Abstract

The CSES is a household survey with questions to households and the household members. In the household questionnaire there are a number of modules with questions relating to the living conditions, e.g. housing conditions, education, health, expenditure/income and labour force. It is designed to provide information on social and economic conditions of households for policy studies on poverty, household production and final consumption for the National Accounts and weights for the CPI.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty. Essential areas as household production and cash income, household level and structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition, education and access to schooling, health and access to medical care, transport and communication, housing and amenities and family and social relations. For recording expenditure, consumption and income the Diary Method was applied for the first time. The survey also included a Time Use Form detailing activities of household members during a 24-hour period.

Another main objective of the survey is also to collect accurate statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument to assist the government in diagnosing the problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress of poverty reduction which are the main priorities in the "Rectangular Strategy" of the Royal Government of Cambodia.

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey: Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas. Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village. Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization. Form 4: Diary form on daily household expenditure and income

Cleaning operations

The NIS team commenced their work of checking and coding in begining of February after the first month of fieldwork was completed. Supervisors from the field delivered questionaires to NIS. Sida project expert and NIS Survey Manager helped in solving relevant matters that become apparent when reviewing questionires on delivery.

Response rate

The CSES 2010 enjoyed almost a 100 percent response rate. The high response rate together with close and systematic fieldwork supervision by the core group members were a major contribution for achieving high quality survey results.

Sampling error estimates

In order to provide a basis for assessing the reliability or precision of CSES estimates, the estimation of the magnitude of sampling error in the survey data were computed. Since most of the estimates from the survey are in the form of weighted ratios, thus variances for ratio estimates are computed.

The Coefficients of Variation (CV) on national level estimates are generally below 4 percent. The exception is the CV for total value of assets where there are rather high CVs especially in the urban areas, which should be expected. The CVs are somewhat higher in the urban and rural domains but still generally below 7 percent. For the five zones, the average CVs are in the range 5 to 13 percent with a few exceptions where the CVs are above 20 percent. For provinces the CVs for food consumption are 9 percent on average.

The sample take within Primary Sampling Units (PSU) was set to 10 households per PSU in the CSES 1999. When data on variances became available, it was possible to make crude calculations of the optimal sample take within PSU. Calculations on some of the central estimates in the CSES 1999 show that the design effects in most cases are in the range 1 to 5.

Intra-cluster correlation coefficients have been calculated based on the design effects. These correlation coefficients are somewhat high. The reason is that the characteristics that are measured tend to be concentrated (clustered) within the PSUs. The optimal sample size within PSUs under different assumptions on cost ratios and intra-cluster correlation coefficients was then calculated. The cost ratio is the average cost for adding a village to the sample divided by the average cost of including an extra household in the sample. In the CSES, it was chosen to adopt a fairly low cost ratio due to the fact that the interview time per household is long. Under this assumption the optimal sample size is probably around 10 households per village for many of the CSES indicators.

Abstract

The main objective of CSES 1999 was to, supplement the data base generated through CSES 1997, fill critical data gaps in a number of topics, and meet the data needs for analyzing and monitoring poverty, and support the anti-poverty programmes and interventions of the Royal Government of Cambodia. Accordingly, the scope of the survey was determined to canvass detailed information on household income and consumption, employment and earnings, labour utilization, child labour, and other current data needed to compile socio-economic indicators in several subject areas. Establishing and strengthening the capacity of NIS to conduct large scale household surveys and thereby institutionalize CSES as a national survey program was an important objective of the project.

The scope of the survey with respect to items of information collected at village level and household level are follows

I. Village Level Information

 1.Demographic Information

 2. Economy and Infrastructure

 3. Education

 4. Health and Immunization

 5. Retail Prices and wages

 6. Rain Fall and Natural Disasters

I. Household Information

 1.Demographic Characteristics

 2. Education

 3. Labour Force Characteristics based on short and long reference periods

 4. Child Activities

 5. Health

 6. Housing and Environment

 7. Household Consumption Expenditures

 8. Household Assets and Liabilities

 9. Fertility, Mortality and Child Care 

 10. Household Income

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at :

National (24 provinces) Phnom Penh, Other Urban and Other Rural Plain, Tonle Sap, Coastal, and Plateau/Mountain

Analysis unit

• Individual

• Household

Universe

Select sample households from non-institutional households (All regular residents in Cambodia) in Cambodia.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A two stage stratified sampling design with the villages as the first stage units (PSU's) and households as the second stage units(SSU's) was used in the sampling strategy which was based on the method of inter-penetrating sub-samples. A truncated frame which excluded 4.5% of the villages was used because of the difficulty of conducting field work for security reasons in the excluded villages. The survey covered all non-institutional households including one person households. CSES 1999 sampled 6,000 households distributed in 600 villages in the country. The survey was conducted in two rounds to capture seasonal changes in the characteristics studied. The sampling design provided for estimates to be prepared for the urban and rural sectors and the capital city of Phnom Penh as well as for the four ecological zones of the Plain, Tonle Sap Lake, Coastal and Plateau and Mountain Regions. The design is not self-weighting and weights were used in the preparation of survey estimates.

