Lidar point cloud data with classifications – unclassified (1), ground (2), low vegetation (3), medium vegetation (4), high vegetation (5), buildings (6), low point - noise (7), reserved – model keypoint (8), high noise (18).

The High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (HRDEM) product is derived from airborne LiDAR data (mainly in the south) and satellite images in the north. The complete coverage of the Canadian territory is gradually being established. It includes a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and other derived data. For DTM datasets, derived data available are slope, aspect, shaded relief, color relief and color shaded relief maps and for DSM datasets, derived data available are shaded relief, color relief and color shaded relief maps. The productive forest line is used to separate the northern and the southern parts of the country. This line is approximate and may change based on requirements. In the southern part of the country (south of the productive forest line), DTM and DSM datasets are generated from airborne LiDAR data. They are offered at a 1 m or 2 m resolution and projected to the UTM NAD83 (CSRS) coordinate system and the corresponding zones. The datasets at a 1 m resolution cover an area of 10 km x 10 km while datasets at a 2 m resolution cover an area of 20 km by 20 km. In the northern part of the country (north of the productive forest line), due to the low density of vegetation and infrastructure, only DSM datasets are generally generated. Most of these datasets have optical digital images as their source data. They are generated at a 2 m resolution using the Polar Stereographic North coordinate system referenced to WGS84 horizontal datum or UTM NAD83 (CSRS) coordinate system. Each dataset covers an area of 50 km by 50 km. For some locations in the north, DSM and DTM datasets can also be generated from airborne LiDAR data. In this case, these products will be generated with the same specifications as those generated from airborne LiDAR in the southern part of the country. The HRDEM product is referenced to the Canadian Geodetic Vertical Datum of 2013 (CGVD2013), which is now the reference standard for heights across Canada. Source data for HRDEM datasets is acquired through multiple projects with different partners. Since data is being acquired by project, there is no integration or edgematching done between projects. The tiles are aligned within each project. The product High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (HRDEM) is part of the CanElevation Series created in support to the National Elevation Data Strategy implemented by NRCan. Collaboration is a key factor to the success of the National Elevation Data Strategy. Refer to the “Supporting Document” section to access the list of the different partners including links to their respective data.

The Ontario Point Cloud (Lidar-Derived) consists of points containing elevation and intensity information derived from returns collected by an airborne topographic lidar sensor. The point cloud is structured into non-overlapping 1 km by 1 km tiles in LAZ format. The following classification codes are applied to the data: * unclassified * ground * water * high noise * low noise This dataset is a compilation of lidar data from multiple acquisition projects, so specifications, parameters, accuracy and sensors may vary by project. This data is for geospatial tech specialists, and is used by government, municipalities, conservation authorities and the private sector for land use planning and environmental analysis.

