Used for purposive sampling

This study is an experiment designed to compare the performance of three methodologies for sampling households with migrants:

- a stratified sample using the census to sample census tracts randomly, in which each household is then listed and screened to determine whether or not it has a migrant, with the full length questionnaire then being applied in a second phase only to the households of interest;
- a snowball survey in which households are asked to provide referrals to other households with migrant members;
- an intercept point survey (or time-and-space sampling survey), in which individuals are sampled during set time periods at a prespecified set of locations where households in the target group are likely to congregate.

Researchers from the World Bank applied these methods in the context of a survey of Brazilians of Japanese descent (Nikkei), requested by the World Bank. There are approximately 1.2-1.9 million Nikkei among Brazil’s 170 million population.

The survey was designed to provide detail on the characteristics of households with and without migrants, to estimate the proportion of households receiving remittances and with migrants in Japan, and to examine the consequences of migration and remittances on the sending households.

The same questionnaire was used for the stratified random sample and snowball surveys, and a shorter version of the questionnaire was used for the intercept surveys. Researchers can directly compare answers to the same questions across survey methodologies and determine the extent to which the intercept and snowball surveys can give similar results to the more expensive census-based survey, and test for the presence of biases.

Description: This data set contains the aggregated data on the R&D expenditure per province by Business, Government, Higher Education, Not-for-Profit Organisations and Science Councils. R&D expenditure is aggregated by five survey sectors across nine provinces in South Africa. Subsequent to the dissemination of version 1 of the 2007-08 data files, some of the information has been anonymised and the revised data files are disseminated as Version 2. Abstract: The National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (R&D) Survey collects data under strict confidentiality. Aggregate data are used primarily to inform policy and strategic planning at a national level. The National R&D Survey 2007/08 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector, made up of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector, made up of national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector, made up of universities, universities of technology, technikons and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused on Human Resources and Financial data relating to in-house R&D conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: Researchers Technicians directly supporting R&D Other personnel directly supporting R&D Qualifications, gender and race Full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D In-house R&D expenditure categories included: Capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure. Type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research, and experimental development) Provincial location Sources of funds Research fields (fields of science) Socio-Economic Objective Industry of R&D (Business sector only) The key users of the data and findings include government departments, especially DST and the OECD who use survey indicators in their annual time-series publication on Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI). Email survey Face-to-face interview Postal survey Telephone interview The National R&D Survey 2006/07 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector, made up of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector, made up of national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector, made up of universities, universities of technology, technikons and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. The sampling methods of the various sectors are briefly outlined below: Business Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Government Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing R&D were included. Higher Education Sector: institutions, namely universities, universities of technology and technikons were included through a census survey. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Science Councils Sector: were surveyed using a census approach.

Abstract

Social Impact (SI) is conducting an impact evaluation of the MCC Tanzania Water Sector Project. The impact of the WSP will be assessed through a rigorous, quasi-experimental impact evaluation design that combines a difference-in-differences (DD) approach with generalized propensity score matching (GPSM), also called continuous propensity score matching. GPSM is an extension of traditional propensity score matching which facilitates the evaluation of the impact of continuous rather than binary treatment. The design reflects particular characteristics of the Tanzania WSP. First, the impacts of the upgraded water infrastructure are expected to be diffuse in each city; therefore, identifying a counterfactual through experimental methods is not feasible. Further, the main treatment is considered to be exposure to an increased supply of water due to the Water Sector Project infrastructure upgrades, and households will be affected differentially depending on their starting conditions (e.g. availability of water) and their position along the distribution grid. Thus, a continuous treatment approach is needed to measure the impacts of incremental increases in water supply. The GPSM technique (which will be carried out after the completion of end-line data collection) enables comparisons of outcomes between similar households that experience varying levels of improvements to water supply due to the intervention. The evaluation questions to be answered address a range of topics, including: the project's impact on water supply, access to water, and water quality; the project's impact on water consumption, water-related illness, and investment in human capital; differences in project impact by gender and socioeconomic status; the project's effect on businesses, schools, and health centers; project implementation; unintended consequences of the project; and the sustainability of the project over time. In addition to the main analysis described above, additional qualitative, direct observation (e.g. water quality tests), secondary data review, and geospatial data collection components were incorporated to facilitate comprehensive, context-specific responses to these evaluation questions.

