Labor force, total in Cambodia was reported at 9903822 in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Cambodia - Labor force, total - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Key information about Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate

• Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate increased to 87.4 % in Jun 2020, compared with 0.0 % in the previous year.
• Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate is updated yearly, available from Jun 2020 to Jun 2020, with an average rate of 87.4 % .
• Cambodia Labour Force Participation Rate is reported by reported by National Institute of Statistics.
• In the latest reports, Cambodia Population reached 16.6 million people in Dec 2021.
• Unemployment Rate of Cambodia increased to 2.4 % in Jun 2020.

Labor force, female (% of total labor force) in Cambodia was reported at 47.97 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Cambodia - Labor force, female - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Abstract

The main objectives of the CLF-CLS 2011-2012 are to collect detailed information on the country's labour force of persons 15 years old and above and children 5 to 17 years old disaggregated by age, gender, region, sector and social category. The survey provides information on the national labour market that can then be used to develop, manage and evaluate labour market policies and programmes. Also, the survey provides detailed information on child workers and hazards at work.

It is intended to promote a gender mainstreamed analysis of the labour market and compile national and provincial statistics relating to informal employment, working poor and vulnerable employment. These statistics will be especially useful to government as it attempts to identify the problems that Cambodians face in the area of employment. With this information available, planners and policy makers will then be better placed to develop policies and programmes to improve the welfare of the people and some information on working people and child labour.

Geographic coverage

National, Urban, Rural, All of provinces in Cambodia (24 Provinces)

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

1. Geographic part: All members from households in Cambodia
2. Education and labour force parts: All members aged 5 and over from households in Cambodia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Cambodia Labour Force and Child Labour Survey 2011-12 covered 24 Capital/provinces in the country and involved 600 Enumeration Areas (EA) randomly selected as primary sampling units, or PSUs, and 9,600 households randomly selected as secondary sampling units, or SSUs. Each EA was randomly selected 16 sample household. Totally, there were 9,600 households to be interviewed.

The sampling frame was based on the village population data files from the 2008 general population census, conducted by the NIS. The CLF-CLS 2011-12 was undertaken in two stages with EAs as the primary sampling units and households as secondary sampling units. It consists of 600 primary sampling units (PSUs) or EAs. Out of the total sample EAs, 54 EAs were allocated for urban areas and the remainder 546 EAs for rural areas.

For details please refer to the document entitled "Report on Selection of Sampled Households from the Sampling Frame for Cambodia Labour Force and Child Labour Survey 2011-2012".

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following are the LFCLS forms used during the field enumeration and a brief outline of the fieldwork procedures:

2.1 Listing Sheet

This is a sheet containing a list of the buildings, housing units and households within an enumeration area (EA). Other information pertaining to population of households were also recorded.

Listing sheet was used to record all households in the village or part thereof selected for household enumeration. The current list of households was necessary for sampling households and also as an input to derive household weights

2.2 Questionnaire

The Cambodia Labour Force and Child Labour questionnaire consists of a cover page, which contains general information on the household, followed by the 12 sections:

A. Household composition and characteristics of household members B. Literacy and Education
C. Training within the last 12 months (outside of the general education system) D. Current activities E. Characteristics of the main job/activity in the last 7 days F. Characteristics of the secondary job/activity in the last 7 days G. Hours of work H. Underemployment I. Job search J. Occupational injuries within the last 12 months K. Participation in production of goods for use by own household L. Other activities

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all 4 staff comprising 3 processing staff and 1 supervisor were trained for two days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent's fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.

Cambodia KH: Unemployment: National Estimate: Youth: % of Total Labour Force Aged 15-24 data was reported at 0.833 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.476 % for 2020. Cambodia KH: Unemployment: National Estimate: Youth: % of Total Labour Force Aged 15-24 data is updated yearly, averaging 1.045 % from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.343 % in 2000 and a record low of 0.383 % in 2017. Cambodia KH: Unemployment: National Estimate: Youth: % of Total Labour Force Aged 15-24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Employment and Unemployment. Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.;International Labour Organization. “Labour Force Statistics database (LFS)” ILOSTAT. Accessed January 07, 2025. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.;Weighted average;The series for ILO estimates is also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.

