In 2023, the infant mortality rate in deaths per 1,000 live births in Cambodia amounted to 20.3. Between 1976 and 2023, the figure dropped by 225.2, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory.

Historical dataset showing Cambodia infant mortality rate by year from 1950 to 2025.

Cambodia KH: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data was reported at 22.700 Ratio in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 23.500 Ratio for 2022. Cambodia KH: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 94.550 Ratio from Dec 1976 (Median) to 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 260.100 Ratio in 1976 and a record low of 22.700 Ratio in 2023. Cambodia KH: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Infant mortality rate, male is the number of male infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 male live births in a given year.;Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.;Weighted average;Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys. Aggregate data for LIC, UMC, LMC, HIC are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

Actual value and historical data chart for Cambodia Mortality Rate Infant Male Per 1000 Live Births

Time series data for the statistic Infant_Mortality_Rate_Per_1000_Live_Births and country Cambodia. Indicator Definition:Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.The statistic "Infant Mortality Rate Per 1000 Live Births" stands at 20.30 per mille as of 12/31/2023, the lowest value at least since 12/31/1977, the period currently displayed. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes a decrease of -0.8 percentage points compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percentage points is -0.8.The 3 year change in percentage points is -2.30.The 5 year change in percentage points is -4.10.The 10 year change in percentage points is -10.50.The Serie's long term average value is 76.67 per mille. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 56.37 percentage points lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percentage points from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2023, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +0.0.The Serie's change in percentage points from it's maximum value, on 12/31/1976, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -225.20.

Child mortality rate of Cambodia slipped by 3.78% from 23.8 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022 to 22.9 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2023. Since the 6.37% drop in 2013, child mortality rate sank by 35.13% in 2023. Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates.

Number of infant deaths in Cambodia was reported at 7364 deaths in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Cambodia - Number of infant deaths - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on November of 2025.

Cambodia KH: Number of Death: Infant data was reported at 7,364.000 Person in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7,761.000 Person for 2022. Cambodia KH: Number of Death: Infant data is updated yearly, averaging 25,148.000 Person from Dec 1977 (Median) to 2023, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36,539.000 Person in 1996 and a record low of 7,364.000 Person in 2023. Cambodia KH: Number of Death: Infant data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Number of infants dying before reaching one year of age.;Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.;Sum;Aggregate data for LIC, UMC, LMC, HIC are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.

Time series data for the statistic Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) and country Cambodia. Indicator Definition:Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.The indicator "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)" stands at 22.90 as of 12/31/2023, the lowest value at least since 12/31/1976, the period currently displayed. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes a decrease of -3.78 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is -3.78.The 3 year change in percent is -10.55.The 5 year change in percent is -17.33.The 10 year change in percent is -35.13.The Serie's long term average value is 120.99. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 81.07 percent lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2023, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +0.0%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/1976, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -95.77%.

Abstract

The primary objective of the Cambodia National Health Survey is to provide the Ministry of Health with reliable, population-based, nationally representative data or infant/child mortality, fertility, and related health service indicators.

A secondary objective was to provide the ADB-financed Basic Helath Services Project (BHSP) and the World Bank finaced Cambodia Disease Control and Health Development Project (CDCP) with baseline information about their respective Project areas, against which project impact could later be assessed.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household Women age 15-49 Children under age 5

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design and Selection The NHS sample was designed to provide estimates of kwy health indicators including infant/ child mortality rates and fertility rates for the country as a whole, for urban and rural residence, and for the two project catchment areas (the Basic Health Services Project and the Cambodia Disease Control and Health Development Project). In addition, the design allows for estimates of most key variables (but not for the vaccination coverage of children, fertility rates, or mortality rates) for 14 Provinces. In the other Provinces, the sample size is not sufficiently large to allow for province-level estimates. In order to provide sufficient cases to meet the survey objectives, the number of households selected in the NHS sample from each Province was disproportional to the size of the population in the Province. The above arrangements imply stratification into 40 strata, with 40 different sampling fractions. These strata are 20 Provinces, each divided into an urban and a rural sector. As a result, the NHS sample is self-weighting within strata; weights are only necessary when making estimates across more than one stratum.