Geographic coverage

Urban municipalities of the cities of Dar es Salaam (Ilala, Kinondoni, and Temeke) and Morogoro (Morogoro Urban)

Analysis unit

Main analysis: households and individuals. (Some analyses using water quality or supply data are done at the cluster level (enumeration areas). Qualitative analyses used data collected from community members, project stakeholders, enterprises, health centers, and schools.

Universe

The household and phone surveys were administered to one respondent per household, and collected information corresponding to the household as well as to each current household member (usual residents). The water quality tests were administered to up to two sources per cluster (either household tap, or other shared source in the cluster). The qualitative components included focus group discussions of residents across each city, semi-structured interviews of community-level water sector stakeholders, and key informant interviews of key project stakeholders.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Households were sampled from both cities using a two-stage cluster sampling methodology, with stratification in Dar es Salaam by the current water supply to an area. Clusters were defined as census enumeration areas (EAs). The sample frame for clusters was an inventory of enumeration areas used for the 2012 census in Tanzania, obtained from the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The required sample size was 5008 households (8 households from 626 clusters), split between the two cities evenly. In Morogoro, 313 clusters were randomly sampled from the master inventory. In Dar es Salaam, with the availability of information about water supply by ward, clusters were chosen by stratified random sampling, out of 5 strata corresponding to different levels of current water access through the public distribution network. Selection of clusters was done using a random number generator in Stata 12 software. After selecting 313 clusters in each city, maps were obtained from the NBS. For each of the selected clusters, listing teams worked with local community representatives to enumerate all households in each EA and generate a complete sample frame of households. From each cluster's household list, 8 households per cluster (EA) were randomly selected for the household survey using a unique random number table for each cluster; additional households from the list could be accessed in order to replace households as needed due to non-response. After the households were interviewed, a sub-set of eligible households were selected for water quality testing (up to two per cluster). Following the household survey, the full household sample was included in three rounds of a follow-up survey administered by phone, by the EDI team.

Sampling deviation

If the listing team encountered any EAs in either city that had been demarcated strictly as an institution (e.g. hospital, school, jail) with only staff residing in the cluster, but had not been previously excluded from the sample frame, that EA was replaced by the next eligible EA from the list based on its random number, and the institutional cluster was excluded from the sample frame altogether. If community members or local officials declined to be involved in the surveying for any reason, that cluster was replaced. No deviations were made in the sampling procedures for the household survey. For the water quality testing, a much smaller sample of household taps was available for testing compared to initial expectations, so the eligibility for water quality tests was expanded at the beginning of these exercises to include shared sources in the community. Qualitative sampling was purposive and therefore was tailored to the specific objective of interviewing each type of respondent; while focus groups were initially planned to be a mix of males and females, after the first focus group the team decided to limit the participants to females only.

Research instrument

Household Survey Phone Survey

Cleaning operations

EDI employed a data processing and quality control team, which was tasked with ensuring the quality of data collected through the Surveybe system. Daily checks of questionnaire data were conducted in Stata using a continually updated checking do-file, which flagged discrepancies and data inconsistencies. Each supervisor was provided a set of data checks to address with each team on a continuous basis. Data processing and quality control staff were primarily based at EDI headquarters, but were present in the field for several weeks during the beginning stages of each phase of data collection. This presence allowed them to participate in feedback sessions with interviewers demonstrating how data checks were conducted and how errors would be communicated to supervisors. The data processing team updated their checks periodically to accommodate new checks arising during the survey period, often in coordination with SI. SI's data quality monitoring strategy included continuous technical support to EDI over the entire period of data collection, field presence at all critical junctures during preparations for data collection, and several rounds of independent data verification with interim datasets provided throughout the survey period by EDI. SI wrote do files (using Stata 12) to monitor the quality of the data as it was received, updating them on a continuous basis and making adjustments after continuous communications with EDI's data manager and data processing teams, and ran through each of the datasets at numerous points between May and September 2013, communicating concerns or questions to EDI through a standard form used throughout the period of data collection. After the conclusion of the data collection, SI conducted a comprehensive data quality review of all datasets, inclusive of quantitative and qualitative datasets. SI submitted requests resulting from this review to EDI. EDI responded to these requests and subsequently delivered final datasets to SI via MCA-T. EDI produced several briefs on data quality assurance during data collection, and SI produced a data quality report for internal review by MCC.