The statistic shows the distribution of employment in Cambodia by economic sector from 2013 to 2023. In 2023, 36.01 percent of the employees in Cambodia were active in the agricultural sector, 26.91 percent in industry and 37.08 percent in the service sector.

Labor force with advanced education (% of total working-age population with advanced education) in Cambodia was reported at 78.52 % in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Cambodia - Labor force with advanced education (% of total) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Abstract

The Labor Force Survey (LFS) of Cambodia conducted in November 2000 is the first of the series of nationwide labor force surveys. Its primary purpose was to gather data on labor force and employment levels and structures needed for national accounts estimation. The results of the survey are intended for national account estimation and for providing a quantitative framework for planning and policy formulation affecting the labor market.

Geographic coverage

National, Urban, Rural, All of provinces in Cambodia (24 Provinces)

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The survey covered the members (individuals) from the sample households of resident households in Cambodia:

1. All members for geographic part from the sample households of resident households

2. All members aged 10 and over for education and labour force parts from the sample households of resident households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The LFS adopts a stratified two-stage systematic sampling design with villages as the primary sampling units (PSUs) and households as secondary sampling units (SSUs). In each village, a systematic sample of 10 households were taken.

The sample consisted of 500 villages sampled from the truncated 1999 CSES sampling frame. Then from each sample village, a fix sample of 10 households was taken using circular systematic sampling with random start. It covered 500 sample villages or a total of 5000 sample households nationwide

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following are the LFS forms used during the field enumeration and a brief outline of the fieldwork procedures:

2.1 Listing Sheet (LFS Form 1)

This is a sheet containing a list the buildings, housing units and households within an enumeration area (EA). Other information pertaining to population of households were also recorded.

Listing sheet was used to record all households in the village or part thereof selected for household enumeration. The current list of households was necessary for sampling households and also as an input to derive household weights

2.2 Questionnaire (LFS Form 2)

This is the form used for interviewing and recording information about a household. This questionnaire also contains information on the demographic and economic characteristics of the population.

1. Part I - For all persons

   a) Relationship to Household Head

   b) Age

   c) Sex

2. Part II - For Persons 10 Years and Over

   a) Education (Current School Attendance and Highest Educational Attainment)

   b) Current Activity (Past Week)

   c) Primary Occupation

   d) Economic Activity or Industry

   e) Nature and Status of Employment

   f) Remuneration, Earnings and Commissions Received

   g) Hours Worked

   h) Availability for /Seeking Additional Work

   i) Reasons for not Being Available for Work

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all 4 staff comprising 3 processing staff and 1 supervisor were trained for two days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent's fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors are those that are related to the size of the sample and the kind of samples selected. Non-sampling errors are those such as arising from errors committed by the interviewers in recording information, response errors and encoding or processing errors.

The results obtained from the survey are subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than the whole population. These errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the sample allocation described earlier was adopted.

In addition to sampling errors, the estimates are also subject to non-sampling errors that arise in different stages of any survey operation. These include errors that are introduced at the preparatory stage errors committed during data collection including those committed by interviewers and respondents processing errors

The first item includes errors arising from questionnaire design, preparation of definitions and instructions, preparation of table formats etc. The other two categories are clear from the terminology used. The use of trained enumerators and processing staff and careful organization and thorough supervision are essential to control and minimize these errors.

As already referred to, it was possible to obtain responses from all the villages and

households that were sampled, and thus it was not necessary to adjust the data for non-response. Thus the bias that is introduced into the estimates as a result of non-response was avoided.