For a more complete description of the NHS sample design, see Appendix A of the survey final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The NHS involved two types of questionnaires: a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire. The household questionnaire was administered to all selected households; the individual questionnaire was administered to all women aged 15-49 identified in the household questionnaire as either usual residents of the household or visitors who stayed there on the night before the day of interview. These questionnaires were developed to measure the desired indicators identified by the MOH and Technical Steering Committee. Wording and structure of the questionnaires, where applicable, was based on the model survey instruments Macro International has used in similar surveys worldwide.

The household questionnaire consisted of three parts: 1) a household schedule giving demographic details of all usual household members and overnight visitors; 2) a series of questions relating to the utilization of health services for any household members who had been ill or injured in the past 30 days; and 3) questions about wall and roof materials of the home and household possessions, which in turn were used to compose a measure of overall household socio-economic status.

The individual questionnaire administered to women aged 15-49 gathered detailed information about the woman's reproductive history, and maternal and child health related knowledge and practices. Questions specific to child health practices were limited to children born after January 1993. (i.e., children under age 5)

The questionnaire was developed in English, translated into Khmer, then back translated and corrected. Following this, a three day pretest covering 100 households was conducted in Phnom Penh and rural Kandal Province by twenty interviewers after initial two week training. The questionnaires were finalized following the pretest.

Cleaning operations

Data Processing was conducted by NIPH with technical assistance form Macro International. The NIPH central office collected questionnaires form supervisors as soon as a cluster was completed. Office editors reviewed questionnaires for consistency and completeness. The data from the questionnaires were then entered and edited on microcomputers using the Integrated System for Survey Analysis (ISSA), a software package developed especially for such surveys by Macro International. During the machine entry, all questionnaires were reentered for verification. Entry and editing of data began one week after the fieldwork started and was completed by the beginning of August 1998. To provide feedback for the field teams, quality tables were produced every two weeks during the fieldwork. These tables were designed to identify major systematic errors in data collection (e.g. age displacement). The fieldwork coordinators reviewed these tables and, if they found a problem, notified and advised all teams of the steps to be taken to avoid this problem in the future.

Response rate

A total of 7,654 women were identified as eligible to be interviewed. Questionnaires were completed for 7,630 of those women, a response rate of 99.7 precent. There is a little difference between the household and individual response rates in urban and rural areas. The same is true for the two project areas.

Sampling error estimates

The estimate from a sample survey is affected by two types of errors: 1) nonsampling errors, and 2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistake made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the National Health Survey (NHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling error, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the NHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is nor known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistics will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible sample of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design and consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the NHS is the ISSA Sampling Error Module. This module used the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means of proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

For details of sampling error estimations information see Appendix B of the final survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Births by calendar year - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months

Note: See detailed tables in APPENDIX C of the survey report.

In 2023, the crude birth rate in live births per 1,000 inhabitants in Cambodia stood at 20.75. Between 1960 and 2023, the figure dropped by 23.13, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory.

Abstract

The Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey in 2010 (CDHS 2010) is the third nationally representative survey conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. It uses the same methodology as its predecessors, the 2000 and the 2005 Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys, allowing policymakers to use these surveys to assess trends over time. The primary objective of the CDHS is to provide the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Planning (MOP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, and knowledge and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia at both the national and local government levels.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 19 domains: 1.Banteay Mean Chey, 2.Kampong Cham, 3.Kampong Chhnang, 4.Kampong Speu, 5.Kampong Thom, 6.Kandal, 7.Phnom Penh, 8.Prey Veng, 9.Pursat, 10.Svay Rieng, 11.Takeo, 12.Kratie, 13.Siem Reap, 14.Otdar Mean Chey, 15. Battambang and Krong Pailin, 16. Kampot and Krong Kep, 17.Krong Preah Sihanouk and Kaoh Kong, 18.Preah Vihear and Steng Treng; and 19.Mondol Kiri and Rattanak Kiri.

