This table contains 2730 series, with data for years 1971 - 2016 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (210 items: Canada; Arctic Cordillera (ecozone); Ellesmere and Devon Islands Ice Caps (ecoregion); Baffin Mountains (ecoregion); ...), Population characteristics (13 items: Total population; Population in population centres; Population in rural areas; Total population density; ...).

Protected areas are important in species conservation, but high rates of human-caused mortality outside their borders and increasing popularity for recreation can negatively affect wildlife populations. We quantified wolverine (Gulo gulo) population trends from 2011 to 2020 in >14 000 km2 protected and non-protected habitat in southwestern Canada. We conducted wolverine and multi-species surveys using non-invasive DNA and remote camera-based methods. We developed Bayesian integrated models combining spatial capture-recapture data of marked and unmarked individuals with occupancy data. Wolverine density and occupancy declined by 39 percent, with an annual population growth rate of 0.925. Density within protected areas was 3 times higher than outside and declined between 2011 (3.6 wolverines/1000 km2) and 2020 (2.1 wolverines/1000 km2). Wolverine density and detection probability increased with snow cover and decreased near development. Detection probability also decreased with human recreational activity. The annual harvest rate of 13% was above the maximum sustainable rate. We conclude that humans negatively affected the population through direct mortality, sub-lethal effects and habitat impacts. Our study exemplifies the need to monitor population trends for species at risk – within and between protected areas - as steep declines can occur unnoticed if key conservation concerns are not identified and addressed.

Wildlife ecologists throughout the world strive to monitor trends in population abundance to help manage wildlife populations and conserve species at risk. Spatial capture-recapture studies are the gold standard for monitoring density, yet they can be difficult to apply because researchers must be able to distinguish all detected individuals. Spatial mark-resight (SMR) models only require a subset of the population to be marked and identifiable. Recent advances in SMR models with radio-collared animals required a two-staged analysis. We developed a one-stage generalized SMR (gSMR) model that used detection histories of marked and unmarked animals in a single analysis. We used simulations to assess the performance of one- and two-stage gSMR models. We then applied the one-stage gSMR with telemetry and remote camera data to estimate grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) abundance from 2012 to 2023 within the Canadian Rocky Mountains. We estimated abundance trends for the population and reproductive females (females with cubs of the year). Simulations suggest one- and two-stage models performed equally well. One-stage models are more dependable as they use exact likelihoods whereas two-stage models have shorter computation times for large datasets. Both methods had > 95% credible interval coverage and minimal bias. Increasing the number of marked animals increased the accuracy and precision of abundance estimates and > 10 marked animals were required to obtain coefficients of variation < 20% in most scenarios. The grizzly bear population increased slightly (growth rate λmean = 1.02) to a 2023 density of 10.4 grizzly bears/1000 km2. Reproductive female abundance had high interannual variability and increased to 1.0 bears/1000 km2. Population density was highest within protected areas, within high quality habitat and far from paved roads. The density of activity centers declined near paved roads over time. Mechanisms of decline may have included direct mortality and shifting activity centers to avoid human activity. Our study demonstrates the influence of human activity on localized density and importance of protected areas for carnivore conservation. Finally, our study highlights the widespread utility of remote camera and telemetry-based spatial mark-resight models for monitoring spatiotemporal trends in abundance. Methods The gSMR models combine remote camera detections of marked animals, unmarked animals, and telemetry data to estimate the baseline detection rate, home range scale parameter, and spatially explicit estimates of density. Our study area encompassed 15,483 km2 and included Banff, Kootenay, and Yoho Nation Parks and the Ya Ha Tinda ecosystem within the Rocky Mountains of Canada. The remote camera data contains detection histories from 25 marked, radio-collared grizzly bears and detections of unmarked grizzly bears recorded at 625 remote cameras from 2012 to 2021. Telemetry data contains daily global positioning system (GPS) locations from fifteen female and ten male grizzly bears. We provide source code to estimate spatial and temporal trends in grizzly bear density as well as the density of female grizzly bears with cubs of the year. We describe each data set and associated attributes in tbl_DataDescription_2023-11-13.csv.

Russia is the largest country in the world by far, with a total area of just over 17 million square kilometers. After Antarctica, the next three countries are Canada, the U.S., and China; all between 9.5 and 10 million square kilometers. The figures given include internal water surface area (such as lakes or rivers) - if the figures were for land surface only then China would be the second largest country in the world, the U.S. third, and Canada (the country with more lakes than the rest of the world combined) fourth. Russia Russia has a population of around 145 million people, putting it in the top ten most populous countries in the world, and making it the most populous in Europe. However, it's vast size gives it a very low population density, ranked among the bottom 20 countries. Most of Russia's population is concentrated in the west, with around 75 percent of the population living in the European part, while around 75 percent of Russia's territory is in Asia; the Ural Mountains are considered the continental border. Elsewhere in the world Beyond Russia, the world's largest countries all have distinctive topographies and climates setting them apart. The United States, for example, has climates ranging from tundra in Alaska to tropical forests in Florida, with various mountain ranges, deserts, plains, and forests in between. Populations in these countries are often concentrated in urban areas, and are not evenly distributed across the country. For example, around 85 percent of Canada's population lives within 100 miles of the U.S. border; around 95 percent of China lives east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line that splits the country; and the majority of populations in large countries such as Australia or Brazil live near the coast.

Supplementary figure illustrating the relationship between graph density and population size.