Although CSES 1997 was successful operationally, improvements in the sampling design were considered essential while retaining the main features of the design which has been briefly outlined earlier. The inclusion of such topics as employment, child labor, per capita expenditure of households, health, and education expenditure demonstrated that the sample size should be adequate to produce statistically reliable estimates for the main stratification. The approximate computation of sampling errors of some key estimates in CSES 1997 that sampled 6,000 households showed that the relative errors were in the range of 3 % to 10% or a margin of error twice as much. It was thus necessary to reduce the sampling errors and it was evident that the sampling errors of estimates of the same variables canvassed in CSES 1999 as well as those which had similar prevalence rates would be high. Thus, it was clear that the sample size in fact should be raised above 6,000 households to produce nationally and sectorally representative and statically reliable estimates in respect of some of the key variables in the core questionnaire and in the income and employment module. Because of financial and administrative constraints, it was not feasible to increase the total number of households to be sampled. Therefore it was necessary to resort to the other options available that of improving the precision of the estimates by adopting a more efficient sampling design and attempting to lower the sampling errors.

When compared with the sampling designs that were adopted in surveys conducted earlier in Cambodia, a more efficient and improved sampling strategy was adopted in CSES 1999. The new sampling strategy has provided for estimates for the urban and rural sector, and the capital city of Phnom Penh as well as for the different ecological zones. The method of interpenetrating sub-samples has also provided for the preparation of separate estimates for ecological zones of the country from independent sub-samples enabling checks on the quality of data collected and on the precision of the estimates. Apart from these major innovations, the sampling procedures for the selection of villages which were the primary sampling units (PSU's) and households which formed the secondary sampling units (SSU's) were also improved by adopting circular systematic sampling with probability proportional to size (CSSPPS) techniques.

The sampling design of CSES 1997 followed the sampling strategy adopted in the two socio-economic surveys conducted earlier namely SESC 1993/94 and SESC 1996. The designs in these surveys were based on the division of the country into three domains Phnom Penh, other urban and rural areas so that separate estimates can be prepared for the capital city, and urban and rural sectors. These surveys used truncated frames that had excluded provinces, communes and villages in which data collection was difficult for security or other reasons. From each domain a specified number for villages were selected as first stage units (PSUs) and the second stage units (SSUs) which were households were selected after a pre-listing of households in the sample PSUs.

CSES 1999 sampled 6,000 households from 600 sample villages distributed in all 24 provinces in the country. The survey covered both urban and rural areas of Cambodia. Approximately 4% of the villages were excluded in 14 provinces because of difficulties of conducting field work for security reasons. The number of households sampled from each village was restricted to 10 to reduce the cluster effect and improve the precision of the estimates.

Estimates for round one and round two are provided separately for certain characteristics in addition to the estimates from both rounds of the survey. The estimates provided in the report are for the truncated frame used in the survey that excluded 4.2% of the villages because of the difficulty of conducting fieldwork for security reasons. In respect of a few key variables extrapolated estimates were prepared which covered the excluded areas of the country in addition to the truncated frame used in the survey.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

As in CSES 1997, four questionnaires were used in CSES 1999 for data collection. These include:

CSES Form 1: household listing sheet was used to record all households in the village or part thereof selected for household enumeration. The current list of households was necessary for sampling households and also as an input to derive household weights.

CSES Form 2: Village Questionnaire canvassed data on village population, physical and social infrastructure, development programmes and institutions at the village level and village level prices and unskilled wage rates

CSES Form 3: Core Questionnaire canvassed data on demographic characteristics, education, health and immunization, household and housing characteristics; and household consumption.

CSES Form 4: Income and Employment Module canvassed detail information on employment, wages and earnings; child labour; all types of household economic activities; household assets and household income.

Cleaning operations

Data processing was carried out at the NIS on a net-worked computer system with 16 microcomputers and peripherals. 35 NIS staff were trained as editors and coders, key entry and supervisory staff. Completed questionnaires were checked, edited and coded by trained editors before the data was keyed in. IMPS (Integrated Micro Processing System ) software developed and supported by the US Bureau of the Census was used for data processing. The data entry and verification system designed for the survey provided for on-line editing. A number of edit programs were prepared to eliminate duplicate records and range edits and consistency checks were used in data cleaning and validation. The tabulations presented in this report were extracted after cleaning the data files.

Response rate

Non-responding households were replaced. The need to adjust the weights for non-response did not arise as completed questionnaires from all sampled villages and households were retrieved achieving a 100% response rate.

Sampling error estimates

The approximate computation of sampling errors of some key estimates in CSES 1997 that sampled 6,000 households showed that the relative errors were in the range of 3 % to 10% or a margin of error twice as much. It was thus necessary to reduce the sampling errors and it was evident that the sampling errors of estimates of the same variables canvassed in CSES 1999 as well as those which had similar prevalence rates would be high (Please see

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households/individuals

Kind of data

survey

Frequency of data collection

Yearly

Sampling procedure

Sample size:

Abstract

The primary objective of Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 1997 was to obtain data for the measurement of living standards in geographic stratification and different segments of the Cambodian society. The other objectives were to provide information needed by a variety of users such as government institutions, donor agencies, non-government organizations; to assist NIS to train its staff in planning, designing and conducting a household based survey system and institutionalize survey taking capability. The expansion of the scope of the survey to meet the data needs of a wide variety of users and thus minimize the duplication of household surveys and promote the acceptance of CSES as the national household survey programme was also an important objective.