Analysis unit

Household, individual (including women and men between the ages of 15 and 49), and children aged 5 and below.

Universe

The survey covered the whole resident population (regular household) , with the exception of homeless in Cambodia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey was based on a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. Thus, the 19 domains. Samples were selected independently in every stratum through a two-stage selection process. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to geographical/administrative order and by using a probability proportional to size selection strategy at the first stage of selection. (Please refer to technical doccuments for details).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There are three types of questionnaires used in the CDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Individual Woman's Questionnaire, and the Individual Man's Questionnaire.

The households that have been scientifically selected to be included in the CDHS sample were visited and interviewed using a Household Questionnaire. The Household Questionnaire consisted of a cover sheet to identify the household and a form on which all members of the household and visitors were listed. Data collected about each household member were name, sex, age, education, and survival of parents for children under age 18 years, etc. The Household Questionnaire was used to collect information on housing characteristics such as type of water, sanitation facilities, quality of flooring, and ownership of durable goods.

The Household Questionnaire permitted the interviewer to identify women and men who were eligible for the Individual Questionnaire. Women ages 15-49 years in every selected household who are members of the household (those that usually live in the household) and visitors (those who do not usually live in the household but who slept there the previous night) were eligible to be interviewed with the individual Woman's Questionnaire.

After all of the eligible women in a household have been identified, female interviewers used the Woman's Questionnaire to interview the women. The Woman's Questionnaire collected information on the following topics:

 · socio-demographic characteristics

 · reproduction

 · birth spacing

 · maternal health care and breastfeeding

 · immunization and health of children

 · cause of death of children

 · marriage and sexual activity

 · fertility preferences

 · characteristics of the husband and employment activity of the woman

 · HIV

 · maternal mortality

 · women's status

 · household relations

In one-half of the households, men were identified as eligible for individual interview, and the male interviewer of each team used the Man's Questionnaire to interview the eligible men. Team leaders informed their teams which households in the sample have been selected for including interviews with men. The Man's Questionnaire collected information on the following topics:

 · socio-demographic characteristics

 · reproduction

 · birth spacing

 · marriage and sexual activity

 · HIV

Biomarker data collection were conducted in the same one-half of the households which were selected to include men for interview. The biomarker data collection included: measuring the height and weight of women and children (under age 6 years), anemia testing of women and children, and drawing blood samples from women and men for laboratory testing of HIV. Biomarker data collection were recorded in the Household Questionnaire.

Cleaning operations

Data editing was done in the following data processing stages:

a. Office editing and coding - minimal since CSPro has been designed to be an intelligent data entry program

b. Data entry

c. Completeness of data file

d. Verification of Data - prior to this stage, data are again entered and tagged as V to indicate that the dataset is a verification data

e. Secondary editing

Response rate

Response rate:

Households: 99 per cent

Women ages 15-49: 98 per cent

Men ages 15-49: 95 per cent

See Table 1. Results of the household and individual interviews in the CDHS 2010 Preliminary Report (Refer to technical documents)

Sampling error estimates

The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2010 CDHS is a Macro SAS procedure. This procedure used the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates. ISSA also computes ISSA computes the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate.

Sampling errors for the 2010 CDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest for woman’s survey and for man’s surveys, respectively for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for each of the 19 study domains.

Abstract

The Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2000 (CDHS) is the first nationally representative survey ever conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. The primary objective of the survey is to provide the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Planning (MoP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, domestic violence, and knowledge and behavior regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia, at both national- and local-government levels.

The long-term objectives of the survey are to technically strengthen the capacity both of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of MoP for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of further surveys.