This report aims to provide a clearer picture of Cambodia's current labor market and future trends. It examines key economic and demographic trends; recent labor market trends; key characteristics of the labor market; lesson from value chain analysis in terms of job and skills content in various sectors; and potential employment scenarios based on diverse growth scenarios. The study also explores factors, other than education, that are restricting labor force advancements.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households/individuals

Kind of data

survey

Frequency of data collection

Yearly

Sampling procedure

Sample size:

Cambodia KH: Labour Force With Advanced Education: Female: % of Female Working-age Population data was reported at 72.786 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 76.474 % for 2020. Cambodia KH: Labour Force With Advanced Education: Female: % of Female Working-age Population data is updated yearly, averaging 74.233 % from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 91.197 % in 1997 and a record low of 32.210 % in 1996. Cambodia KH: Labour Force With Advanced Education: Female: % of Female Working-age Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Labour Force. The ratio of the labor force with advanced education to the working-age population with advanced education. Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).;International Labour Organization. “Education and Mismatch Indicators database (EMI)” ILOSTAT. Accessed January 07, 2025. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.;Weighted average;

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (national estimate) in Cambodia was reported at 79.51 % in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Cambodia - Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (national estimate) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) in Cambodia was reported at 86.46 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Cambodia - Labor participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households/individuals

Kind of data

survey

Frequency of data collection

Yearly

Sampling procedure

Sample size:

Cambodia KH: Unemployment: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Labour Force data was reported at 0.234 % in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.199 % for 2023. Cambodia KH: Unemployment: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 0.659 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2024, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.320 % in 2007 and a record low of 0.089 % in 2019. Cambodia KH: Unemployment: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cambodia – Table KH.World Bank.WDI: Employment and Unemployment. Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.;International Labour Organization. “ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database (ILOEST)” ILOSTAT. Accessed January 07, 2025. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.;Weighted average;National estimates are also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.

Abstract

The Labor Force Survey (LFS) of Cambodia conducted in November 2001 is the second of the series of nationwide labor force surveys. Its primary purpose was to gather data on labor force and employment levels and structures needed for national accounts estimation. The results of the survey are intended for national account estimation and for providing a quantitative framework for planning and policy formulation affecting the labor market.

Geographic coverage

National (24 Provinces) Urban, Rural

Analysis unit

1.Individuals

2.Household

Universe

The survey coverd the members (individuals) from the sample households of resident households in Cambodia:

1. All members for geographic part

2. All members aged 10 and over for education and labour force parts

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The LFS adopted a stratified two-stage systematic sampling design with villages as the primary sampling units (PSUs) and households as secondary sampling units (SSUs).

The sample consisted of 500 villages sampled from 12,739 villages in Cambodia. Then from each sample village, a fix sample of 10 households was taken using circular systematic sampling with a random start. It covered 500 sample villages or a total of 5000 sample households nationwide

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following are the LFS forms used during the field enumeration and a brief outline of the fieldwork procedures:

2.1 Listing Sheet (LFS Form 1)

This is a sheet containing a list the buildings, housing units and households within an enumeration area (EA). Other information pertaining to population of households were also recorded.

Listing sheet was used to record all households in the village or part thereof selected for household enumeration. The current list of households was necessary for sampling households and also as an input to derive household weights

2.2 Questionnaire (LFS Form 2)

This is the form used for interviewing and recording information about a household. This questionnaire also contains information on the demographic and economic characteristics of the population.

1. Part I - For all persons

   a) Relationship to Household Head

   b) Age

   c) Sex

2. Part II - For Persons 10 Years and Over

   a) Education (Current School Attendance and Highest Educational Attainment)

   b) Current Activity (Past Week)

   c) Primary Occupation

   d) Economic Activity or Industry

   e) Nature and Status of Employment

   f) Remuneration, Earnings and Commissions Received

   g) Hours Worked

   h) Availability for /Seeking Additional Work

   i) Reasons for not Being Available for Work

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all 4 staff comprising 3 processing staff and 1 supervisor were trained for two days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent's fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors are those that are related to the size of the sample and the kind of samples selected. Non-sampling errors are those such as arising from errors committed by the interviewers in recording information, response errors and encoding or processing errors.

The results obtained from the survey are subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than the whole population. These errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the sample allocation described earlier was adopted.

