Meteorological, snow survey, streamflow, and groundwater data are presented from Marmot Creek Research Basin, Alberta, Canada. The basin is a 9.4 km2, alpine-montane forest headwater catchment of the Saskatchewan River Basin that provides vital water supplies to the Prairie Provinces of Canada. It was heavily instrumented, experimented upon and operated by several federal government agencies between 1962 and 1986, during which time its main and sub-basin streams were gauged, automated meteorological stations at multiple elevations were installed, groundwater observation wells were dug and automated, and frequent manual measurements of snow accumulation and ablation and other weather and water variables were made. Over this period, mature evergreen forests were harvested in two sub-basins, leaving large clear-cuts in one basin and a “honeycomb” of small forest clearings in another basin. Whilst meteorological measurements and sub-basin streamflow discharge weirs in the basin were removed in the late 1980s, the federal government maintained the outlet streamflow discharge measurements and a nearby high elevation meteorological station, and the Alberta provincial government maintained observation wells and a nearby fire weather station. Marmot Creek Research Basin was intensively re-instrumented with 12 automated meteorological stations, four sub-basin hydrometric sites and seven snow survey transects starting in 2004 by the University of Saskatchewan Centre for Hydrology. The observations provide detailed information on meteorology, precipitation, soil moisture, snowpack, streamflow, and groundwater during the historical period from 1962 to 1987 and the modern period from 2005 to the present time. These data are ideal for monitoring climate change, developing hydrological process understanding, evaluating process algorithms and hydrological, cryospheric or atmospheric models, and examining the response of basin hydrological cycling to changes in climate, extreme weather, and land cover through hydrological modelling and statistical analyses. **Please note: This dataset is linked to an ESSD paper at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-455-2019. The authors kindly request that you reference this paper in addition to the dataset.

This data set contains the first five water years (Oct 1, 2013 – Sep 30, 2019) of continuous stream discharge, rain, total precipitation, snow depth, air temperature, wind, relative humidity and solar radiation records from seven hydrometric and fourteen meteorological stations for seven small watersheds at Calvert and Hecate Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Hydrometric stations are installed near the outlet and meteorological stations are installed in a tight network spanning the entire elevation gradient. The stations are connected to a telemetry network facilitating online data storage to overcome accessibility issues related to the observatory’s remote setting. Streamflow was measured using a novel automated method, and quantitative uncertainty estimations are provided with the streamflow data. All data are provided at the hourly time-step. High data quality is assured through systematic and thorough quality control methods.

Standards Council of Canada CSA R100 series of National Standards of Canada relating to hydrometeorological stations.

Network Title: British Columbia – BC Hydro, Meteorological Network Domain: Weather Network Type: Atmospheric: Surface Network Provider: BC Hydro Network Provider Website: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/organizational-structure/ministries-organizations/crown-corporations/bc-hydro-and-power-authority Station Automation: Automated Highest Sampling Frequency: 15 Minute Data Feed Frequency: Real time Period of Operation (Seasonal or Continuous): Continuous Number of Stations: 137 Category of Reported Elements: Temperature; Total Precipitation; Snow Depth; Snow Water Equivalent Data Access Points: https://www.pacificclimate.org/data https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/operations/transmission-reservoir-data.html Quality Assessed (Yes/No): Daily data on PCIC data portal has been quality controlled. Realtime data on BC Hydro website is not quality controlled. Legal Constraints: N/A

It is uncommon to collect long term coordinated hydrometeorological and hydrological data in northern circumpolar regions. However, such datasets can be very valuable for engineering design, improving environmental prediction tools or detecting change. This dataset documents hydrometeorological and hydrological conditions in the Baker Creek Research Catchment from 2003 to 2016. Baker Creek drains water from 155 km2 of subarctic Canadian Shield terrain in Canada’s Northwest Territories. Seasonal half hourly hydrometeorological, ground temperature and soil moisture data were collected from representative locations, including exposed Precambrian bedrock ridges, peatlands, open black spruce forest and lakes. Hydrometeorological data includes incoming radiation, rainfall, temperature, humidity, winds, barometric pressure, and turbulent fluxes. Spring maximum snowpack water equivalent, depth and density data are included. Daily streamflow data are available from a series of nested watersheds ranging in size from 9 to 128 km2. These data provide the scientific and engineering communities with an opportunity to advance understanding of geophysical processes and improve infrastructure resiliency in this remote region. **Please note: this dataset is linked to an ESSD paper at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1753-2018. The authors kindly request that you reference this paper in addition to the dataset.

Dataset DSI-9290 is the result of a joint effort to create a Global Synoptic Climatology Network among the Meteorological Service of Canada (Downsview, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia), Research Institute for Hydrometeorological Information, of the Russian State Committee for Hydrometeorology, Obninsk, Russian Federation, and NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Subset 9290a is a compilation of in situ hourly meteorological observations for Canada from approximately 170 active stations, which can be operationally updated from the entire list of 768 locations, and another 350 stations are updatable with a delay. The maximum period of the data span is from January 1, 1953 to February 21, 2005. Subset 9290c is a compilation of in situ hourly meteorological observations for the former USSR. The number of stations in subset 9290c varies over the period of record, with as many as 2095 stations in the entire former USSR prior to 1991; much of the most recent data is primarily from Russia (now the Russian Federation). The maximum period of the data span is from January 1, 1871 to January 1, 2001. For both subsets the data variables include sea level and station pressure, surface air temperature, water vapor pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, several characteristics of cloudiness, and present weather.

The vegetation in the Arctic is changing, and tundra ecosystems in the southern limit of the Arctic become greener and gradually give way to boreal ecosystems. This change affects local populations, wildlife, energy exchange processes between environmental compartments, and the carbon cycle. To understand the progression and the implications of this vegetation transition, satellite measurements and surface models can be employed, but in situ observational data are required for validation. This data collection presents such data from two nearby sites in the forest-tundra ecotone in the Tasiapik valley near Umiujaq in northern Quebec, Canada. One site is on a mixture of lichen and shrub tundra and the data set there comprises 9 years of meteorological, soil and snow data as well as 3 years of eddy covariance data. The other site, 850 m away, features vegetation consisting mostly of tall shrubs and black spruce. There, 6 years of meteorological, soil and snow data are available. In addition to the data from the automated stations, profiles of snow density and specific surface area were collected during field campaigns.