Zoom in on the map above and click your area of interest or use the Tile Index linked below to determine which package(s) you require for download.The DTM data is available in the form of 1-km by 1-km non-overlapping tiles grouped into packages for download.This dataset is a compilation of lidar data from multiple acquisition projects, as such specifications, parameters and sensors may vary by project. See the detailed User Guide linked below for additional information.You can monitor the availability and status of lidar projects on the Ontario Lidar Coverage map on the Ontario Elevation Mapping Program hub page. Now also available through a web service which exposes the data for visualization, geoprocessing and limited download. The service is best accessed through the ArcGIS REST API, either directly or by setting up an ArcGIS server connection using the REST endpoint URL. The service draws using the Web Mercator projection. For more information on what functionality is available and how to work with the service, read the Ontario Web Raster Services User Guide. If you have questions about how to use the service, email Geospatial Ontario (GEO) at geospatial@ontario.ca.Service Endpointshttps://ws.geoservices.lrc.gov.on.ca/arcgis5/rest/services/Elevation/Ontario_DTM_LidarDerived/ImageServerhttps://intra.ws.geoservices.lrc.gov.on.ca/arcgis5/rest/services/Elevation/Ontario_DTM_LidarDerived/ImageServer (Government of Ontario Internal Users)Additional Documentation Ontario DTM (Lidar-Derived) - User Guide (DOCX) OMAFRA Lidar 2016-2018 - Cochrane - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)OMAFRA Lidar 2016-2018 - Peterborough - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)OMAFRA Lidar 2016-2018 - Lake Erie - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)CLOCA Lidar 2018 - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)South Nation Lidar 2018-19 - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)OMAFRA Lidar 2022 - Lake Huron - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)OMAFRA Lidar 2022 - Lake Simcoe - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)Huron-Georgian Lidar 2022-23 - Additional Contractor Metadata (Word)Kawartha Lakes Lidar 2023 - Additional Contractor Metadata (Word)Sault Ste Marie Lidar 2023-24 - Additional Contractor Metadata (Word)Thunder Bay Lidar 2023-24 - Additional Contractor Metadata (Word)Timmins Lidar 2024 - Additional Contractor Metadata (Word)Cataraqui Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word)Chapleau Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word)Dryden-Ignace-Sioux Lookout Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word)Atikokan Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word) Ontario DTM (Lidar-Derived) - Tile Index (SHP)Ontario Lidar Project Extents (SHP) OMAFRA Lidar DTM 2016-2018 - Cochrane - Breaklines (SHP)OMAFRA Lidar DTM 2016-2018 - Peterborough - Breaklines (SHP)OMAFRA Lidar DTM 2016-2018 - Lake Erie - Breaklines (SHP)CLOCA Lidar DTM 2018 - Breaklines (SHP)South Nation Lidar DTM 2018-19 - Breaklines (SHP)Ottawa-Gatineau Lidar DTM 2019-20 - Breaklines (SHP)OMAFRA Lidar DTM 2022 - Lake Huron - Breaklines (SHP)OMAFRA Lidar DTM 2022 - Lake Simcoe - Breaklines (SHP)Eastern Ontario Lidar DTM 2021-22 - Breaklines (SHP)Muskoka Lidar DTM 2018 - Breaklines CGVD2013 (SHP) / CGVD28 (SHP)Muskoka Lidar DTM 2021 - Breaklines CGVD2013 (SHP) / CGVD28 (SHP)Muskoka Lidar DTM 2023 - Breaklines CGVD2013 (SHP) / CGVD28 (SHP)DEDSFM Huron-Georgian Bay 2022-23 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Kawartha Lakes 2023 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Sault Ste Marie 2023-24- UTM16 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Sault Ste Marie 2023-24- UTM17 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Sudbury 2023-24 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Thunder Bay 2023-24 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Timmins 2024 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Cataraqui 2024 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Chapleau 2024 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Dryden 2024 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Ignace 2024 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Sioux Lookout 2024 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Northeastern Ontario 2024 - Breaklines (SHP)DEDSFM Atikokan 2024 - Breaklines (SHP)Product PackagesDownload links for the Ontario DTM (Lidar-Derived) (Word)Projects:LEAP 2009GTA 2014-18OMAFRA 2016-18CLOCA 2018South Nation CA 2018-19Muskoka 2018-23York-Lake Simcoe 2019Ottawa River 2019-20Ottawa-Gatineau 2019-20Lake Nipissing 2020Hamilton-Niagara 2021Huron Shores 2021Eastern Ontario 2021-22OMAFRA Lake Huron 2022OMAFRA Lake Simcoe 2022Belleville 2022Digital Elevation Data to Support Flood Mapping 2022-26Huron-Georgian Bay 2022-23Kawartha Lakes 2023Sault Ste Marie 2023-24Sudbury 2023-24Thunder Bay 2023-24Timmins 2024Cataraqui 2024Chapleau 2024Dryden 2024Ignace 2024Northeastern Ontario 2024Sioux Lookout 2024Atikokan 2024Greater Toronto Area Lidar 2023StatusOn going: Data is continually being updatedMaintenance and Update FrequencyAs needed: Data is updated as deemed necessaryContactOntario Ministry of Natural Resources - Geospatial Ontario, geospatial@ontario.ca