Specifically the survey had the following objectives: i) To provide data required for the measurement of living standards through a single source of data for a comprehensive and detailed analysis of living standards and poverty in Cambodia. ii) To provide information on school facilities, schooling and enrollments, cost of education and related information. iii) To provides information on health issues, utilization of health facilities and costs incurred in treating illnesses. iv) To provide information on demographic and economic characteristics of the population such as age-sex distribution, marital status, fertility, mortality, literacy, employment incomes. v) To derive information on socio-economic conditions of villages including infrastructure and access to education and health facilities. vi) To establish survey taking capability within NIS for the Institute to conduct multi-objective large scale household-based survey programmes.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A sampling frame based on a national population census is not available for Cambodia. A list of village and village population prepared by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) for conducting the general elections held in 1993, which was updated for undertaking the household surveys conducted during the past few years was used as the sampling frame.

As in other household surveys conducted recently, the coverage of the survey had to be restricted due to security reasons; excluded areas were considered not sage for the enumerators to conduct fieldwork. Accordingly two provinces and a number of communes from 15 other provinces were excluded from the frame. The truncated frame used for the survey covered 100% of the villages in Phnom Penh, 91.2% of villages in the Other Urban towns and 86.3% of the Rural villages. The proportions of excluded households were lower, and amounted to only 4.8% of households in other urban areas and 11.6% of households in the rural sector.

A two-stage stratified random sampling design was adopted with villages as primary sampling units (PSU's) and households as secondary sampling units (SSU's). Considering the socio-economic stratification, the spread of the items canvassed, and sample size of the survey, Cambodia was divided into 3 strata viz. Phnom Penh, Other Urban areas and Rural areas. The frame which had villages grouped by communes, and communes by districts and provinces in effect, provided for an implicit stratification of the universe for the probability proportional to size (PPS) systematic random sampling procedure adopted in the selection of the PSU's. The procedure also provided for the preparation of estimates for the four geographic zones namely, Plains, Tonle Sap Lake, Plateau and Mountains and Coastal regions of the country.

Sampling deviation

The sampling design for the CSES 1997 considered several factors including the precision of data required by the users, the capacity of the national statistics office to conduct the survey, and most importantly the time constraint imposed to complete survey field work before the end of July 1997. Taking into account these factors, and specially the experience gained from the two socio-economic surveys conducted in 1993/94 and 1996, including estimates of feasible work loads, a sample of 6000 households to be selected from 474 villages was considered to be sufficient and manageable.

The design also took into consideration the need for separate analyses of three geographical domains, namely Phnom Penh, other urban areas aggregated together, and the rural area. In deciding the sample allocation to the three domains, it was decided that a size of around 1000 households would be adequate for the first two domains and the rest should be allocated to Domain 3 - Rural area, since it was envisaged that more detailed analysis of the poverty groups in this domain would be undertaken.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the survey. Form 1: Household Listing Form was used to prepare the current list of households for sampling. Form 2: Village Questionnaire was used to collect village level data on socio-economic infrastructure and facilities including prices and wages from key informants. Form 3: Core Questionnaire was used to collect demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population. Form 4: Social Sector Module was designed to collect detailed information on education and health service utilization and related household expenditures.

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all, 39 staff comprising 35 processing staff and 4 supervisors were trained for three days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff. Manual processing of questionnaires commenced in mid August 1997.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those on migration, industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents had cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent’s fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.

Sampling error estimates

The results obtained from the survey are subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than the whole population. These errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the sample allocation described earlier was adopted.

In addition to sampling errors, the estimates are also subject to non-sampling errors that arise in different stages of any survey operation. These include - errors that are introduced at the preparatory stage - errors committed during data collection including those committed by interviewers and respondents - processing errors

The first item includes errors arising from questionnaire design, preparation of definitions and instructions, preparation of table formats etc. The other two categories are clear from the terminology used. The use of trained enumerators and processing staff and careful organization and thorough supervision are essential to control and minimize these errors. As already referred to, it was possible to obtain responses from all the villages and households that were sampled, and thus it was not necessary to adjust the data for non-response. Thus the bias that is introduced into the estimates as a result of non-response was avoided. The standard error of a survey estimate provides a measure of how far the survey estimate is likely to vary from the true population value(i.e. parameter ) as a result of having collected

Abstract

The CSES is a household survey with questions to households and the household members. In the household questionnaire there are a number of modules with questions relating to the living conditions, e.g. housing conditions, education, health, expenditure/income and labour force. It is designed to provide information on social and economic conditions of households for policy studies on poverty, household production and final consumption for the National Accounts and weights for the CPI.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty. Essential areas as household production and cash income, household level and structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition, education and access to schooling, health and access to medical care, transport and communication, housing and amenities and family and social relations. For recording expenditure, consumption and income the Diary Method was applied for the first time. The survey also included a Time Use Form detailing activities of household members during a 24-hour period.

Another main objective of the survey is also to collect accurate statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument to assist the government in diagnosing the problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress of poverty reduction which are the main priorities in the "Rectangular Strategy" of the Royal Government of Cambodia.

Geographic coverage

National

Urban/Rural

Analysis unit

1. household

2. individual

Universe

All resident households in Cambodia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2003-04 (CSES) is conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 15,000 households within 900 sampling units (villages). It is divided into 15 monthly representative samples of 1000 households in 60 villages.

The sampling design and implementation was made in March 2003. A three-stage sample design was devised. Since NIS already had a master sample based on the Population Census 1998, consisting of 600 villages, it was used. But in order to reach the preferred number of 900 villages, the sample was extended to include an additional 300 villages.