Response rate

Response rates for the household survey in Dar es Salaam were above 87%, and above 92% in Morogoro. Overall, for the phone follow-up survey, response rates were 85% (round 1), 88% (round 2), and 90% (round 3); 81% of households overall participated in all 3 rounds while 90% participated in at least one round. Water quality test samples were drawn from household taps when available, or otherwise from other shared-source locations in the survey cluster (water quality results are intended to be representative at the cluster level). In Dar es Salaam, 95% of sampled clusters were covered by water quality tests, along with 99% of sampled clusters in Morogoro. Sampling for qualitative data collection components was purposive, in order to include specific types of respondents and target areas of each city with specific characteristics; this purposive sampling made extensive use of preliminary quantitative survey data and geospatial data. Qualitative research included, in total, 14 focus group discussions, 52 semi-structured interviews, and 10 key informant interviews.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors were calculated for all estimated quantities of indicators when

Description: This data set contains the aggregated data for 2012-13 on the R&D expenditure per province by Business, Government, Higher Education, Not-for-Profit Organisations and Science Councils. R&D expenditure is aggregated by five survey sectors across nine provinces in South Africa. Subsequent to the dissemination of version 1 of the 2012-13 data files, some of the information has been anonymised and the revised data files are disseminated as Version 2. Abstract: The National Research and Experimental Development Survey (R&D) collects data on the R&D expenditure by five survey sectors across nine provinces in South Africa. The 2012-13 survey collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector, made up of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector, made up of national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector, made up of universities, universities of technology, technikons and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused on Human Resources and Financial data relating to in-house R&D conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: Researchers Technicians directly supporting R&D Other personnel directly supporting R&D Qualifications, gender and race Full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D In-house R&D expenditure categories included: Capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure. Type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research, and experimental development) Provincial location Sources of funds Research fields (fields of science) Socio-Economic Objective Industry of R&D (Business sector only) Email survey Face-to-face interview Postal survey Telephone interview The National R&D Survey 2012/13 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business enterprises (BUS): The business sector of large, medium and small enterprises, including state-owned companies. Government (GOV): All government departments with an R&D component, government research institutes and museums. Higher education institutions (HEI): Higher education institutions, namely the 21 universities (and academic hospitals) and 15 technikons. Not-for-profit (NPO): Non-governmental and other organisations formally registered as not-for-profit institutions. Science councils (SCI): the eight science research councils, plus the Africa Institute of South Africa, as established through their individual Acts of Parliament. The sampling methods of the various sectors are briefly outlined below: Business Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Government Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing R&D were included. Higher Education Sector: institutions, namely universities, universities of technology and technikons were included through a census survey. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Science Councils Sector: were surveyed using a census approach. Response rate = 100 x [Responses/(Responses + Non-responses – Out-of-scopes)], where non-responses include refusals and out-of-scopes include closed down, non-R&D performer, return to sender, untraceable, etc. Business sector response rate = 100 x [324/(324 + 143 - 36)] = 75.2% Not-for-profit sector response rate = 100 x [45/(45 + 45 - 21)] = 65.2% Government sector response rate = 100 x [80/(80 + 84 - 19)] = 55.2% Science Councils sector response rate = 100 x [13/(13 + 0 - 0)] = 100.0% Higher Education sector response rate = 100 x [21/(21 + 15 - 2)] = 61.8%