The Medium Resolution Digital Elevation Model (MRDEM) product is a multi-source product that integrates elevation data from the Copernicus DEM acquired during the TanDEM-X Mission, and the High Resolution Digital Elevation Model data derived from airborne lidar. This product provides a complete, 30 meters resolution, nationwide coverage for Canada. It includes a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and other derived products. The spatial coverage extends into the USA, where needed, to provide coverage for cross-border watersheds in support of hydrological studies and applications. The MRDEM DSM dataset is based on the GLO-30 version of the Copernicus DEM. The process to generate the MRDEM DTM dataset is more complex and involves different sources. Where available, the HRDEM Mosaic derived from lidar was used since it already provides reliable terrain elevation values. The HRDEM Mosaic data used was resampled from 1 meter to 30 meters. Elsewhere, the processing workflow combines a forest removal model and a settlement removal model that is applied to the GLO-30 values in order to estimate the terrain elevation values.

Il s'agit de l'enregistrement de métadonnées pour les ensembles de données LiDAR acquis pour la région de l'île Calvert, en Colombie-Britannique, au Canada, en 2012 et 2014. Il fournit des détails sur les deux missions LiDAR et le traitement initial pour fusionner les deux ensembles de données ensemble.

L'ensemble de données a été créé à partir de deux missions, l'une en 2012 et l'autre en 2014. Les deux ensembles de données ont été fusionnés et utilisés pour générer de nombreux produits de données dérivés (voir la section des liens ci-dessous). La mission de 2012 a recueilli des hyperspectrales et des orthophotographies afin que les métadonnées de mission pour l'ensemble de données LiDAR s'appliquent également à ces actifs.

Les altitudes du terrain mesurées par LiDAR aéroporté ont été recueillies en août 2012 pour l'île Calvert, l'île Hécate et trois autres zones de relevé situées au nord-est (c.-à-d. l'embouchure de la rivière Koeye, la ville portuaire de Namu et le coin sud-ouest de l'île King) par Terra Remote Sensing Inc. (TRSI), Sidney, Colombie-Britannique (figure 1). La couverture aérienne totale de l'acquisition était de 477,2 km2. La densité de points (nombre de retours par unité de surface) de l'acquisition était en moyenne d'environ 2,34 pts/m2 pour toutes les déclarations affichées (maximum de trois déclarations discrètes par impulsion), 2,11 pts/m2 pour les premières déclarations et 0,51 pts/m2 pour les déclarations classées au sol. Informations plus détaillées sur le capteur LiDAR TRSI et les paramètres de levé, le prétraitement des données, les contrôles de qualité et la vérification de la précision. Une deuxième acquisition de données LiDAR aéroportées a été entreprise par le LiDAR Research Group de l'Université du Nord de la Colombie-Britannique (UNBC) en août 2014, dans le but exprès de recueillir des données LiDAR à résolution spatiale plus élevée (3,4 à 22,3 pts/m2) sur certains domaines de recherche d'intérêt sur les îles Hécate et Calvert, ainsi que remplir et éliminer plusieurs vides de données trouvés dans la couverture LiDAR TRSI initiale.

Mission 2012 : Dates : 5, 15 et 17 août Dirigé par : Terra Remote Sensing Surface couverte : 477,22 km^2 Hauteur de vol : 1150 mètres au-dessus du sol Projection : UTM Zone 9 Date : NAD 83 Géoïde : HT 2.0 Points LiDAR : une précision relative de +/-15 cm et une précision absolue de 1 m Données hyperspectrales : +/- 2 pixels Densité des nuages de points : En prélevant des échantillons aléatoires dans toute la zone du projet, la densité de points moyenne pour une seule ligne de vol est de 1 pts/m2

Mission 2014 : Dates : 7 août 2014 Dirigé par : UNBC LiDAR Research Group Surface couverte : 34,9 km^2 Hauteur de vol : ~475 m et 650 m +/- 50 m Projection : UTM Zone 9 Date : CSRS NAD 83 Géoïde : hauteurs d'ellipsoïdes La densité de points variait de 22,3 pts/m2 à 3,4 pts/m2

“Automatically Extracted Buildings” is a raw digital product in vector format created by NRCan. It consists of a single topographical feature class that delineates polygonal building footprints automatically extracted from airborne Lidar data, high-resolution optical imagery or other sources.

