Canada CA: Exports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport data was reported at 3.276 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.704 USD bn for 2022. Canada CA: Exports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport data is updated yearly, averaging 1.334 USD bn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2023, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.704 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 193.500 USD mn in 1961. Canada CA: Exports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Exports: USD: by Services: OECD Member: Annual.

Description: Night-time sea surface temperature (SST) was acquired from the AVHRR Pathfinder project, with data distributed by NOAA, and averaged into monthly climatological composites. The data span 1990 through 2020 at 4 km pixel resolution. Methods: AVHRR Pathfinder version 5.3 Level 3C night Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was acquired from NOAA at 4 km spatial resolution. The monthly mean value at all pixels was calculated for individual years, then all years were combined to produce final maps of monthly mean and monthly standard deviation of SST, and the number of occurrences of each pixel over the period of observation. The quality level of all satellite observations was also acquired with this dataset, and used to remove any pixels with a quality level lower than 4. Further, pixels with fewer than two occurrences over the period 1990-2020 were removed from these maps, and set to a NaN value in the tif files. All resulting rasters were cropped to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and assigned to the NAD83 geographic coordinate reference system (EPSG:4269), and have a final pixel resolution of approximately 0.0417 degrees. The monthly mean, monthly standard deviation, and number of occurrences for all pixels are provided. Uncertainties: Satellite values have been evaluated against global datasets, and datasets of samples in the Pacific region (see references). However, uncertainties are introduced when averaging together images over time as each pixel has a differing number of observations. Short-lived or spatially limited events may be missed.

Activities dependent on the ocean make a substantial contribution to the Canadian economy. Fisheries and naval installations provided the rationale for the first European settlement. Fish processing, shipbuilding and marine transportation followed, providing the basis for economic development and growth on all three of Canada's coasts. These ocean activities defined settlement patterns that continue to this day. New marine economic activities emerged over the years including tourism, aquaculture, bio-technologies, specialized manufacturing and offshore oil and gas exploration and development. A wide range of service industries support these activities. Together, they create opportunities as well as challenges borne of increased and oftentimes competing uses of ocean space. The tables presented here provide estimates of the economic contribution of marine sectors in Canada for the years 2014 to 2018. These estimates cover all major private sector activities with a direct dependence on the oceans (extractive and non-extractive uses) as well as activities of public sector organizations with responsibilities for safety, managing ocean activities and research.

United States Exports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Port data was reported at 120.000 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 117.000 USD mn for 2016. United States Exports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Port data is updated yearly, averaging 99.000 USD mn from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2017, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 137.000 USD mn in 2006 and a record low of 70.000 USD mn in 1999. United States Exports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Port data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of Economic Analysis. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.JA022: Trade Statistics: Services: Canada.

IntroductionOcean equity is a key aim of blue economy frameworks globally and is a pillar of the international High Level Panel for A Sustainable Ocean Economy. However, the Panel offers only a general definition of ocean equity, with limited guidance for countries. Canada, as a party to the High Level Panel’s blue economy agenda, is developing its own blue economy strategy, seeking to reshape its ocean-based industries and advocate for new ones. How equity will be incorporated across scales is not yet known but has implications for how countries like Canada will develop their ocean-based industries. This raises important questions, including what are Canada’s equity commitments in relation to its blue economy and how will they be met? Currently, the industries identified in Canada’s emerging blue economy narratives are governed through both federal and provincial legislation and policies. These will shape how equity is implemented at different scales.MethodsIn this paper, we examine how the term equity is defined in relevant federal and provincial legislation and look to how understandings of equity found in critical feminist, environmental justice, and climate justice scholarship could inform policy and its implementation within Canada’s blue economy. We focus on two industries that are important for Canada’s blue economy: offshore oil and marine salmon aquaculture in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. We investigate how existing legislation and policy shapes the characterization, incorporation, and implementation of equity in these industries.Results and discussionOur analysis highlights how a cohesive approach to ocean equity across the scales of legislation and policy is needed to ensure more robust engagement with social and environmental equity issues in blue economy discourse and implementation.

Canada CA: Imports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Other data was reported at 896.400 USD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 944.300 USD mn for 2022. Canada CA: Imports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Other data is updated yearly, averaging 384.900 USD mn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2023, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.146 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 126.300 USD mn in 1961. Canada CA: Imports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Other data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Imports: USD: by Services: OECD Member: Annual.

In Canada, DFO assessments have reported a high probability of significant climate change impacts in all marine and freshwater basins, with effects increasing over time (DFO 2012a, 2012b), while climate projections indicate that ecosystems and fisheries will be disrupted into the foreseeable future (Lotze et al. 2019b; Bryndum-Buchholz et al. 2020; Tittensor et al. 2021; Boyce et al. 2022c). Despite its imminence, climate change is infrequently factored into Canada’s primary marine conservation strategies, such as spatial planning (O’Regan et al. 2021) or fisheries management (Boyce et al. 2021a; Pepin et al. 2022). The Climate Risk Index for Biodiversity was developed to assess climate risk for marine species in a quantitative, spatially explicit, and scalable way to better support climate-informed decision-making. It has been used to evaluate climate risks for marine life globally (Boyce et al. 2022a), regionally (Lewis et al. 2023), and for fisheries (Boyce et al. 2022c). These data present results from application of the CRIB framework to estimate average climate risks associated with sea surface warming across 2,959 species throughout the Canadian marine territory under contrasting future emission scenarios. In the Technical Report accompanying this data publication, we use Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as an example to describe the approach’s data, methods, and outputs, and to transparently and tangibly show how it quantifies risk and can inform and support climate-informed decision-making in Canada. Cite this data as: Boyce, D., Greenan, B., Shackell, N. Data of: A climate risk index for marine life across the Canadian exclusive economic zone. Published: January 2024. Ocean Ecosystems Science Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, N.S. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/2a0b3298-2bcc-49a0-a745-af56ed0462f1