In the first stage, a sample of villages was selected in the head office. The villages were initially stratified into 45 strata (province*urban/rural). The villages were selected using systematic sampling with probabilities proportionate to size (PPS). The size measures used for the selection were number of households in the village according the 1998 Census. The resulting sample thus consisted of 900 villages, of which 600 are in rural areas and 300 in urban areas.

In the second stage one Census Enumeration Area (EA or alternatively PSU) was selected randomly also in the head office. At the beginning of the fieldwork, all households in the selected EA were listed using a household listing form, and following internationally recommended procedures. A systematic sample of households was then drawn in a third stage. The third stage sample was 20 households in rural areas and 10 households in the urban areas.

Design work

The work on sample design was carried out in the following areas:

• Estimation of sampling errors and design effects in the CSES 1999

• Calculation of optimal sample size within primary sampling units

• Sample size and sample allocation for CSES 2003

The work was done in a group of NIS staff in the form of expert assisted hands-on training in sampling design and calculation of sampling errors.

In previous surveys PSUs have been villages. It was decided to use village as PSU also for the CSES 2004 mainly because the communes were considered too large (and too few) to serve efficiently as PSUs. Another factor weighing in favor of villages was the fact that there already exists a master sample of villages at NIS.

The master sample consists of 600 villages (88 urban and 512 rural villages). The selection of villages was made with PPS sampling, hence facilitating an approximately self-weighing design with equal workloads in the villages. It was discussed whether a further stratification on 3-4 crude income-level strata should be done in urban Phnom Penh in order to secure a good spread of the sample over different income levels. It was decided not to do such stratification. Phnom Penh has a large sample (90 villages) selected with systematic sampling over a geographically ordered sample frame; this will in itself secure a reasonably good spread of PSUs.

The master sample is allocated over the strata proportionally to the total number of households in the strata. A problem with the master sample is that due to the proportional allocation the urban sample is too small to provide for good estimates in the urban domain. It was therefore decided to expand the sample to include 600 rural villages and 300 urban villages.

Secondary Sampling Units (SSU)

The 600 villages in the master sample are divided in small segments containing approximately ten households each by using census enumeration area maps. As a consequence the boundaries of the segments would be difficult to identify in the field. There would be a risk that housing units constructed after the census will be missed when households are listed within segments during the fieldwork. It was therefore decided not to use the segments in the second stage sampling. The available options are in this situation either (a) to select households directly on stage in the village or (b) to use the enumeration areas as secondary sampling units. Selecting households directly would require a listing of all households in the village prior to the fieldwork. Such a listing would become time-consuming in large villages. It was therefore decided that enumeration areas would be used as SSUs, and that one enumeration area is selected within each sampled village.

Implementation

Villages were selected with a systematic PPS procedure within each stratum. For each sampled village one census enumeration area (EA) was selected. As the enumeration areas are roughly of the same size, the selection was done with equal probability sampling.

Ten (10) households were selected in each sampled village in the CSES 99. Calculations indicated that this sample size was close to optimum. Since the optimum is rather flat, the loss in efficiency from sample sizes of 12-15 is fairly small.

From a purely sampling efficiency point of view, a larger sample than 15 households per village should not be taken. However, factors relating to interviewers' security and well-being weighed in favor of having two interviewers per village in the rural areas. A workload of 10 households between the two interviewers in the village was considered too small. A workload of 15-20 households would be reasonable. All things taken together resulted in a sample of 10 households in urban areas (with one interviewer per village) and 20 households in rural areas.

The resulting sample consisted of 300 urban PSUs and 600 rural PSUs. From the urban PSUs 10 households were selected while 20 households were selected from rural PSUs. The sample thus contained 15000 households to be interviewed during 15 fieldwork months with 1000 different households each month.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Five different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey:

Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas.

Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village.

Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization.

Form 4: Diary form on daily household expenditure and income

Form 5: Time use form detailing activities of household members during one 24-hour period.

Questionnaire design

The questionnaire is one of the first items in a strategy for quality control in data collection through surveys. Any piece of information to be collected must be formulated as a question so that all interviewers can be trained to read the questions in the same way. The questions must be formulated in such a way that all interviewers feel comfortable reading the questions aloud and that all respondents understand the questions in the same way. The layout of the questionnaire must be done so that the interviewer immediately understands how the respondent's answer should be recorded. A lot of work is normally needed to meet these requirements that are built into the process of communication in the interview situation. This is the kind of work in which final perfection is elusive and further improvements can always be made.

The initial work on questionnaire design resulted in a first draft prepared by NIS in early 2003. With expert assistance from Statistics Sweden in March the same year, a systematic walk-through question by question was done. A number of essential problems to be solved were then identified while errors or minor problems

An information sheet providing background on the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey, a household survey relating to poverty and living conditions. Information is provided on survey objectives, sampling, questionnaires, data collection, data processing, comparability, definitions and confidentiality. Prepared for the 23rd session of the Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics, April 2010.

Abstract

The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) has been conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) in 1993/94, 1996, 1997, 1999 and 2004. Since 2007 NIS conducts the CSES annually.The CSES is a household survey covering many areas relating to poverty and living conditions. Questions are asked for the household and for the household members. The CSES is a sample survey and the sample used in 2007 is a subsample of the sample used in 2004.

