This statistic shows the average snowfall for Canada from 1971 to 2000, by city. Victoria, Canada averaged 43.8 centimeters of snowfall annually from 1971 to 2000.

This map shows the average maximum snow depth in centimetres computed over 18 winter seasons (1979 to 1997). Over southern Canada this usually occurs in January or February, while the time of maximum accumulation occurs much later in mountain areas and in the Arctic. The main features of the map are the pronounced maximum in snow accumulation over the western Cordillera, where snow depths can exceed several metres, with a secondary maximum over Quebec and Labrador. These maxima are related to their proximity to oceans, which act as sources of moisture and winter storms, and to the orographic effect of the mountains in the case of western Canada. The two maxima are linked by a band of higher snow accumulation that follows the boreal forest zone; this is a preferred track for winter storms. To the north of this zone is the relatively shallow snow cover of the Arctic (low snowfall with extensive wind packing). To the south, the depth of snow is limited by the shorter accumulation season and the substantial sublimation of snow over the Canadian Prairies.

The map shows the annual snowfall (in centimetres) based on the 30-year period 1941-1970. Snowfall is measured by inserting a ruler into the new snow at several points to obtain its depth and to estimate the degree of drifting or scouring that has occurred. The water equivalent of snowfall for most climatologically stations is estimated by simply assuming the freshly fallen snow has a density of 0.10 gram per cubic centimetre. On the average, this is a sound approximation over large parts of the country, but variations from 0.05 to 0.15 are common from storm to storm, and in the drier regions the average density is probably closer to 0.08 gram per cubic centimetre. Since 1961 the Nipher shielded snow gauge has been used at principal stations to derive the water equivalent of snowfalls. Snow collected in the gauge is melted to obtain this value. At remote stations snowfall is measured in terms of water equivalent by automatic and storage gauges, such as the Fischer and Porter Gauge and the Sacramento Gauge. The data mapped were obtained from the 1941-1970 period, using both synoptic and climatological stations. The representativeness of many stations for regional snowfall measurements is subject to question. Extreme exposure to the wind and the danger of interference from snow control and snow removal equipment are principal dangers at airports, where many principal meteorological stations are situated. The locations of climatological stations are biased by the availability of volunteer observers.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows two maps for the annual total precipitation. Annual precipitation is defined as the sum of rainfall and the assumed water equivalent of snowfall for a given year. A specific gravity of 0.1 for freshly fallen snow is used, which means that ten inches (25.4 cm) of freshly fallen snow is assumed to be equal to one inch (2.54 cm) of rain. The mean annual total precipitation and snowfall maps on this plate are primarily based on thirty-year data during the period 1921 to 1950 inclusive.

Contained within the 1st Edition (1906) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows 11 maps. Two maps at the top of this plate presenting isothermal lines for summer and for the entire year. The isotherms for summer display the great northern "loop" of the summer isotherm of 55 degrees Fahrenheit, which make cultivation of cereals possible. The annual isothermal lines follow an easterly and Westerly direction which would obscure the beneficial effect indicated by the summer isotherms. The next four maps show precipitation and snowfall for Eastern and Western Canada in inches. The remaining five maps show isobaric lines. One map shows the annual average, while the other four cover seasons (January-March, April-June, July-September, and October-December). Barometric pressure is measured in inches of mercury. In some of the maps, major railway systems are shown.

Contained within the 2nd Edition (1915) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate comprised of 11 maps. The two maps at the top of the plate show isothermal lines for summer and for the entire year, with temperature units measured in Fahrenheit. The annual isothermal lines follow an Easterly and Westerly direction which would obscure the beneficial effect indicated by the summer isotherms. The next four maps show precipitation and snowfall for Eastern and Western Canada in inches. The remaining five maps display isobaric lines (i.e. barometric pressure). One map shows the annual average, while the other four maps cover the seasons (January-March, April-June, July-September, and October-December). Barometric pressure is measured in inches of mercury. In some of the maps, major railway systems are shown.

This non-interactive map displays change in annual average temperature per century in British Columbia from 1900 to 2013. The map is a replication of visuals available through the Province of BC website found here. Full credit is given to the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, Environment Canada, and Province of BC for their involvement in the creation of visuals and data.British Columbia Ministry of Environment. (2015). Indicators of Climate Change for British Columbia: 2016 Update. Ministry of Environment, British Columbia, Canada.

Contained within the 2nd Edition (1915) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows 9 maps. Four maps show the average possible hours of sunshine for Canada in the summer months. There is a map for the entire summer and individual maps for each of the summer months (June, July, and August. The other five maps show the number of days during the year with temperatures above 32 degrees F (0 degrees C), 40 degrees F (4.4 degrees C), 50 degrees F (10 degrees C), 60 degrees F (15.6 degrees C) and 70 degrees F (21.1 degrees C). The temperature differences are indicated with solid or dashed red lines indicating the number of days each portion of Canada will experience above temperatures indicated. In some of the maps, major railway systems are shown.

Contained within the 1st Edition (1906) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows 9 maps. Four maps show the average possible hours of sunshine for Canada in the summer months. There is a map for June, July, and August, in addition to a map combining these months. In the northern portion of Canada there is considerably more sunshine during the summer months, than in the southern portions, but mainly in eastern Canada. As a result, wheat will mature in less time within Ontario, then in Edmonton or Calgary. The other five maps show the number of days during the year with temperatures above 32 degrees F (0 degrees C), 40 degrees F (4.4 degrees C), 50 degrees F (10 degrees C), 60 degrees F (15.6 degrees C) and 70 degrees F (21.1 degrees C). The temperature differences are indicated with solid or dashed red lines indicating the number of days each portion of Canada will experience above temperatures indicated. In some of the maps, major railway systems are shown.