Description: This data set contains the aggregated data on the R&D expenditure of businesses, Government, Higher Education, Not-for-Profit Organisations, Science Councils and Research Institutions & Museums for the 2004/05 survey. Subsequent to the dissemination of version 1 of the 2004-05 data files, some of the information has been anonymised and the revised data files are disseminated as Version 2. Abstract: The National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (R&D) Survey collects data under strict confidentiality. Aggregate data are used primarily to inform policy and strategic planning at a national level. The National R&D Survey 2004/05 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector, made up of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector, made up of national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher education institutions sector, made up of universities, technikons and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-profit organisations (NPO) sector. Science councils sector. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused human resources and financial data relating to in-house R&D conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: Researchers Technicians directly supporting R&D Other personnel directly supporting R&D Qualifications, gender and race Full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D In-house R&D expenditure categories included: Capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure. Type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research, and experimental development) Provincial location Sources of funds Research fields (fields of science) Socio-Economic Objective Industry of R&D (Business sector only) The key users of the data and findings include government departments, especially DST and the OECD who use survey indicators in their annual time-series publication on Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI). Ad hoc requests for data are also accommodated and inform academic papers, reports and other outputs. Email survey Face-to-face interview Postal survey Telephone interview The universe of R&D performers was divided into the following five sectors: Business enterprises (BUS): The business sector of large, medium and small enterprises, including state-owned companies. Government (GOV): All government departments with an R&D component, government research institutes and museums. Higher education institutions (HEI): Universities, academic hospitals and technikons. Not-for-profit (NPO) institutions. Science councils (SCI). The sampling methods of the various sectors are briefly outlined below: Business sector: a Purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Government sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing R&D were included. Higher education sector: Institutions, namely universities and technikons were included through a census survey. Not-for-profit organisations (NPO) sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Science councils sector: were surveyed using a census approach.

Description: This data set contains the aggregated data for 2010-11 on the R&D expenditure per province by Business, Government, Higher Education, Not-for-Profit Organisations and Science Councils. R&D expenditure is aggregated by five survey sectors across nine provinces in South Africa. Abstract: The National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (R&D) Survey collects data under strict confidentiality. Aggregate data are used primarily to inform policy and strategic planning at a national level. The National R&D Survey 2010/11 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector, made up of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector, made up of national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector, made up of universities, universities of technology, technikons and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused on Human Resources and Financial data relating to in-house R&D conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: Researchers Technicians directly supporting R&D Other personnel directly supporting R&D Qualifications, gender and race Full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D In-house R&D expenditure categories included: Capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure. Type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research, and experimental development) Provincial location Sources of funds Research fields (fields of science) Socio-Economic Objective Industry of R&D (Business sector only) The key users of the data and findings include government departments, especially DST and the OECD who use survey indicators in their annual time-series publication on Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI). Ad hoc requests for data are also accommodated and inform academic papers, reports and other outputs. Email survey Face-to-face interview Postal survey Telephone interview The National R&D Survey 2010/11 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector, made up of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector, made up of national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector, made up of universities, universities of technology, technikons and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. The sampling methods of the various sectors are briefly outlined below: Business Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Government Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing R&D were included. Higher Education Sector: institutions, namely universities, universities of technology and technikons were included through a census survey. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Science Councils Sector: were surveyed using a census approach.