In the 2004 survey the diary method for collecting data about household expenditure/consumption and household income was introduced. As the recall method has been used in the previous rounds it was decided to include also the recall modules. Both methods are retained in the annual CSES. The following main areas have been surveyed in the previous survey rounds and in the annual CSES as well: 1. Level and structure of household expenditure/consumption, including poverty 2. Household production and cash income-earning activities by the labour force 3. Education and literacy 4. Health and access to medical care 5. Housing and amenities 6. Family and social relations, including gender and vulnerability issues.

In CSES 2007 some changes have been introduced in the household questionnaire.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living conditions of the Cambodian population and the extent of poverty. The survey can be used for identifying problems and making decisions based on statistical data.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Villages/ Communities

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling design in the CSES survey is a three-stage design. In stage one a sample of villages is selected, in stage two an Enumeration Area (EA) is selected from each village selected in stage one, and in stage three a sample of households is selected from each EA selected in stage two. The sampling designs used in the three stages were:

Stage 1: A stratified systematic (systematic sampling with probabilities proportional to size ) sample of villages was selected. Strata were defined by provinces and the urban/rural classification of villages. The size measure used in the systematic pps sampling was the number of households in the village according to the population census 1998.

Stage 2. One EA was selected by Simple Random Sampling (SRS), in each village selected in stage 1.

Stage 3. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The design described above was used for the CSES 2004 survey.7 In 2007, a subsample of the villages, or EAs, in the 2004 sample was selected by SRS. The villages and EAs surveyed in 2007 were thus included in the sample in both years. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The selected households in 2007 are not necessarily the same as those included in the sample in 2004.

The selection of households in stage three was done in field by first listing the households in the selected EA, and then selecting a systematic sample of households. Selected households were observed during one calendar month. The allocation of the households over the months in 2007 was done so that each village in the 2007 sample was observed in the same calendar month as in 2004.

The sample size in 2007 was 360 villages or 3,600 households, compared to the sample for the 2004 survey of 720 villages or 12,000 households.

Some provinces were excluded, due to cost and other reasons, in the sample for 2007. The estimates are however, adjusted for the under coverage error caused by excluding those provinces.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four different questionnaires or forms were used in the CSES 2007: 1. Household listing form The listing of households was used for sampling households, see section 4.3.

1. Village questionnaire The village questionnaire was responded by the village leader or a representative of the village leader. The questions are about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices, rental and sales prices of land etc.

2. Household questionnaire The household questionnaire was responded by the head of the household, spouse of the head of the household or of another adult household member.

The household questionnaire includes questions about housing conditions, crop production and other agricultural activities, liabilities, durable goods, construction activities and income from other sources than economic activity.

The household questionnaire also includes questions for each household member about education and literacy, migration, current economic activity and employment, health, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization. Some of these questions were responded by the head of household/spouse and some were responded by each household member.

The questions in the first part of the household questionnaire are posed during the initial visit to the household. This part includes questions about e.g. the household member's age, sex, marital status, relation to head of household, and questions about household expenditure/consumption of food and non-food items.

During a survey month different questions have been asked different weeks according to the following: • Week 1. Questions about education, migration, and housing • Week 2. Questions about economic activity, agricultural and non-agricultural business, household liabilities and other incomes. • Week 3. Questions about construction, durable goods, and child health • Week 4. Questions about current economic activities, health and victimization

1. Diary sheet The diary sheet on daily household expenditure, including value of own production, and income have been filled in during the entire month.

Abstract

Cambodia Living Standards Measurement Study – Plus (LSMS+) Survey 2019- 2020 was implemented by the National Institute of Statistics, with support from the World Bank LSMS+ program (www.worldbank.org/lsmsplus). The survey attempted to conduct private interviews with all the adult household members (aged 18 and older) in each sampled household as part of a nationally-representative survey sample. The individual disaggregated data collection had a focus on (i) ownership of and rights to physical and financial assets, (ii) work and employment, and (iii) non-farm enterprises, and was anchored in the latest international recommendations for survey data collection on these topics.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) of this survey were the subsamples of the selected PSUs of the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 2019/20. The PSU in this case can either be a village (if the village is small) or an Enumeration Area (EA) from the mapping operation of 2019 General Population Census of Cambodia (if the village is large, exceeding 120 households). The Cambodia LSMS+ sample covered all the CSES’ s sample villages in three months (those selected for interviews during the October - December period of fieldwork) out of its twelve-month sample.

The Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs) in this survey constitute sample households. In this stage, 6 households were selected in each selected PSU. The selections of these households were carried out in the field by the field enumerators. The selection was done under the Circular Systematic Random Sampling (CSRS) scheme using the PSU frame of household from the household listing conducted by the CSES field enumerator in the selected PSU. More details can be found in the Basic Information Document.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The Cambodia LSMS+ covered the following topics:

Household Questionnaire: - Household Roster - Children Living Elsewhere - Housing - Food Consumption - Non-food Consumption - Household Enterprises - Land Roster - Livestock Roster - Durables Roster

Individual-level Questionnaire: - Education - Health - Internal and International Migration - Labor - Time Use - Land Ownership and Rights - Livestock Ownership - Durables Ownership - Mobile Phone Ownership - Financial Accounts

Cleaning operations

Data Entry Platform

The Cambodia LSMS+ was conducted using Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) techniques. The questionnaire was implemented using the CAPI software, Survey Solutions. The Survey Solutions software was developed and maintained by the Data Analytics and Tools Unit within the Development Economics Data Group (DECDG) at the World Bank. Each interviewer was given one tablet, which they used to conduct the interviews. Overall, implementation of survey using Survey Solutions CAPI was highly successful, as it allowed for timely availability of the data from completed interviews.