Document detailing how to access WSA LiDAR elevation data via the Government of Canada's High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (HRDEM) FTP site: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/957782bf-847c-4644-a757-e383c0057995

Many Ontario lidar point cloud datasets have been made available for direct download by the Government of Canada through the federal Open Government Portal under the LiDAR Point Clouds – CanElevation Series record. Instructions for bulk data download are available in the Download Instructions document linked from that page. To download individual tiles, zoom in on the map in GeoHub and click a tile for a pop-up containing a download link. See the LIO Support - Large Data Ordering Instructions to obtain a copy of data for projects that are not yet available for direct download. Data can be requested by project area or a set of tiles. To determine which project contains your area of interest or to view single tiles, zoom in on the map above and click. For bulk tile orders follow the link in the Additional Documentation section below to download the tile index. Data sizes by project area are listed below. The Ontario Point Cloud (Lidar-Derived) consists of points containing elevation and intensity information derived from returns collected by an airborne topographic lidar sensor. The minimum point cloud classes are Unclassified, Ground, Water, High and Low Noise. The data is structured into non-overlapping 1-km by 1-km tiles in LAZ format. This dataset is a compilation of lidar data from multiple acquisition projects, as such specifications, parameters, accuracy and sensors vary by project. Some projects have additional classes, such as vegetation and buildings. See the detailed User Guide and contractor metadata reports linked below for additional information, including information about interpreting the index for placement of data orders. Raster derivatives have been created from the point clouds. These products may meet your needs and are available for direct download. For a representation of bare earth, see the Ontario Digital Terrain Model (Lidar-Derived). For a model representing all surface features, see the Ontario Digital Surface Model (Lidar-Derived). You can monitor the availability and status of lidar projects on the Ontario Lidar Coverage map on the Ontario Elevation Mapping Program hub page. Additional DocumentationOntario Classified Point Cloud (Lidar-Derived) - User Guide (DOCX) Ontario Classified Point Cloud (Lidar-Derived) - Tile IndexOntario Lidar Project Extents (SHP) OMAFRA Lidar 2016-18 - Cochrane - Additional Metadata (PDF)OMAFRA Lidar 2016-18 - Peterborough - Additional Metadata (PDF)OMAFRA Lidar 2016-18 - Lake Erie - Additional Metadata (PDF)CLOCA Lidar 2018 - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)South Nation Lidar 2018-19 - Additional Contractor Metadata (PDF)OMAFRA Lidar 2022 - Lake Huron - Additional Metadata (PDF)OMAFRA Lidar 2022 - Lake Simcoe - Additional Metadata (PDF)Huron-Georgian Bay Lidar 2022-23 - Additional Metadata (Word)Kawartha Lakes Lidar 2023 - Additional Metadata (Word)Sault Ste Marie Lidar 2023-24 - Additional Metadata (Word)Thunder Bay Lidar 2023-24 - Additional Metadata (Word)Timmins Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word)Cataraqui Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word)Chapleau Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word)Dryden-Ignace-Sioux Lookout Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word)Atikokan Lidar 2024 - Additional Metadata (Word) OMAFRA Lidar Point Cloud 2016-18 - Cochrane - Lift Metadata (SHP)OMAFRA Lidar Point Cloud 2016-18- Peterborough - Lift Metadata (SHP)OMAFRA Lidar Point Cloud 2016-18 - Lake Erie - Lift Metadata (SHP)CLOCA Lidar Point Cloud 2018 - Lift Metadata (SHP)South Nation Lidar Point Cloud 2018-19 - Lift Metadata (SHP)York-Lake Simcoe Lidar Point Cloud 2019 - Lift Metadata (SHP)Ottawa River Lidar Point Cloud 2019-20 - Lift Metadata (SHP)OMAFRA Lidar Point Cloud 2022 - Lake Huron - Lift Metadata (SHP)OMAFRA Lidar Point Cloud 2022 - Lake Simcoe - Lift Metadata (SHP)Eastern Ontario Lidar Point Cloud 2021-22 - Lift Medatadata (SHP)DEDSFM Huron-Georgian Bay Lidar Point Cloud 2022-23 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Kawartha Lakes Lidar Point Cloud 2023 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Sault Ste Marie Lidar Point Cloud 2023-24 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Sudbury Lidar Point Cloud 2023-24 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Thunder Bay Lidar Point Cloud 2023-24 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Timmins Lidar Point Cloud 2024 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Cataraqui Lidar Point Cloud 2024 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Chapleau Lidar Point Cloud 2024 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Dryden Lidar Point Cloud 2024 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Ignace Lidar Point Cloud 2024 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Sioux Lookout Lidar Point Cloud 2024 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Northeastern Ontario Lidar Point Cloud 2024 - Lift Metadata (SHP)DEDSFM Atikokan Lidar Point Cloud 2024 - Lift Metadata (SHP)GTA 2023 - Lift Metadata (SHP) Data Package SizesLEAP 2009 - 22.9 GBOMAFRA Lidar 2016-18 - Cochrane - 442 GBOMAFRA Lidar 2016-18 - Lake Erie - 1.22 TBOMAFRA Lidar 2016-18 - Peterborough - 443 GBGTA 2014 - 57.6 GBGTA 2015 - 63.4 GBBrampton 2015 - 5.9 GBPeel 2016 - 49.2 GBMilton 2017 - 15.3 GBHalton 2018 - 73 GBCLOCA 2018 - 36.2 GBSouth Nation 2018-19 - 72.4 GBYork Region-Lake Simcoe Watershed 2019 - 75 GBOttawa River 2019-20 - 836 GBLake Nipissing 2020 - 700 GBOttawa-Gatineau 2019-20 - 551 GBHamilton-Niagara 2021 - 660 GBOMAFRA Lidar 2022 - Lake Huron - 204 GBOMAFRA Lidar 2022 - Lake Simcoe - 154 GBBelleville 2022 - 1.09 TBEastern Ontario 2021-22 - 1.5 TBHuron Shores 2021 - 35.5 GBMuskoka 2018 - 72.1 GBMuskoka 2021 - 74.2 GBMuskoka 2023 - 532 GBDigital Elevation Data to Support Flood Mapping 2022-26:Huron-Georgian Bay 2022 - 1.37 TBHuron-Georgian Bay 2023 - 257 GBHuron-Georgian Bay 2023 Bruce - 95.2 GBKawartha Lakes 2023 - 385 GBSault Ste Marie 2023-24 - 1.15 TBSudbury 2023-24 - 741 GBThunder Bay 2023-24 - 654 GBTimmins 2024 - 318 GBCataraqui 2024 - 50.5 GBChapleau 2024 - 127 GBDryden 2024 - 187 GBIgnace 2024 - 10.7 GBNortheastern Ontario 2024 - 82.3 GBSioux Lookout 2024 - 112 GBAtikokan 2024 - 64 GBGTA 2023 - 985 GB StatusOn going: Data is continually being updated Maintenance and Update FrequencyAs needed: Data is updated as deemed necessary ContactOntario Ministry of Natural Resources - Geospatial Ontario, geospatial@ontario.ca

The Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s LiDAR Projects dataset was created from existing spatial data. It contains the footprints (outlines) of all the LiDAR data that is openly distributed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is a method of acquiring survey points using optical remote sensing technology. The dataset indicates basic information about the location, source and properties of the data.

The LiDAR Point Clouds is a product that is part of the CanElevation Series created to support the National Elevation Data Strategy implemented by NRCan. This product contains point clouds from various airborne LiDAR acquisition projects conducted in Canada. These airborne LiDAR acquisition projects may have been conducted by NRCan or by various partners. The LiDAR point cloud data is licensed under an open government license and has been incorporated into the National Elevation Data Strategy. Point cloud files are distributed by LiDAR acquisition project without integration between projects. The point cloud files are distributed using the compressed .LAZ / Cloud Optimized Point Cloud (COPC) format. The COPC open format is an octree reorganization of the data inside a .LAZ 1.4 file. It allows efficient use and visualization rendering via HTTP calls (e.g. via the web), while offering the capabilities specific to the compressed .LAZ format which is already well established in the industry. Point cloud files are therefore both downloadable for local use and viewable via URL links from a cloud computing environment. The reference system used for all point clouds in the product is NAD83(CSRS), epoch 2010. The projection used is the UTM projection with the corresponding zone. Elevations are orthometric and expressed in reference to the Canadian Geodetic Vertical Datum of 2013 (CGVD2013).