The map shows the annual mean total precipitation. Over much of the continental interior of Canada, precipitation reaches its annual maximum in the summer months and falls as rain. October marks the transition from mainly rain to snowfall across northern Canada.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows six maps of the Canadian ranges in temperature. The map entitled Mean Annual Maximum Temperature shows the mean of the highest temperature recorded each year from 1921 to 1950 inclusive. The Mean Annual Minimum Temperature map shows the mean of the lowest temperature recorded each year during the 30 year period. The two temperature extreme maps show the highest and lowest temperatures officially recorded during the same period. Two small maps show the number of days on which temperatures of 90 degrees F (32.2 degrees C) or higher were recorded and the numbers of days on which the temperature was 0 degrees F (-17.8 degrees C) or lower.

This map shows the projected average change in mean temperature (°C) for 2046-2065, with respect to the reference period of 1986-2005, for RCP2.6. The median projected change across the ensemble of CMIP5 climate models is shown. For more maps on projected change, please visit the Canadian Climate Data and Scenarios (CCDS) site: https://climate-scenarios.canada.ca/?page=download-cmip5.

This map shows the projected average change in mean temperature (°C) for 2046-2065, with respect to the reference period of 1986-2005 for RCP4.5. The median projected change across the ensemble of CMIP5 climate models is shown. For more maps on projected change, please visit the Canadian Climate Data and Scenarios (CCDS) site: http://ccds-dscc.ec.gc.ca/index.php?page=download-cmip5.

Contained within the 4th Edition (1974) of the Atlas of Canada is a set of six maps showing the average daily minimum temperature and average daily maximum temperature for March, April and May.

This map shows the projected average change in mean temperature (°C) for 2016-2035, with respect to the reference period of 1986-2005 for RCP2.6. The median projected change across the ensemble of CMIP5 climate models is shown. For more maps on projected change, please visit the Canadian Climate Data and Scenarios (CCDS) site: https://climate-scenarios.canada.ca/?page=download-cmip5.

A simulation of projected changes in annual mean temperatures from the period 1961 to 1990 to the period 2040 to 2060 for Canada is shown on this map. The temperature changes would not be evenly distributed geographically. The largest warming projected is for the interior and northern parts of the country. Temperatures are projected to continue increasing as the century progresses. Temperatures would generally increase as a consequence of the projected increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate with three maps that show the mean annual number of days with measurable precipitation, the mean annual number of days with measurable snowfall, and the variability of annual precipitation. A day with sufficient measurable precipitation (a precipitation day) is considered as a day on which the recorded rainfall amounts to one one-hundredth of an inch (0.0254 cm) or more, or the snowfall measured is one-tenth of an inch (0.254 cm) or more. At any one location the annual precipitation may vary considerably from one year to the next. This variability of annual precipitation is expressed in terms of the coefficient of variation. This coefficient is obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the annual precipitation by the mean annual precipitation.

Contained within the 5th Edition (1978 to 1995) of the National Atlas of Canada is a map that shows the average length of the frost-free period for all parts of Canada. Data for period 1941 to 1970. Companion sheet to Heating Degree-Days, Growing Degree-Days, Last Frost in Spring and First Frost in Autumn.

Contained within the 4th Edition (1974) of the Atlas of Canada is a set of three maps relating the effects and dependency of vegetation on environmental variables. One map shows the average annual potential evapotranspiration in inches from ground and plant surfaces for areas where there is a continuous vegetation cover and sufficient soil moisture for plant use. The second map shows the average annual water deficit in inches where, during parts of the growing season, soil moisture is insufficient to supply enough moisture for theoretically full plant growth. The last map shows the accumulated number of degree-days. For the purpose of this map degree-days are calculated from the base temperature of 42 degrees F/5.6 degrees C. The growing season is defined on this map as the number of days with an average temperature over 42 degrees F/5.6 degrees C.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows four maps of certain climatic aspects of the growing seasons. The first map shows the mean annual length of the growing season throughout Canada, assuming the growing season to be that part of the year when the mean daily temperature is above 42 degrees F (5.6 degrees C). The map was constructed from data for the period 1921-1950 inclusive and is based on the mean annual number of days on which the mean temperature, as estimated from the smoothed annual course of temperature, was above 42 degrees F (5.6 degrees C). The number of degree-days above 42 degrees F (5.6 degrees C) is the difference between the daily mean temperature and 42 degrees F (5.6 degrees C) when the former is more than 42 degrees F (5.6 degrees C). The annual number of degree-days, as shown on the second map, is the sum of such daily values during the year. The mean growing season precipitation map shows the average precipitation during the growing season for the period 1921 to 1950 inclusive. For this purpose, the growing season for all of Canada was arbitrarily assumed to be the period from April 1st to August 31st inclusive. There is also a map showing the variability of growing season precipitation. The variability is expressed in terms of the coefficient of variation. For any one place it would be the standard deviation of growing season precipitation divided by the mean growing season precipitation. The result is multiplied by 100 so that it can be shown as a percentage.