Data Management

The data communication system used in the Cambodia LSMS+ was highly automated. Field teams were provided with routers to carry with them in the field so they could connect to internet as frequently as possible to sync their questionnaires and this ensured access to the data in real-time.

Data Cleaning The data cleaning process was done in two main stages. The first stage was to ensure proper quality control during the fieldwork. This was achieved in part by incorporating validation and consistency checks into the Survey Solutions application used for the data collection and designed to highlight many of the errors that occurred during the fieldwork.

The second stage of cleaning involved a comprehensive review of the final raw data following the first stage of cleaning. Every variable was examined individually for (1) consistency with other sections and variables, (2) out of range responses, and (3) formatting.

Cambodia Population Distribution: Single data was reported at 27.300 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 26.500 % for 2020. Cambodia Population Distribution: Single data is updated yearly, averaging 26.900 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 2021, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.300 % in 2021 and a record low of 26.500 % in 2020. Cambodia Population Distribution: Single data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.G001: Population: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES).

Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate: Other Urban data was reported at 80.700 % in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 80.700 % for 2016. Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate: Other Urban data is updated yearly, averaging 78.800 % from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2017, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 83.353 % in 2011 and a record low of 73.788 % in 2008. Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate: Other Urban data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.G010: Labour Force: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES).

Cambodia Labour Force: Men data was reported at 4,488.000 Person th in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,450.000 Person th for 2016. Cambodia Labour Force: Men data is updated yearly, averaging 4,279.000 Person th from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2017, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,488.000 Person th in 2017 and a record low of 3,822.000 Person th in 2010. Cambodia Labour Force: Men data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.G010: Labour Force: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES).

Abstract

The immediate objective of the Survey is the development of institutional capacity of the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning (MOP) to implement a demand driven multi-purpose living standards household survey based data collection system which produces regular, timely and relevant feed back to government policy makers. The project has provided technical assistance for the conduct of two large scale multi-objective national household surveys, the first one in 1997 and the second to be conducted in 1998/99. The primary objective of Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 1997 was to obtain data for the measurement of living standards in geographic stratification and different segments of the Cambodian society. The other objectives were to provide information needed by a variety of users such as government institutions, donor agencies, non- government organizations; to assist NIS to train its staff in planning, designing and conducting a household based survey system and institutionalize survey taking capability. The expansion of the scope of the survey to meet the data needs of a wide variety of users and thus minimize the duplication of household surveys and promote the acceptance of CSES as the national household survey programme was also an important objective.

Geographic coverage

The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at :

National (24 provinces) Phnom Penh, Other Urban and Other Rural Plain, Tonle Sap, Coastal, and Plateau/Mountain

Analysis unit

• Individual

• Household

Universe

Select sample households from non-institutional households (All regular residents in Cambodia) in Cambodia.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A two stage stratified sampling design with the villages as the first stage units (PSU's) and households as the second stage units(SSU's) was used in the sampling strategy:

1. First Stage Selection

In the first stage the villages or primary sampling units ( PSU’s ) were drawn from

each domain. Within the three domains the villages were arranged by geographic codes with

the villages grouped within communes and the communes within districts and districts within

the provinces providing for some implicit stratification. The villages that had geographic

codes also had the reported number of households based on the frame. The latter was used as

the measure of size (MOS) in deriving the cumulated list for sampling. The sample villages

were selected using the systematic sampling method with a random start with probability

proportional to size method (PPS). The selection of sample villages was carried out through

the use of a computer program.

1. The Second Stage Selection

For each selected village (PSU) a field listing was undertaken and let the actual

number of households listed in the PSU be Mhi

• ,

then the probability of selecting a household in the i th PSU in the h th domain is

ph( j / i ) = nh / Mhi

where nh is equal to 10 in domains 1 and 2 and 15 for domain 3. Circular systematic

random sampling with a random start was used to select households. The sampling interval

would be equal to the current estimate of households in the PSU ascertained through the

listing operation divided by 10 in the urban domains and 15 in the rural domain..

Please see Sample Selection in report or technical report of external resources

Sampling deviation

The sampling design for the CSES 1997 considered several factors including the precision of data required by the users, the capacity of the national statistics office to conduct the survey, and most importantly the time constraint imposed to complete survey field work before the end of July 1997. Taking into account these factors, and specially the experience gained from the two socio-economic surveys conducted in 1993/94 and 1996, including estimates of feasible work loads, a sample of 6000 households to be selected from 474 villages was considered to be sufficient and manageable.

The design also took into consideration the need for separate analyses of three geographical domains, namely Phnom Penh, other urban areas aggregated together, and the rural area. In deciding the sample allocation to the three domains, it was decided that a size of around 1000 households would be adequate for the first two domains and the rest should be allocated to Domain 3 - Rural area, since it was envisaged that more detailed analysis of the poverty groups in this domain would be undertaken.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The CSES 1997 questionnaire comprises 4 forms, namely:

Form 1: Listign of Households in the Village

Form 2: Village Questionnaire

Form 3: Core Questionnaire for Households

Form 4: Social Sector Household Module

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all, 39 staff comprising 35 processing staff and 4 supervisors were trained for three days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff. Manual processing of questionnaires commenced in mid August 1997.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those on migration, industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents had cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent’s fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.