LidarBC's Open LiDAR Data Portal is an initiative to provide open public access to LiDAR and associated datasets collected by the Government of British Columbia.The data in the portal is released as Open Data under the Open Government Licence – British Columbia (OGL-BC).Four Government of British Columbia business areas and one department of the Government of Canada make LiDAR data available through the portal:GeoBCEmergency Management BC (EMBC)BC Timber Sales (BCTS)Forest Analysis and Inventory Branch (FAIB)Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)GeoBC is the provincial branch that oversees and manages LidarBC’s Open LiDAR Data Portal, including storage, distribution, maintenance, and updates.Please direct questions to LiDAR@gov.bc.ca.BC Data Catalogue Metadata:LiDAR: https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/d08b2795-d192-4377-8056-eccef50296e6LidarBC - Open LiDAR Data Portal: https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/cc11fb58-4837-4d6f-b783-95173e040983

The link: Access the data directory is available in the section*Dataset Description Sheets; Additional Information*. Products derived from lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) are generated as part of the provincial lidar sensor data acquisition project. It is therefore to facilitate the use of raw lidar data and optimize its benefits that the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forests (MRNF) generated and made available products derived from lidar in a user-friendly format. Lidar technology makes it possible to accurately provide information such as ground altitude, forest cover height (canopy), slopes, and contour lines. Here is the list of the five derivatives: + Digital terrain model (spatial resolution: 1 m) + Digital terrain model in shaded relief (spatial resolution: 2 m) + Canopy height model (spatial resolution: 1 m) + Slopes (spatial resolution: 2 m) + Level curve (range: 1 m) This data covers almost all of the southern part of the province. This map is distributed by map sheets at a scale of ** 1:20,000**. _ ⚠️ 1) Note that_ the resolution of the following products (digital terrain model, digital terrain model in shaded relief, canopy height model and slopes) has been slightly degraded when viewed in the interactive map to ensure efficient display. _ ⚠️ 2) Note that _ the planimetric and altimeter accuracy of the curves is variable, but inevitably lower than that of the lidar surveys used to generate them. Moreover, it is recommended to use these level curves only for visual representations, and not for quantitative analyses. This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).

LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is a modern survey method that produces three-dimensional spatial information in the form of a data point cloud. LiDAR is an active remote sensing system; it produces its own energy to acquire information, versus passive systems, like cameras, that only receive energy. LiDAR systems are made up of a scanner, which is a laser transmitter and receiver; a GNSS (GPS) receiver; and an inertial navigation system (INS). These instruments are mounted to an aircraft. The laser scanner transmits near-infrared light to the ground. The light reflects off the ground and returns to the scanner. The scanner measures the time interval and intensity of the reflected signals. This information is integrated with the positional information provided by the GNSS and INS to create a three-dimensional point cloud representing the surface. A LiDAR system can record millions of points per second, resulting in high spatial resolution, which allows for differentiation of many fine terrain features. Point clouds collected with LiDAR can be used to create three-dimensional representations of the Earth’s surface, such as Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Digital Surface Models (DSMs). DEMs model the elevation of the ground without objects on the surface, and DSMs model ground elevations as well as surface objects such as trees and buildings. LidarBC's Open LiDAR Data Portal (see link under Resources) is an initiative to provide open public access to LiDAR and associated datasets collected by the Government of British Columbia. The data in the portal is released as Open Data under the Open Government Licence – British Columbia (OGL-BC). Four Government of British Columbia business areas and one department of the Government of Canada make LiDAR data available through the portal: * GeoBC * Emergency Management and Climate Readiness (EMCR) * BC Timber Sales (BCTS) * Forest Analysis and Inventory Branch (FAIB) * Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) GeoBC is the provincial branch that oversees and manages LidarBC’s Open LiDAR Data Portal, including storage, distribution, maintenance, and updates. Please direct questions to LiDAR@gov.bc.ca.