Description: This data set contains data on the R&D expenditure by province, type of R&D, research fields, socioeconomic objectives, sources of funds and province. R&D personnel data is also included. The data is recorded for each of the following economic sectors of the South African economy: Business, Government, Higher Education, Not-for-Profit Organisations and Science Councils. Abstract: The National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (R&D) Survey collects data under strict confidentiality. Aggregate data are used primarily to inform policy and strategic planning at a national level. The National R&D Survey 2017/18 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector which consists of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector includes national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector is made up of universities, universities of technology and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused on Human Resources and Financial data relating to in-house R&D conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: Researchers Technicians directly supporting R&D Other personnel directly supporting R&D Qualifications, gender and race Full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D In-house R&D expenditure categories included: Capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure. Type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research and experimental development) Provincial location Sources of funds Research fields (fields of science) Socio-Economic Objective Industry of R&D (Business sector only) The key users of the data and findings include government departments, especially DST and the OECD who use survey indicators in their annual time-series publication on Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI). Ad hoc requests for data are also accommodated and inform academic papers, reports and other outputs. Email survey Face-to-face interview Postal survey Telephone interview The universe of R&D performers was divided into the following five sectors as per the Survey Report 2001/2 dated September 2004: Business enterprises (BUS): The business sector of large, medium and small enterprises, including state-owned companies. Government (GOV): All government departments with an R&D component, government research institutes and museums. Higher education institutions (HEI): Higher education institutions, namely the 21 universities (and academic hospitals) and 15 technikons. Not-for-profit (NPO): Non-governmental and other organisations formally registered as not-for-profit institutions. Science councils (SCI): the eight science research councils, plus the Africa Institute of South Africa, as established through their individual Acts of Parliament The sampling method of each sector is briefly outlined below: Business Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Government Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing R&D were included. Higher Education Sector: institutions, namely universities and universities of technology were included through a census survey. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Science Councils Sector: were surveyed using a census approach. Response rate = 100 x [Responses / (Responses + Non-responses - Out-of-scopes)], where non-responses include refusals and out-of-scopes include closed down, non-R&D performer, return to sender, untraceable, etc. Business sector response rate = 100 x [285/(285 + 198 - 47)] = 65.4% Not-for-profit sector response rate = 100 x [36/(36 + 29 - 2)] = 57.1% Government sector response rate = 100 x [48/(48 + 52 - 3)] = 49.0% Science Councils sector response rate = 100 x [13/(13 + 0 - 0)] = 100.0% Higher Education sector (Public) response rate = 100 x [18/(18 + 6 - 0)] = 75.0% Higher Education sector (Private) response rate = 100 x [7/(67+ 2 - 0)] = 66.7% Overall survey response rate = 100 x [433/(433 + 330 - 135)] = 63.4%

Description: This data set contains data on the R&D expenditure by province, type of R&D, research fields, socioeconomic objectives, sources of funds and province. R&D personnel data is also included. The data is recorded for each of the following economic sectors of the South African economy: Business, Government, Higher Education, Not-for-Profit Organisations and Science Councils. Abstract: The National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (R&D) Survey collects data under strict confidentiality. Aggregate data are used primarily to inform policy and strategic planning at a national level. The National R&D Survey 2014/15 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector, made up of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector, made up of national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector, made up of universities, universities of technology, technikons and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused on Human Resources and Financial data relating to in-house R&D conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: Researchers Technicians directly supporting R&D Other personnel directly supporting R&D Qualifications, gender and race Full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D In-house R&D expenditure categories included: Capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure. Type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research, and experimental development) Provincial location Sources of funds Research fields (fields of science) Socio-Economic Objective Industry of R&D (Business sector only) Email survey Face-to-face interview Postal survey Telephone interview The National R&D Survey 2014/15 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business enterprises (BUS): The business sector of large, medium and small enterprises, including state-owned companies. Government (GOV): All government departments with an R&D component, government research institutes and museums. Higher education institutions (HEI): Higher education institutions, namely the 21 universities (and academic hospitals) and 15 technikons. Not-for-profit (NPO): Non-governmental and other organisations formally registered as not-for-profit institutions. Science councils (SCI): the eight science research councils, plus the Africa Institute of South Africa, as established through their individual Acts of Parliament. The sampling methods of the various sectors are briefly outlined below: Business Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Government Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing R&D were included. Higher Education Sector: institutions, namely universities and universities of technology were included through a census survey. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Science Councils Sector: were surveyed using a census approach. Response rate = 100 x [Responses/(Responses + Non-responses – Out-of-scopes)], where non-responses include refusals and out-of-scopes include closed down, non-R&D performer, return to sender, untraceable, etc. Business sector response rate = 100 x [373/(373 + 60 - 48)] = 96.9% Not-for-profit sector response rate = 100 x [46/(46 + 34 - 11)] = 66.7% Government sector response rate = 100 x [70/(70 + 57 - 11)] = 60.3% Science Councils sector response rate = 100 x [13/(13 + 0 - 0)] = 100.0% Higher Education sector (Public) response rate = 100 x [19/(19 + 4 - 0)] = 82.6%