Sampling error estimates

The results obtained from the survey are subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than the whole population. These errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the sample allocation described earlier was adopted.

In addition to sampling errors, the estimates are also subject to non-sampling errors that arise in different stages of any survey operation. These include

• errors that are introduced at the preparatory stage

• errors committed during data collection including those committed by interviewers and respondents

• processing errors

The first item includes errors arising from questionnaire design, preparation of definitions and instructions, preparation of table formats etc. The other two categories are clear from the terminology used. The use of trained enumerators and processing staff and careful organization and thorough supervision are essential to control and minimize these errors.

As already referred to, it was possible to obtain responses from all the villages and

households that were sampled, and thus it was not necessary to adjust the data for non-response. Thus the bias that is introduced into the estimates as a result of non-response was avoided.

The standard error of a survey estimate provides a measure of how far the survey estimate is likely to vary from the true population value(i.e. parameter ) as a result of having collected the data on a sample basis rather through a complete census. The standard error se(r) of a survey estimate is by definition

se( r ) = var( r )^1/2

The relative standard error or coefficient of variation ( cv ), on the other hand provides a measure of the relative variance of a survey estimate; that is the magnitude of the estimated sampling error relative to the magnitude of the estimate itself. The cv that is expressed as a proportional error

Cambodia Labour Force: Urban data was reported at 1,086.000 Person th in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,077.000 Person th for 2016. Cambodia Labour Force: Urban data is updated yearly, averaging 803.869 Person th from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,086.000 Person th in 2017 and a record low of 652.000 Person th in 2007. Cambodia Labour Force: Urban data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.G010: Labour Force: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES).

Abstract

The Cambodian Socio-Economic Survey 2009 (CSES) is the eighth survey collecting data from household and individuals in Cambodia on different areas relating to poverty. The survey is conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning (MOP). The first Socio-Economic Survey to a nationwide sample was conducted in 1994 (CSES 1994).

The CSES2004 was the fifth survey that was conducted as a countrywide sample survey of villages and households in Cambodia. CSES2004 was the first survey with a collection of income and receipts, expenditure and consumption of own production from diary were daily transactions are reported. The sample size in CSES2004 was 1000 households every month. Since 2007 the Socio-Economic Survey is conducted every year with a sample size of 300 households every month. The annual surveys are undertaken as a part of the project, "Capacity Development for Socio-Economic Surveys and Planning" of the Royal Government of Cambodia. This project is supported and financed by SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency).

The principal aim of the Socio-Economic Surveys is to collect important information from representative villages and households on various facets of socio-economic conditions of the people of Cambodia. The CSES 2009 is almost similar to the 2004 Socio-Economic survey with a sample size of 1000 households every month. The data collected will be used to produce indicators of levels of living and poverty of the people in different geographical areas and in different social and economic classes. These indicators will help in monitoring and analyzing poverty in Cambodia and in formulating and targeting anti-poverty program for alleviating the removal of different weaker sections of the Cambodian population. Such poverty-oriented analysis has already been started using CSES 1997, CSES 1999, CSES 2004 and CSES2007. The CSES 2009 will contribute in a big way towards the pursuit of these objectives in Cambodia.

General Objectives: CSES 2009 would extend the work started through CSES 2004 and the annual CSES 2007 and 2008 and would primarily aim at producing information needed for planning and policy making for reduction and eventual eradication of poverty in Cambodia. This goal has been given high priority in Cambodia's National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP 2005-2010). In addition to this, the survey data would help in various other ways in developmental planning and policy making in the country. They would also prove useful for the preparation of national accounts of the country.

A long-term objective of the entire project is to build national capability in Cambodia for conducting socio-economic surveys and for utilizing survey data for planning for national development and social welfare.

Specific Objectives: Among specific objectives, the following deserve special mention: 1) Obtain data on infrastructural facilities in villages, especially facilities for schooling and health care and associated problems. 2) Obtain data on retail prices of selected food, non-food and medicine items prevailing in the villages. 3) Collect data on migration 4) Collect data on utilization of education, housing and land ownership 5) Collect data on household assets and outstanding loans. 6) Collect data on household's construction activities. 7) Collect information on maternal health, child health and care and health check of children. 8) Collect information on health of the household members related to illness, injury and disability. 9) Collect information on economic activities including the economic activities for children aged between 5 and 17 years. 10) Collect information on victimization by the household 11) Collect information on the presence of the household members. 12) Collect information on household income and receipts, expenditure and consumption of own production (also in diaries).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Villages/ Communities

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2003-04 (CSES) is conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 12,000 households on annual basis. The sampling design has remained the same since CSES 2004 and the sample size in CSES 2009 was the same as in 2004. The CSES 2009 was conducted from January to December 2009, i.e. the calendar year 2009.

The size measures used for the selection were number of households in the village according to the 1998 General Population Census, whereas the CSES 2009 using number of households in the village from the 2008 Population Census.

The sampling design for the 2009 survey is the same as that used for the CSES 2004. The sampling design for the 2004 CSES is described in for instance National Institute of Statistics (2005a). The sampling frame for the 2009 survey is based on preliminary data from the General Population Census conducted in 2008. The sample is selected as a three stage cluster sample with villages in the first stage, enumeration areas in the second stage and households in the third.