72 LIDAR Derived Forest Metrics - Calvert Island - 20 Meter Spatial Resolution

LIDAR forest metrics have been developed for the Calvert Island region. The data are in 20 meter resolution and detail a number of variables about the vegetation layer above the bare earth model. Forest metrics have been grouped to show major statistical themes such as gap fraction, stem height, and density. The information is valuable for classifying forest structure and better understanding ecosystem dynamics.

LIDAR Forest Metrics Produced by GWF LiDAR Analytics A full list of derived forest metrics produced by G.W. Frazer is listed at the end of this abstract.

LIDAR flights conducted in 2012 and 2014 covered all of Calvert and Hecate Island. Flights were completed in August of 2012 (Terra Remote Sensing) and August of 2014 (Brian Menounos UNBC).

Area-based canopy height and density metrics are derived directly from a height-normalized LAS point cloud using proprietary software developed by G.W. Frazer (note: Fusion and LASTools are respectively open-source and commercial software that can be used to extract various area-based canopy metrics). These gridded products (approximately 55 bands) have a user-defined 20 m spatial resolution and include (i) height-based statistics (e.g., min., max., mean, moments, percentiles), (ii) density-based statistics (i.e., gap fraction, canopy cover at fractional and absolute heights above the ground surface), and (iii) diagnostic information (e.g., number of laser points in each cell, number of laser points classified as ground, number of points above a specific height threshold, etc.). Area-based canopy metrics are used to characterize the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the vegetation canopies.

List of LiDAR-Derived Canopy Height, Canopy Density, and Stem Metric Categories: (Based on G.W. Frazer LiDAR Metrics for Calvert / Hecate Island Acquisition 2012 / 2014 metadata document.) Canopy Height Metrics
Canopy Density Metrics
Percentiles of Laser Canopy Height (LHQ) Bands
Canopy Density at Fractional Canopy Heights (CCF) Bands
Diagnostic Bands
Tree-Top Bands

For a full metadata report on LiDAR acquisition please contact data@hakai.org

This dataset provides LiDAR derived stream locations for Calvert and Hecate Islands, British Columbia. Stream locations were delineated from a 3 m digital elevation model (DEM). For each stream segment, the dataset includes a unique identifier and Strahler stream order assignment.

This dataset is the result of “traditional” hydrological modeling conducted using the 2012 and 2014 LiDAR-based topographically complete bare earth DEM with a 10 m buffer around the coastline to ensure all modeled streams reach the ocean. After extraction, stream networks were clipped to the shoreline of the Island.

Although this LiDAR derived stream network represents a large improvement over the best alternative stream map for the area – in terms of spatial accuracy and resolution – appropriate caution should be used when interpreting the modeled stream locations, given the methodology used.

Hydrologic modelling of drainage networks from digital elevation models can produce drainage systems of varying detail (density and length of small tributary streams) depending on the thresholds used to define initiation of streams. We defined a stream initiation threshold by selecting a “net flow accumulation value” that best agreed with stream occurrence and initiation observed on aerial imagery and in the field. Net flow accumulation is obtained by taking the Log (base 10) of the flow accumulation raster produced during the hydrologic modelling exercise. We examined net flow accumulation values of 2.0 through 4.0 (in increments of 0.5), ultimately selecting a single value of 3.0 because it appeared to best determine stream initiation for the overall study area. Based on our field observations – which were opportunistic and of limited extent – higher values tend to omit observed surface channels and lower values tend to predict streams where surface channels are not observed. With a threshold value of 3.0, headwater stream reaches alternate between surface and subsurface flow, depending on local soil conditions. Choosing a single value for the entire landscape likely means that streams are over predicted in some areas and under predicted in others, depending on local conditions (e.g., terrain, soil type and depth). Modeling stream initiation as a function of local conditions could improve the stream network map but would require a large and representative sample of field observations.

Dataset Contributors: Hakai Institute, Santiago Gonzalez Arriola, Gordon W. Frazer, Ian Giesbrecht, Bill Floyd, Keith Holmes.

