ratios indicate fewer ED visits per available treatment station and less burden. Larger ratios of ED visits per available treatment station indicate greater burden. The encounters are broken down by health-related conditions: Active COVID-19, Asthma, Cancer, Cardiac, COPD, COVID-19 History, Diabetes, Homeless, Hypertension, Mental Health, Obesity, Pneumonia, Respiratory, Sepsis, Stroke, and Substance Abuse.

The dataset contains the number of beds available in facilities such as hospitals, arenas, ship, and other alternative care facilities to aid in treatment and response of COVID-19 by type of facilities and county.

This dataset represents preliminary estimates of cumulative U.S. COVID-19 disease burden for the 2024-2025 period, including illnesses, outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. The weekly COVID-19-associated burden estimates are preliminary and based on continuously collected surveillance data from patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. The data come from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET), a surveillance platform that captures data from hospitals that serve about 10% of the U.S. population. Each week CDC estimates a range (i.e., lower estimate and an upper estimate) of COVID-19 -associated burden that have occurred since October 1, 2024.

Note: Data are preliminary and subject to change as more data become available. Rates for recent COVID-19-associated hospital admissions are subject to reporting delays; as new data are received each week, previous rates are updated accordingly.

References

1. Reed C, Chaves SS, Daily Kirley P, et al. Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based surveillance data in the United States. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118369. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118369 
2. Rolfes, MA, Foppa, IM, Garg, S, et al. Annual estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States: A tool for strengthening influenza surveillance and preparedness. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2018; 12: 132– 137. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12486
3. Tokars JI, Rolfes MA, Foppa IM, Reed C. An evaluation and update of methods for estimating the number of influenza cases averted by vaccination in the United States. Vaccine. 2018;36(48):7331-7337. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.026 
4. Collier SA, Deng L, Adam EA, Benedict KM, Beshearse EM, Blackstock AJ, Bruce BB, Derado G, Edens C, Fullerton KE, Gargano JW, Geissler AL, Hall AJ, Havelaar AH, Hill VR, Hoekstra RM, Reddy SC, Scallan E, Stokes EK, Yoder JS, Beach MJ. Estimate of Burden and Direct Healthcare Cost of Infectious Waterborne Disease in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;27(1):140-149. doi: 10.3201/eid2701.190676. PMID: 33350905; PMCID: PMC7774540.
5. Reed C, Kim IK, Singleton JA,  et al. Estimated influenza illnesses and hospitalizations averted by vaccination–United States, 2013-14 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Dec 12;63(49):1151-4. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6349a2.htm 
6. Reed C, Angulo FJ, Swerdlow DL, et al. Estimates of the Prevalence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April–July 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2004-2007. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091413  
7. Devine O, Pham H, Gunnels B, et al. Extrapolating Sentinel Surveillance Information to Estimate National COVID-19 Hospital Admission Rates: A Bayesian Modeling Approach. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irv.70026. Volume18, Issue10. October 2024.
8. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/php/covid-net/index.html">COVID-NET | COVID-19 | CDC 
9. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/systematic-review-process.html 
10. https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/1/3/pgac079/6604394?login=false">Excess natural-cause deaths in California by cause and setting: March 2020 through February 2021 | PNAS Nexus | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
11. Kruschke, J. K. 2011. Doing Bayesian data analysis: a tutorial with R and BUGS. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Section 3.3.5.

Characteristics associated with overall Covid-19 illness severity* in the total sample (N = 442).