The sampling design in the CSES 2009 survey is a three-stage design. In stage one a sample of villages is selected, in stage two an Enumeration Area (EA) is selected from each village selected in stage one, and in stage three a sample of households is selected from each EA selected in stage two. The sampling designs used in the three stages were:

Stage 1. A systematic pps sample of villages, Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) was selected from each stratum, i.e. without replacement systematic sampling with probabilities proportional to size. The size measure used was the number of households in the village according to the sampling frame.

Stage 2. One EA was selected by Simple Random Sampling (SRS), in each village selected in stage 1. As mentioned above, in a few large villages more than one EA was selected.

Stage 3. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The selection of villages and EAs were done at NIS while the selection of households in stage three was done in field.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Five different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey:

Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas.

Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village.

Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization.

Form 4: Diary form on daily household expenditure and income

Form 5: Time use form detailing activities of household members during one 24-hour period.

Cleaning operations

The NIS team commenced their work of checking and coding in beginning of February after the first month of fieldwork was completed. Supervisors from the field delivered questionnaires to NIS. Sida project experts and NIS Survey Manager helped solving relevant matters that became apparent when reviewing questionnaires on delivery.

In late 2006 and beginning of 2007 a new system for data processing and storage were introduced for the Cambodia Socio Economic Survey (CSES). It includes a relational database system for storing CSES data in SQL format and an application framework developed in-house for data-entry. Since NIS staff already was familiar with Visual Basic and Microsoft SQL Server database software the transition from previous data processing system was feasible. A modern network infrastructure within the NIS was also implemented to host the new CSES system and facilitate for concurrent data-entry. The application and storage platform developed in 2006 and supervised by Statistics Sweden consultancy has since been used consecutively for all CSES data processing from 2007 and onwards. The database contains data tables for all modules comprising the CSES household, village and diary questionnaires. There are also code-tables used for data integrity controls during data-entry and tables for data management including error lists. In all the database counts a total of 185 tables divided by:

Response rate

The CSES 2009 enjoyed almost a 100 percent response rate. The high response rate together with close and systematic fieldwork supervision by the core group members were a major contribution for achieving high quality survey results.

Sampling error estimates

In order to provide a basis for assessing the reliability or precision of CSES estimates, the estimation of the magnitude of sampling error in the survey data shall be computed. Since most of the estimates from the survey are in the form of weighted ratios, thus variances for ratio estimates will thus be presented.

The Coefficients of Variation (CV) on national level estimates are generally below 4 percent. The exception is the CV for total value of assets where there are rather high CVs especially in the urban areas, which should be expected.

The CVs are somewhat higher in the urban and rural domains but still generally below 7 percent. For the five zones, the average CVs are in the range 5 to 13

This dataset contains thirteen csv files including households’ answers to the WAT4CAM survey (2019-2020) in two Cambodian provinces and two text file presenting a more detailed description and the questionnaire content. Ce jeu de données contient treize fichiers csv comprenant les réponses des ménages à l'enquête WAT4CAM (2019-2020) dans deux provinces cambodgiennes et deux fichiers texte présentant une description plus détaillée et le contenu du questionnaire.

To monitor the socioeconomic impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and inform policy responses and interventions, the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) of households was designed aspart of a World Bank global initiative. For Cambodia, a total of 5 survey rounds are planned, with households being called back every 1 to 2 months. This allows for the impact of the pandemic to be tracked as it unfolds and provides data to the government and development partners in near real-time, supporting an evidence-based response to thecrisis. Two additional rounds are conducted in 2022. Due to the higher attrition rate of LSMS+, the World Bank teamdecided to use the same sample of households that had been interviewed for the 2019/2020 Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) implemented from July 2019 to June 2020 by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The CSES is representative at national and urban/rural level.

The extensive information collected in CSES 2019/20 providesa rich set of background information on which the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of households can beleveraged to assess the differential impacts of the pandemic in the country. Data collection of the Cambodia COVID-19 HFPS based on CSES sample started in February 2022. The HFPS interviewed 1698 households from the 2019/20 CSES with a phone number. Sampling weights were adjusted to make sure that the surveyed sample remains representative at national and urban/rural.

The questionnaire covers a series of topics, such as access to food, foodinsecurity, impact of the Covid-19 on income sources and coping mechanisms, access to social assistance, and impactof Covid-19 on economic activity. The questionnaire is designed to be administered between 20 to 25 minutes. Thesurvey is implemented using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing.

Cambodia Population Distribution: Rural: Married data was reported at 64.800 % in 2021. This stayed constant from the previous number of 64.800 % for 2020. Cambodia Population Distribution: Rural: Married data is updated yearly, averaging 64.800 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 2021, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 64.800 % in 2021 and a record low of 64.800 % in 2021. Cambodia Population Distribution: Rural: Married data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.G001: Population: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES).

Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate: Male data was reported at 88.700 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 91.000 % for 2020. Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 89.850 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 2021, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 91.000 % in 2020 and a record low of 88.700 % in 2021. Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.G010: Labour Force: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

This data was created from over 200 households surveys in two study regions of Cambodia, in 2018. Data collected during the surveys included household income, household income from farm activities, demographics, number and type of vegetable cultivated, amounts and values of key ago-inputs, and opinions regarding access to credit, food security, and vegetable marketing. Using the household survey data, various econometric models were deployed to evaluate the impact cooperative membership on smallholder income and farm performance. This dataset was collected through research of the project "Integrated Horticulture Livestock Systems" lead by Kansas State University, in partnership with the Royal University of Agriculture, the University of Battambang, and ADDA, as a part of the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Horticulture. (2018-01-01)