ATTENTION! The files in this dataset are designed for streaming, not downloading. For the best experience, please follow the instructions available in the resources. In replacement of the former Canadian Digital Elevation Model (CDEM) that is no longer supported, the Medium Resolution Digital Elevation Model (MRDEM) product is a multi-source product that integrates elevation data from the Copernicus DEM** acquired during the TanDEM-X Mission (AIRBUS, 2022), and the High Resolution Digital Elevation Model data derived from airborne lidar. This product provides a complete, 30 meters resolution, nationwide coverage for Canada. It includes a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and other derived products. The spatial coverage extends into the USA, where needed, to provide coverage for cross-border watersheds in support of hydrological studies and applications. The MRDEM-30-DSM is partially based on the GLO-30 version of the Copernicus DEM** (hereafter named GLO-30). Since elevation values from the GLO-30 are referenced to the EGM2008 geoid model, they were transformed to the Canadian Height Reference System of 2013 (CGVD2013), using the CGG2013 geoid model. Where available, the MRDEM-30-DSM integrates surface data from the lidar-derived HRDEM mosaic, resampled from 1 m to 30 m. The process to generate the MRDEM-30-DTM is more complex. Where available, the HRDEM Mosaic derived from lidar was used since it already provides reliable terrain elevation values. The HRDEM Mosaic data used was resampled from 1m to 30m. Elsewhere, the processing workflow combines a forest removal model and a settlement removal model that is applied to the GLO-30 values in order to estimate the terrain elevation values. Both datasets are projected to Canada Atlas Lambert NAD83 (CSRS) (EPSG:3979). The MRDEM is referenced to the CGVD2013 which is the reference standard for orthometric heights across Canada. The product Medium Resolution Digital Elevation Model (MRDEM) is part of the CanElevation Series created in support to the National Elevation Data Strategy implemented by NRCan. ** This product was in part produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014- 2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved. The organisations in charge of the Copernicus program by law or by delegation do not incur any liability for any use of the Copernicus WorldDEM-30.

We performed high-resolution snow height measurements using drone-based lidar over two 0.5 km long areas near the community of Umiujaq, in Tasiapik valley. The North site is centered around (N:56.5684°; W:76.4895°, elevation 122 m) and the South site around (N:56.5594°; W:76.4816°, elevation 133 m). A snow-free survey was performed on 28-29 September 2017 and a snow survey on 25-26 April 2018. We produced 3 cm digital terrain and digital surface models (DTM and DSM) from the lidar cloud points for each site for both lidar campaigns.

LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is a modern survey method that produces three-dimensional spatial information in the form of a data point cloud. LiDAR is an active remote sensing system; it produces its own energy to acquire information, versus passive systems, like cameras, that only receive energy. LiDAR systems are made up of a scanner, which is a laser transmitter and receiver; a GNSS (GPS) receiver; and an inertial navigation system (INS). These instruments are mounted to an aircraft. The laser scanner transmits near-infrared light to the ground. The light reflects off the ground and returns to the scanner. The scanner measures the time interval and intensity of the reflected signals. This information is integrated with the positional information provided by the GNSS and INS to create a three-dimensional point cloud representing the surface. A LiDAR system can record millions of points per second, resulting in high spatial resolution, which allows for differentiation of many fine terrain features. Point clouds collected with LiDAR can be used to create three-dimensional representations of the Earth’s surface, such as Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Digital Surface Models (DSMs). DEMs model the elevation of the ground without objects on the surface, and DSMs model ground elevations as well as surface objects such as trees and buildings. LidarBC's Open LiDAR Data Portal (see link under Resources) is an initiative to provide open public access to LiDAR and associated datasets collected by the Government of British Columbia. The data in the portal is released as Open Data under the Open Government Licence – British Columbia (OGL-BC). Four Government of British Columbia business areas and one department of the Government of Canada make LiDAR data available through the portal: * GeoBC * Emergency Management and Climate Readiness (EMCR) * BC Timber Sales (BCTS) * Forest Analysis and Inventory Branch (FAIB) * Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) GeoBC is the provincial branch that oversees and manages LidarBC’s Open LiDAR Data Portal, including storage, distribution, maintenance, and updates. Please direct questions to LiDAR@gov.bc.ca.

A grid of cells 1 km by 1 km covering the areas of New Brunswick where lidar data has been collected. Each grid cell includes a link to download lidar data.