The CDHS 2000 survey was conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of the Ministry of Planning, and the Ministry of Health. The CDHS executive committee and technical committee were established to oversee all technical aspects of implementation. They consisted of representatives from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Planning, the National Institute of Statistics, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). ORC Macro provided technical assistance including sampling design, survey methodology, interviewer training, and data analysis through the MEASURE DHS+ project. Funding for the survey came from UNFPA, UNICEF, and USAID.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The CDHS survey called for a nationally representative sample of 15,300 women between the ages of 15 and 49. Survey estimates are produced for 12 individual provinces (Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spueu, Kampong Thum, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh, Prey Veaeng, Pousat, Svay Rieng, and Takaev) and for the following 5 groups of provinces: - Bat Dambang and Krong Pailin - Kampot, Krong Preah Sihanouk, and Krong Kaeb - Kracheh, Preah Vihear, and Stueng Traeng - Mondol Kiri and Rotanak Kiri - Otdar Mean Chey and Siem Reab.

The master sample developed in 1998 by the National Institute of Statistics served as the sampling frame for the CDHS survey. The master sample is based on the 1998 Cambodia General Population Census and consists of 600 villages selected with probability proportional to the number of households within the village. Villages are listed with the total population count and the number of enumeration areas (EAs), households, and segments. Enumeration areas were created during the cartography conducted in preparation for the 1998 census. A segment in a village corresponds to a block of about ten households. Segments were created only for villages retained in the master sample and maps showing their boundaries were also available for all of them.

The sample for the CDHS survey is a stratified sample selected in three stages. As for the master sample, stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. The sample was selected independently in every stratum.

The master sample contains a small number of villages for some of the provinces. For this reason, additional villages were directly selected from the census frame in order to reach the required sample size in these provinces. In the first stage, 471 villages were selected with probability proportional to the number of households in the village. Of these 471 villages, 63 were directly selected from the 1998 census frame. In the second stage, 5 or fewer segments were retained from each of the villages selected from the master sample, while 1 EA was retained from each of the 63 villages directly selected from the 1998 census frame. Each of these EAs consists of several segments.

A household listing was carried out in all selected segments and EAs, and the resulting lists of households served as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the third stage. All women 15-49 were interviewed in selected households.

In addition, a subsample of 50 percent of households was selected for data collection of anthropometry. Anemia testing was implemented in 25 percent of the sample. Only the women identified in the households with anemia testing were eligible for the section related to women's status. In this subsample of households, only one woman was selected in each household to be interviewed on domestic violence.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Two types of questionnaires were used in the CDHS 2000 survey: the Household Questionnaire and the Women’s questionnaire. The contents of these questionnaires were based on the international MEASURE DHS+ model. They were modified according to the situation in Cambodia and were designed to provide information needed by health and family planning program managers and policymakers, mainly the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Planning, and other relevant institutions and organizations. The agencies involved in developing these questionnaires were the National Institute of Public Health/MoH, the National Institute of Statistics/MoP, UNFPA, UNICEF, USAID, WHO, Hellen Keller International, Marie Stopes International, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs, Project Against Domestic Violence, and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) project of ORC Macro. The questionnaires were developed in English and then translated into Khmer. Back translation of the questionnaires, from Khmer to English, was also conducted.

The Household Questionnaire enumerated all the usual members and visitors of the selected households and collected information on the socioeconomic status of the households. The first part of the questionnaire collected information on the relationship of the persons to the head of household and items such as residence, sex, age, marital status, and level of education. This information was used to identify women who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also contained information on the prevalence of accidents, physical impairment, illness, and health expenditures. Information was also collected on the dwelling units, including source of water, type of toilet facilities, fuels used for cooking, materials used for the house’s floor and roof, and ownership of a variety of consumer goods. In addition, during the household survey, anthropometry and anemia testing were carried out to determine nutritional status among children less than five years old and women age 15-49.

The Women’s Questionnaire collected information from all women age 15-49 on the following topics:-• Respondent’s background characteristics - Reproduction - Contraceptin (knowledge and use of family planning) - Pregnancy, antenatal care, delivery, and postnatal care - Infant feeding practices, child immunization, and health - Marriage and sexual activity - Fertility preference - Husband’s background characteristics and women’s work - Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections - Maternal mortality and adult mortality - Women’s status - Domestic violence (household relations module).

Response rate

A total of 12,810 households were selected in the sample, of which 12,475 were occupied at the time the fieldwork was carried out. Of the 12,475 occupied households, 12,236 were successfully interviewed, resulting in a household response rate of 98.1 percent. The main reason for the noninterviewed households was that those households no longer existed in the sampled clusters at the time of the interview.