Description: This data set contains data on the R&D expenditure by province, type of R&D, research fields, socioeconomic objectives, sources of funds and province. R&D personnel data is also included. The data is recorded for each of the following economic sectors of the South African economy: Business, Government, Higher Education, Not-for-Profit Organisations and Science Councils. Abstract: The National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (R&D) Survey collects data under strict confidentiality. Aggregated data are used primarily to inform policy and strategic planning at a national level. The National R&D Survey 2018/19 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector which consists of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector includes national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector is made up of universities, universities of technology and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused on human resources and financial data relating to in-house R&D conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: Researchers Technicians directly supporting R&D Other personnel directly supporting R&D Qualifications, gender and race Full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D In-house R&D expenditure categories included: Capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure. Type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research and experimental development) Provincial location Sources of funds Research fields (fields of science) Socio-economic objective Industry of R&D (Business sector only) The key users of the data and findings include government departments, especially DSI and the OECD which use survey indicators in their annual time-series publication on Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI). Ad hoc requests for data are also accommodated and inform academic papers, reports and other outputs. Email survey Face-to-face interview Postal survey Telephone interview The universe of R&D performers was divided into the following five sectors as per the Survey Report 2001/2 dated September 2004: Business enterprises (BUS): The business sector of large, medium and small enterprises, including state-owned companies. Government (GOV): All government departments with an R&D component, government research institutes and museums. Higher education institutions (HEI): Higher education institutions, namely the 21 universities (and academic hospitals) and 15 Universities of Technology. Not-for-profit (NPO): Non-governmental and other organisations formally registered as not-for-profit institutions. Science councils (SCI): The 8 science councils, including the Africa Institute of South Africa, as established through their individual Acts of Parliament The sampling method of each sector is briefly outlined below: Business Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Government Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing R&D were included. Higher Education Sector: institutions, namely universities and Universities of Technology were included through a census survey. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Science Councils Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. Response rate = 100 x [Responses / (Responses + Non-responses - Out-of-scopes)], where non-responses include refusals and out-of-scopes include closed down, non-R&D performer, return to sender, untraceable, etc. Business sector response rate = 100 x [241/(241 + 305 - 52)] = 48.8% Not-for-profit sector response rate = 100 x [33/(33 + 36 - 14)] = 60% Government sector response rate = 100 x [40/(40 + 56 - 1)] = 42% Science Councils sector response rate = 100 x [10/(10 + 1 - 0)] = 90.9% Higher Education sector (Public) response rate = 100 x [17/(17 + 7 - 0)] = 70.8% Higher Education sector (Private) response rate = 100 x [5/(5+ 2 - 0)] = 71.4% Overall survey response rate = 100 x [433/(433 + 330 - 135)] = 68.9%

Description: This data set contains data on the R&D expenditure by province, type of R&D, research fields, socioeconomic objectives, sources of funds and province. R&D personnel data is also included. The data is recorded for each of the following economic sectors of the South African economy: Business, Government, Higher Education, Not-for-Profit Organisations and Science Councils. Abstract: The National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (R&D) Survey collects data under strict confidentiality. Aggregated data are used primarily to inform policy and strategic planning at a national level. The National R&D Survey 2020/21 collected primary data from five survey sectors: Business sector which consists of companies, business associations and state owned enterprises. Government sector includes national and provincial departments, research institutes and museums. Higher Education Institutions sector is made up of universities, universities of technology and private higher education institutions. Some limited supplementary data from HEMIS was used in this sector. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) sector. Science Councils sector. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused on human resources and financial data relating to in-house R&D conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: Researchers Technicians directly supporting R&D Other personnel directly supporting R&D Qualifications, gender and race Full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D In-house R&D expenditure categories included: Capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure. Type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research and experimental development) Provincial location Sources of funds Research fields (fields of science) Socio-economic objective Industry of R&D (Business sector only) The key users of the data and findings include government departments, especially DSI and the OECD which use survey indicators in their annual time-series publication on Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI). Ad hoc requests for data are also accommodated and inform academic papers, reports and other outputs. Email survey Face-to-face interview Postal survey Telephone interview The universe of R&D performers was divided into the following five sectors as per the Survey Report 2001/2 dated September 2004: Business enterprises (BUS): The business sector of large, medium and small enterprises, including state-owned companies. Government (GOV): All government departments with an R&D component, government research institutes and museums. Higher education institutions (HEI): Higher education institutions, namely the 21 universities (and academic hospitals) and 15 Universities of Technology. Not-for-profit (NPO): Non-governmental and other organisations formally registered as not-for-profit institutions. Science councils (SCI): The 8 science councils, including the Africa Institute of South Africa, as established through their individual Acts of Parliament. Note: The SIC codes used in the 2018-19 survey have not changed and were applied to the 2019-20 survey. The sampling method of each sector is briefly outlined below: Business Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Government Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing R&D were included. Higher Education Sector: institutions, namely universities and Universities of Technology were included through a census survey. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D performers were targeted. Science Councils Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. Response rate = 100 x [Responses / (Responses + Non-responses - Out-of-scopes)], where non-responses include refusals and out-of-scopes include closed down, non-R&D performer, return to sender, untraceable, etc. Business sector response rate = 100 x [242/(242 + 301 - 58)] = 49.9% Not-for-profit sector response rate = 100 x [37/(37 + 25 - 3)] = 62.7% Government sector response rate = 100 x [46/(46 + 34 - 3)] = 59.7% Science Councils sector response rate = 100 x [10/(10 + 1 - 0)] = 90.9% Higher Education sector (Public) response rate = 100 x [22/(22 + 4 - 0)] = 84.6%