In addition to sampling errors, the estimates are also subject to non-sampling errors that arise in different stages of any survey operation. These include errors that are introduced at the preparatory stage errors committed during data collection including those committed by interviewers and respondents processing errors

The first item includes errors arising from questionnaire design, preparation of definitions and instructions, preparation of table formats etc. The other two categories are clear from the terminology used. The use of trained enumerators and processing staff and careful organization and thorough supervision are essential to control and minimize these errors.

As already referred to, it was possible to obtain responses from all the villages and households that were sampled, and thus it was not necessary to adjust the data for non-response. Thus the bias that is introduced into the estimates as a result of non-response was avoided.

Abstract

This survey aimed to gather information on the current level and composition of the supply of labor, employment, unemployment and underemployment in the country

The Labor Force Survey (LFS) of Cambodia conducted in November 2001 is the second of the series of nationwide labor force surveys. Its primary purpose was to gather data on labor force and employment levels and structures needed for national accounts estimation. The results of the survey are intended for national account estimation and for providing a quantitative framework for planning and policy formulation affecting the labor market.

Geographic coverage

National, Urban, Rural, All of provinces in Cambodia (24 Provinces)

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The survey coverd the members (individuals) from the sample households of resident households in Cambodia:

1. All members for geographic part from the sample households of resident households
2. All members aged 10 and over for education and labour force parts from the sample households of resident households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The LFS adopted a stratified two-stage systematic sampling design with villages as the primary sampling units (PSUs) and households as secondary sampling units (SSUs).

The sample consisted of 500 villages sampled from 12,739 villages in Cambodia. Then from each sample village, a fix sample of 10 households was taken using circular systematic sampling with a random start. It covered 500 sample villages or a total of 5000 sample households nationwide

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following are the LFS forms used during the field enumeration and a brief outline of the fieldwork procedures:

2.1 Listing Sheet (LFS Form 1)

This is a sheet containing a list the buildings, housing units and households within an enumeration area (EA). Other information pertaining to population of households were also recorded.

Listing sheet was used to record all households in the village or part thereof selected for household enumeration. The current list of households was necessary for sampling households and also as an input to derive household weights

2.2 Questionnaire (LFS Form 2)

This is the form used for interviewing and recording information about a household. This questionnaire also contains information on the demographic and economic characteristics of the population.

1. Part I - For all persons a) Relationship to Household Head b) Age c) Sex
2. Part II - For Persons 10 Years and Over a) Education (Current School Attendance and Highest Educational Attainment) b) Current Activity (Past Week) c) Primary Occupation d) Economic Activity or Industry e) Nature and Status of Employment f) Remuneration, Earnings and Commissions Received g) Hours Worked h) Availability for /Seeking Additional Work i) Reasons for not Being Available for Work

Cleaning operations

All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all 4 staff comprising 3 processing staff and 1 supervisor were trained for two days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff.

In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.

Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.

Response rate

Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent's fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors are those that are related to the size of the sample and the kind of samples selected. Non-sampling errors are those such as arising from errors committed by the interviewers in recording information, response errors and encoding or processing errors.

The results obtained from the survey are subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than the whole population. These errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the sample allocation described earlier was adopted.

In addition to sampling errors, the estimates are also subject to non-sampling errors that arise in different stages of any survey operation. These include errors that are introduced at the preparatory stage errors committed during data collection including those committed by interviewers and respondents processing errors

The first item includes errors arising from questionnaire design, preparation of definitions and instructions, preparation of table formats etc. The other two categories are clear from the terminology used. The use of trained enumerators and processing staff and careful organization and thorough supervision are essential to control and minimize these errors.

As already referred to, it was possible to obtain responses from all the villages and households that were sampled, and thus it was not necessary to adjust the data for non-response. Thus the bias that is introduced into the estimates as a result of non-response was avoided.

Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) in Cambodia was reported at 73.96 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Cambodia - Labor participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate) in Cambodia was reported at 66.2 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Cambodia - Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (modeled ILO estimate) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

The average for 2023 based on 11 countries was 64.79 percent. The highest value was in Cambodia: 75.79 percent and the lowest value was in India: 55.34 percent. The indicator is available from 1991 to 2023. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.