A total of 15,558 women in these households were identified as women eligible to be interviewed. Questionnaires were then completed for 15,351 of those women, which represented a response rate of 98.7 percent. The principal reason for nonresponse among eligible women was a failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to their household.

Note: See summarized response rates by residence (urban/rural) in Table 1.2 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) nonsampling errors, and 2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2000 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2000 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples.

Cambodia KH: Life Expectancy at Birth: Total data was reported at 70.668 Year in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 70.528 Year for 2022. Cambodia KH: Life Expectancy at Birth: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 55.665 Year from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.668 Year in 2023 and a record low of 11.295 Year in 1977. Cambodia KH: Life Expectancy at Birth: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.;(1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2024 Revision; or derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: (2) Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices; (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics.;Weighted average;

Historical dataset showing Cambodia birth rate by year from 1950 to 2025.

Abstract

The 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) is the fourth nationally representative survey conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. It uses the same methodology as its predecessors, the 2000, 2005, and 2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys, allowing policymakers to use these surveys to assess trends over time.

The primary objective of the CDHS is to provide the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Planning (MOP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, and knowledge and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia at both the national and local government levels.

The long-term objectives of the survey are to build the capacity of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of further surveys.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2014 CDHS sample is a nationally representative sample of women and men between age 15 and 49 who completed interviews. To achieve a balance between the ability to provide estimates at the subnational level and limiting the sample size, 19 sampling domains were defined, 14 of which correspond to individual provinces and 5 of which correspond to grouped provinces: • Fourteen individual provinces: Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kandal, Kratie, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, Pursat, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Takeo, and Otdar Meanchey • Five groups of provinces: Battambang and Pailin, Kampot and Kep, Preah Sihanouk and Koh Kong, Preah Vihear and Stung Treng, and Mondul Kiri and Ratanak Kiri

The sample of households was allocated to the sampling domains in such a way that estimates of indicators could be produced with precision at the national level, as well as separately for urban and rural areas of the country and for each of the 19 sampling domains.

The sampling frame used for the 2014 CDHS was derived from the list of all enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2008 Cambodia General Population Census (GPC), provided by NIS. The list had been updated in 2012, and it excluded 241 EAs that are special settlement areas and not ordinary residential areas. It included 28,455 EAs for the entire country. The GPC also created maps that delimited the boundaries of each EA. Overall, 4,245 EAs were designated as urban and 24,210 as rural, with an average size of 99 households per EA.

The survey used a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. Thus, the 19 domains were stratified into a total of 38 sampling strata. Samples were selected independently in every stratum through a two-stage selection process. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to geographical/administrative order before sample selection and by using a probability proportional to size selection strategy at the first stage of selection.

For further details on sample selection, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the 2014 CDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Micronutrient Questionnaire. These questionnaires are based on the questionnaires developed by the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program and on the questionnaires used during the 2010 CDHS survey. To reflect relevant population and health issues in Cambodia, the questionnaires were adapted during a series of technical meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international donors. The final drafts of the questionnaires were discussed at a stakeholders’ meeting organized by the National Institute of Statistics. The adapted questionnaires were translated from English into Khmer and pretested in February and March 2014.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, parents’ survival status was determined. The Household Questionnaire was also used to identify women and men eligible for an individual interview.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 and the Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-49 living in one-third of the households in the CDHS sample.

The Micronutrient Questionnaire was implemented in a subsample of one-sixth of the sampled clusters for the collection of micronutrient specimens among eligible women and children. Specimens collected included venous blood, urine, and stool samples.

Cleaning operations

Completed questionnaires were returned from the field to NIS headquarters, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel who were specially trained for this task and had also attended questionnaire training of field staff. Data processing personnel included a data processing chief, two assistants, four secondary editors and coordinators, 25 entry operators, and eight office editors.