Description: This data set contains the aggregated data on Agriculture R&D and other S&T indicators by province as well as by government, higher education, not-for-profit organisations and science councils. Abstract: The National Survey on R&D and other S&T related activities in Agriculture in South Africa collected data from public institutions under strict confidentiality. Aggregate data were used primarily to inform policy and strategic planning at a national level. Primary data was primarily collected from public agricultural institutions. The survey was limited to agriculture as a key subsector of the greater economic sector that includes forestry and fisheries. The following institutions were surveyed: Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries (DAFF); provincial agricultural departments; science councils; higher education institutions; non-profit institutions. Some general organisational information was collected. The survey however focused on Human Resources and Financial data relating to in-house R&D as well as other S&T related activities conducted on the national territory of South Africa. In-house R&D personnel categories included: researchers; technicians directly supporting R&D; other personnel directly supporting R&D; qualifications, gender and race; full-time-equivalents (FTE) on R&D. In-house R&D expenditure categories included: capital expenditure, labour costs and other current expenditure; type of R&D (basic research, strategic basic research, applied research, and experimental development); provincial location; sources of funds; research fields (fields of science). The key users of the data and findings include government departments, especially Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries (DAFF) and the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) Ad hoc requests for data are also accommodated and inform academic papers, reports and other outputs. Face-to-face interview The National R&D Agriculture 2010-11 Survey collected primary data from five survey sectors: DAFF Government (GOV): Provincial agricultural departments Higher education institutions (HEI) Not-for-profit (NPO): Non-governmental and other organisations formally registered as not-for-profit institutions Science councils (SCI): the eight science research councils, plus the Africa Institute of South Africa, as established through their individual Acts of Parliament The sampling methods of the various sectors are briefly outlined below: Government Sector: was surveyed using a census approach. All national and provincial government departments, research institutions and museums performing agricultural R&D and Science and technology were included. Higher Education Sector: institutions, namely universities and universities of technology were included through a census survey. Not-for-Profit Organisations (NPO) Sector: a purposive sampling procedure was employed whereby all known and likely R&D agricultural and Science and Technology performers were targeted. Science Councils Sector: were surveyed using a census approach. Response rate = 100 x [Responses/(Responses + Non-responses – Out-of-scopes)], where non-responses include refusals and out-of-scopes include closed down, non-agriculture R&D performer, return to sender, untraceable, etc. Government sector response rate = 100 x [6/(6 + 2 - 1)] = 85.7% Science Councils sector response rate = 100 x [8/(8 + 0 - 0)] = 100.0% Higher Education sector response rate = 100 x [21/(21 + 6 - 4)] = 91.3% Other sector response rate = 100 x [2/(2 + 4 - 4)] = 100.0% Overall survey response rate = 100 x [37/(37 + 12 - 9)] = 92.5%