Canada’s Blue Economy could benefit from an operational, equity-first definition that incorporates an environmentally inclusive framework. Current project assessments follow a neoliberal approach which prioritizes economic viability and leaves social equity and ecological concerns as secondary or tertiary. This Policy and Practice Review proposes an approach to Blue Economy activities by introducing the Blue Economy Development Approach (BEDA) - a structured methodology and decision sequence (Equity → Health → Wealth) to guide decisions.By making consent and equity a gate, pairing Indigenous and local knowledge with scientific indicators for ecosystem health, and verifying benefit-sharing before economic metrics, BEDA offers a clear, workable and inclusive path for Canada. To address the identified gaps, BEDA integrates diverse perspectives and cross-cutting linkages (e.g. the Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) and functions as a systematic project-evaluation tool for municipal, provincial, and federal governance.Examples of potential applications show how principles translate to action, ensuring equitable local access to ecosystems; guiding provincial sustainable use of marine resources; and informing a comprehensive national Blue Economy strategy. Taken together, these contributions support Canada’s transition toward a sustainable Blue Economy, aligning national strategies with international commitments to equity, sustainability, and resilience.

Canada CA: Exports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data was reported at 840.800 USD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.032 USD bn for 2022. Canada CA: Exports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data is updated yearly, averaging 564.000 USD mn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2023, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.220 USD bn in 2007 and a record low of 120.400 USD mn in 1961. Canada CA: Exports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Exports: USD: by Services: OECD Member: Annual.

Canada CA: Imports: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Other data was reported at 1,210.000 CAD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,229.000 CAD mn for 2022. Canada CA: Imports: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Other data is updated yearly, averaging 474.000 CAD mn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2023, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,229.000 CAD mn in 2022 and a record low of 128.000 CAD mn in 1961. Canada CA: Imports: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Other data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Imports: by Services: OECD Member: Annual.

Canada CA: Trade Balance: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport data was reported at -10.092 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of -12.292 USD bn for 2022. Canada CA: Trade Balance: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport data is updated yearly, averaging -1.018 USD bn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2023, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of -63.100 USD mn in 1966 and a record low of -12.292 USD bn in 2022. Canada CA: Trade Balance: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Trade Balance: USD: by Services: OECD Member: Annual.

Canada CA: Imports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data was reported at 12.472 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 15.052 USD bn for 2022. Canada CA: Imports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data is updated yearly, averaging 1.784 USD bn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2023, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.052 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 190.900 USD mn in 1962. Canada CA: Imports: USD: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Imports: USD: by Services: OECD Member: Annual.

United States Exports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Freight data was reported at 159.000 USD mn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 171.000 USD mn for 2015. United States Exports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Freight data is updated yearly, averaging 165.000 USD mn from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2016, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 217.000 USD mn in 2010 and a record low of 75.000 USD mn in 1999. United States Exports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Freight data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of Economic Analysis. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.JA022: Trade Statistics: Services: Canada.

United States Imports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea data was reported at 532.000 USD mn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 541.000 USD mn for 2015. United States Imports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea data is updated yearly, averaging 458.000 USD mn from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2016, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 541.000 USD mn in 2015 and a record low of 200.000 USD mn in 2006. United States Imports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of Economic Analysis. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.JA022: Trade Statistics: Services: Canada.

United States Imports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Freight data was reported at 378.000 USD mn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 396.000 USD mn for 2015. United States Imports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Freight data is updated yearly, averaging 330.500 USD mn from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2016, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 396.000 USD mn in 2015 and a record low of 101.000 USD mn in 2006. United States Imports: Services: Canada: Transport: Sea: Freight data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of Economic Analysis. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.JA022: Trade Statistics: Services: Canada.

Canada CA: Imports: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data was reported at 16,836.000 CAD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 19,591.000 CAD mn for 2022. Canada CA: Imports: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data is updated yearly, averaging 2,157.000 CAD mn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2023, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19,591.000 CAD mn in 2022 and a record low of 198.000 CAD mn in 1961. Canada CA: Imports: All Services: Transport: Sea Transport: Freight data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.TISP: Trade in Services: Imports: by Services: OECD Member: Annual.

Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight data was reported at -8.451 USD bn in 2011. This records a decrease from the previous number of -7.300 USD bn for 2010. Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight data is updated yearly, averaging -853.881 USD mn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2011, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of -9.526 USD mn in 1967 and a record low of -8.451 USD bn in 2011. Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight: Credit data was reported at 905.354 USD mn in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 867.178 USD mn for 2010. Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight: Credit data is updated yearly, averaging 539.833 USD mn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2011, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.220 USD bn in 2007 and a record low of 120.430 USD mn in 1961. Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight: Credit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight: Debit data was reported at 9.356 USD bn in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 8.167 USD bn for 2010. Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight: Debit data is updated yearly, averaging 1.306 USD bn from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2011, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.356 USD bn in 2011 and a record low of 190.952 USD mn in 1962. Canada CA: BoP: Current Account: Services: Transport: Sea: Freight: Debit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

Canada Ocean: Tax Revenue: USD data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2021. Canada Ocean: Tax Revenue: USD data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 USD mn in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2022. Canada Ocean: Tax Revenue: USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.OECD.ESG: Environmental: Environmentally Related Tax Revenue: Cross Cutting Domains: OECD Member: Annual.