Data processing for the 2014 CDHS began on 25 personal computers on July 6, 2014, five weeks after the first interviews were conducted. Processing the data concurrently with data collection allowed for regular monitoring of team performance and data quality. Field check tables were generated regularly during the data processing to check various data quality parameters. As a result, feedback was given on a regular basis, encouraging teams to continue in areas of high quality and to correct areas of needed improvement. Feedback was individually tailored to each team. Data entry, which included 100 percent double entry to minimize keying errors, and data editing were completed on January 8, 2015. Data cleaning and finalization were completed on January 23, 2015.

Response rate

All of the 611 clusters selected for the sample were surveyed in the 2014 CDHS. A total of 16,356 households were selected, of which 15,937 were found to be occupied during data collection. Among these households, 15,825 completed the Household Questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 99 percent.

In these interviewed households, 18,012 women were identified as eligible for the individual interview. Interviews were completed with 98 percent of these women. Of the 5,484 eligible men identified in every third household, 95 percent were successfully interviewed. There was little variation in response rates by urban-rural residence.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2014 CDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2014 CDHS sample is the result of a multistage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2014 CDHS is an SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication

The total life expectancy at birth in Cambodia was 70.67 years in 2023. Between 1960 and 2023, the life expectancy at birth rose by 28.54 years, though the increase followed an uneven trajectory rather than a consistent upward trend.

Abstract

The 2005 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) is the second nationally representative survey conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. It uses the same methodology as its predecessor, the 2000 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey, allowing policymakers to use the two surveys to assess trends over time. The primary objective of the CDHS is to provide the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Planning (MOP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, domestic violence, and knowledge and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia at both national- and local-government levels.The long-term objectives of the survey are to technically strengthen the capacity of the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Ministry of Health, and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of MOP for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of further surveys.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 19 domains: 1.Banteay Mean Chey, 2.Kampong Cham, 3.Kampong Chhnang, 4.Kampong Speu, 5.Kampong Thom, 6.Kandal, 7.Phnom Penh, 8.Prey Veng, 9.Pursat, 10.Svay Rieng, 11.Takeo, 12.Kratie, 13.Siem Reap, 14.Otdar Mean Chey, 15. Battambang and Krong Pailin, 16. Kampot and Krong Kep, 17.Krong Preah Sihanouk and Kaoh Kong, 18.Preah Vihear and Steng Treng; and 19.Mondol Kiri and Rattanak Kiri.

Analysis unit

Household, individual (including women and men between the ages of 15 and 49 and children aged 5 and below)

Universe

The survey covered the whole resident population (regular household) , with the exception of homeless in Cambodia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

TThe 2005 CDHS sample is a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification is achieved by separating every study domain into urban and rural areas. Areas are defined as urban or rural based on the classification in the 1998 GPC, provided by NIS. Therefore the 19 domains are stratified into 38 sampling strata in total. Samples are selected independently in every stratum, by a two-stage selection. This means that 38 independent samples were selected, one from each sampling stratum. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to the geographical/administrative order and by using a probability proportional to the size selection in the first stage of sampling. The explicit and implicit stratifications together guarantee a better scattering of the sampled points. In the first stage of selection, 557 villages were selected with a probability proportional to the village size. The village size is the number of households in the village. After this selection and before the data collection, an updating operation was conducted over all of the 557 selected villages. The updating operation consisted of visits to every selected village. During the visits, records were made of every structure found on the ground; structures were identified by type (residential or not); number of households in each residential structure were identified; location map and a sketch map were drawn showing the boundaries of the village and the location of each structure. This important operation guaranteed the quality of the fieldwork and prevented nonsampling errors. A household list was set up for each selected village. The resulting lists of households served as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected villages were big. To minimize the task of household listing, villages with more than 300 households were segmented. A segment corresponds to an enumeration area (EA) that was created for the GPC 1998. Size and boundaries were well-defined and maps were available. Among segmented villages, only one EA was selected from the village with a selection probability proportional to the EA size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected EA. Therefore, a CDHS cluster is either a village or an EA. Detailed information on the sampling methodology is available in Appendix A to the Survey Report.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 24 households were selected in every urban cluster, and 28 households were selected in every rural cluster. They were selected by an equal probability systematic sampling. The decision on number of households selected per cluster is a tradeoff between fieldwork efficiency and precision. All women ages 15-49 in the selected households were eligible for the interview. The advantages of this two-stage selection procedure are: 1. It is simple to implement and reduces possible nonsampling errors. 2. It is easy to locate the selected households, reducing nonsampling errors and nonresponse. 3. The interviewers interview only the households in the preselected dwellings. No allowance for replacement of dwellings prevents survey bias.

Sampling deviation

Creation of the 2005 CDHS sample was based on the objective of collecting a nationally representative sample of completed interviews with women and men between the ages of 15 and 49. To achieve a balance between the ability to provide estimates for all 24 provinces in the country and limiting the sample size, 19 sampling domains were defined, 14 of which correspond to individual

provinces and 5 of which correspond to grouped provinces.

• Fourteen individual provinces: Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kandal, Kratie, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, Pursat, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Takeo, and Otdar Mean Chey;

• Five groups of provinces: Battambang and Krong Pailin, Kampot and Krong Kep, Krong Preah Sihanouk and Kaoh Kong, Preah Vihear and Steung Treng, Mondol Kiri, and Rattanak Kiri.

The sample of households was allocated to the sampling domains in such a way that estimates of indicators can be produced with known precision for each of the 19 sampling domains, for all of Cambodia combined, and separately for urban and rural areas of the country.

The sampling frame used for 2005 CDHS is the complete list of all villages enumerated in the 1998 Cambodia General Population Census (GPC) plus 166 villages which were not enumerated during the 1998 GPC, provided by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). It includes the entire country and consists of 13,505 villages. The GPC also created maps that delimited the boundaries of every village. Of the total villages, 1,312 villages are designated as urban and 12,193 villages are designated as rural, with an average household size of 161 households per village. The survey is based on a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. Thus the 19 domains were stratified into a total of 38 sampling strata. Samples were selected independently in every stratum, by a two

stage selection. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to the geographical/administrative order and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of selection.

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Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There are three types of questionnaires used in the CDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Individual Woman's Questionnaire, and the Individual Man's Questionnaire.

The households that have been scientifically selected to be included in the CDHS sample were visited and interviewed using a Household Questionnaire. The Household Questionnaire consisted of a cover sheet to identify the household and a form on which all members of the household and visitors were listed. Data collected about each household member were name, sex, age, education, and survival of parents for children under age 18 years, etc. The Household Questionnaire was used to collect information on housing characteristics such as type of water, sanitation facilities, quality of flooring, and ownership of durable goods.

The Household Questionnaire permitted the interviewer to identify women and men who were eligible for the Individual Questionnaire. Women ages 15-49 years in every selected household who are members of the household (those that usually live in the household) and visitors (those who do not usually live in the household but who slept there the previous night) were eligible to be interviewed with the individual Woman's Questionnaire.

After all of the eligible women in a household have been identified, female interviewers used the Woman's Questionnaire to interview the women. The Woman's Questionnaire collected information on the following topics:

 · socio-demographic characteristics

 · reproduction

 · birth spacing

 · maternal health care and breastfeeding

 · immunization and health of children

 · cause of death of children

 · marriage and sexual activity

 · fertility preferences

 · characteristics of the husband and employment activity of the woman

 · HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections

 · maternal mortality

 · women's status

 · household

Cambodia KH: Birth Rate: Crude: per 1000 People data was reported at 20.752 Ratio in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 21.279 Ratio for 2022. Cambodia KH: Birth Rate: Crude: per 1000 People data is updated yearly, averaging 33.607 Ratio from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 51.415 Ratio in 1984 and a record low of 19.576 Ratio in 1977. Cambodia KH: Birth Rate: Crude: per 1000 People data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.;(1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2024 Revision; (2) Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices; (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics; (4) United Nations Statistics Division. Population and Vital Statistics Reprot (various years).;Weighted average;

Actual value and historical data chart for Cambodia Birth Rate Crude Per 1 000 People